Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340426
Robin Lane Fox
This survey, by a pupil of Geoffrey de Ste. Croix and eventual successor in his Oxford job, combines personal recollections of de Ste. Croix’s horizons and intellectual range with a penetrating study of his Origins of the Peloponnesian War, its underlying debts and detailed contentions. It addresses his, and Thucydides’, engagement with origins and causes, his central contention about votes by the Spartans and their allies on whether to go to war, the roles of Corinth, Megara and the much-discussed Megarian decree. It also presents a close reading of an Athenian involvement in Macedon and the north and its relevance to de Ste. Croix’s views on Athenian imperialism. It then sets the book’s conclusions in a wider context, ranging from modern writings on the origins of war to its concluding echo of Lenin.
这本研究报告由杰弗里-德-斯蒂-克鲁瓦的学生和他在牛津大学工作的最终继任者撰写，将对德-斯蒂-克鲁瓦的视野和知识范围的个人回忆与对《伯罗奔尼撒战争起源》、其基本债务和详细论点的深入研究相结合。该书论述了他和修昔底德对战争起源和起因的看法、他关于斯巴达人及其盟友是否参战的投票的核心论点、科林斯、梅加拉的作用以及备受讨论的梅加里亚法令。本书还对雅典在马其顿和北方的参与及其与 de Ste.然后，它将该书的结论置于更广泛的背景中，从有关战争起源的现代著作到该书最后对列宁的呼应。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340431
Stephen Hodkinson
This article examines the impact on Spartan historiography of Chapter IV of de Ste. Croix’s Origins of the Peloponnesian War, focusing on his discussions of Spartan politics and society in Sections v–vi. These sections fit oddly within the overall chapter, but they blew a breath of fresh air into Spartan studies through their revisionist approach, intimations of the socio-economic bases of policy-making, and extended accounts of ‘real-life’ political episodes across the classical period. Along with Moses Finley’s near-contemporary article on Sparta, OPW significantly influenced the following generation of British historians (including the author), although they often adopted different interpretations or developed new perspectives on Spartan society only hinted at by de Ste. Croix. OPW also had an important impact on Western European historiography on Spartan politics. Its combination of constitutional and societal approaches gives it an enduring currency in the context of developing Historical Institutionalist approaches to political studies.
本文探讨了 de Ste. Croix 的《伯罗奔尼撒战争的起源》第四章对斯巴达史学的影响，重点关注他在第五至第六节中对斯巴达政治和社会的讨论。这几节在全章中的位置很奇怪，但它们通过修正主义的方法、对决策的社会经济基础的暗示以及对整个古典时期 "真实 "政治事件的扩展叙述，为斯巴达研究吹进了一股新鲜空气。与摩西-芬利（Moses Finley）几乎同时发表的关于斯巴达的文章一起，《斯巴达历史研究》对下一代英国历史学家（包括作者）产生了重大影响，尽管他们经常采用不同的解释，或对斯巴达社会提出新的观点，而这些观点只有 de Ste.OPW 对西欧有关斯巴达政治的史学研究也产生了重要影响。它结合了宪法和社会的研究方法，使其在发展历史制度主义政治研究方法的背景下经久不衰。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340427
Leah Lazar
In this article, jumping off from Geoffrey de Ste. Croix’s treatment of Aristophanes and the Megarian Decree, I argue that Old Comedy is an underutilised category of evidence for the study of the popular intellectual history of Athens. My particular focus here is the Athenian empire: how does Old Comedy present Athenian power and what does this comic presentation tell us about how at least some ordinary Athenians understood it? Can one popular Athenian imaginary of the empire be constructed through analysis of Aristophanes and his contemporaries? I will argue that Old Comedy, taken as a corpus, presents a very Athenian empire, that is to say one focused on Athens and its exploitation of others. The comic poets, therefore, likely assumed parochialism and myopia on the part of their audience, but also significant topical interest in the mechanisms of Athenian power, particularly those which brought revenue to Athens. This impression of highly topical engagement with the empire is corroborated by bringing Comedy into dialogue with other sources, in particular the epigraphic record.
在这篇文章中，我从杰弗里-德-斯蒂-克鲁瓦（Geoffrey de Ste. Croix）对阿里斯托芬（Aristophanes）和《梅加里安法令》（Megarian Decree）的论述出发，认为《旧喜剧》是研究雅典大众思想史的一类未被充分利用的证据。我在此特别关注雅典帝国：《旧喜剧》是如何展现雅典权力的，这种喜剧表现形式告诉我们至少一些普通雅典人是如何理解雅典权力的？通过对阿里斯托芬及其同时代人的分析，能否构建出一种雅典人对帝国的通俗想象？我将论证，《旧喜剧》作为一部文集，展现的是一个非常雅典化的帝国，也就是说，一个以雅典及其对他国的剥削为中心的帝国。因此，喜剧诗人很可能假定他们的受众是狭隘和近视的，但同时也对雅典的权力机制，尤其是那些为雅典带来收入的机制有着浓厚的兴趣。通过将《喜剧》与其他资料，特别是书信记录进行对话，可以证实这种对帝国高度关注的印象。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340417
Geoffrey Bakewell
Abstract The Allegory of the Cave (Pl. Resp. 514a1–520e2) is often analyzed in terms of metaphysical, epistemological, political, and psychic hierarchies that are clarified and reinforced by philosophical education. But the Allegory also contains an important historical allusion to the silver mining that took place in classical Attica. Examining the Cave in light of the enslaved miners around Lavrio leads us to reconsider the philosophical ‘liberation’ ( λύσιν … τῶν δεσμῶν , 515c4) at the Allegory’s heart in the context of Athenian slavery and Plato’s thoughts on the practice. Elsewhere in his work Plato generally uses servile metaphors in two ways: to depict ‘bad’ internal psychic subjection and ‘good’ submission to logos as manifested in various entities. This historical dimension of the Allegory works to undermine the ostensible naturalness of the slave/citizen distinction and suggest that philosophical education has the potential to ‘free’ the former and ‘subjugate’ the latter. The implication that these juridical categories are, to an extent, arbitrary and mutable reveals important differences between Plato’s views and those of his classical peers, and it adds to the dialogue’s protreptic dimension for its readers then and now.
摘要:《洞穴的寓言》(Pl. Resp. 514a1-520e2)经常从形而上学、认识论、政治和精神层次的角度进行分析，这些层次是通过哲学教育来澄清和加强的。但寓言也包含了一个重要的历史典故，指的是发生在古典阿提卡的银矿开采。从拉夫里奥周围被奴役的矿工的角度来审视洞穴，让我们重新考虑寓言中哲学上的“解放”(λ τ ν ν δεσμ μ ν， 515c4)，在雅典奴隶制和柏拉图对这种做法的思考的背景下。在他的其他著作中，柏拉图通常以两种方式使用奴役的隐喻:描绘“坏的”内在精神服从和“好”服从逻各斯，表现在各种实体中。寓言的这种历史维度破坏了奴隶/公民区别表面上的自然性，并表明哲学教育有可能“解放”前者，“征服”后者。这些法律范畴，在某种程度上，是武断和易变的，这一暗示揭示了柏拉图的观点与他的古典同行之间的重要差异，这为当时和现在的读者增加了对话的保护维度。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340415
Leo Trotz-Liboff
Abstract In the Statesman and Phaedrus Plato addresses the problem inherent to law of how a general rule can be applied appropriately to particular circumstances. Previous scholarship has shown the connection between these dialogues’ critiques of written law and writing, a similarity this paper argues extends to the comparison of writing to a pharmakon (‘drug’) in both dialogues. Furthermore, close textual analysis shows that the Stranger’s discussion of measure in the Statesman parallels Socrates’ concept of ‘logographic necessity’ in the Phaedrus according to which the parts of a perfect writing cohere like limbs within an organism. Logographic necessity and measure raise the possibility of overcoming the weakness of writing and written law respectively. Ultimately, the Laws recapitulates these issues to reveal an insuperable gap between legal and philosophic writing. Envisioning the ideal of perfect law is, however, necessary to see how law falls short of what philosophy as Platonic dialogue achieves.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340419
Otto H. Linderborg
Abstract This investigation examines the question of whether the similar theories of the origins of monarchy encountered in certain early Greek and Indian literary sources should be taken as evidence of cross-cultural diffusion of political ideas. The paper argues against the alternative explanation, according to which the similarity in form in the Greek and Indian versions of the kingship theory is rooted in similar social processes, by exposing how the earliest extant Greek version of the theory seems to build on a prototype most closely mirrored in one early Indian source.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340418
Mark C. Brennan
Abstract This paper argues that Aristotle’s account of friendship can be applied equally to cases of friendship in association and personal friendship. It argues that both types of friendship are similar insofar as both are primarily concerned with the common good that serves as the basis of the friendship. This notion of the common good is what allows Aristotle to draw a connection between personal relationships, the more circumscribed associations, and the political association. This focus on the common good allows one to look to the political association to inform one’s understanding of both friendship and justice in both the smaller associations and in personal relationships.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340413
Douglas Cairns, Mirko Canevaro, Kleanthis Mantzouranis
Abstract We reply to the objections raised in Polis 40 (2023) by Ryan Balot and Manuel Knoll to our original paper ‘Recognition and Redistribution in Aristotle’s Account of Stasis ’, published in Polis 39 (2022). We argue that Knoll is correct in arguing that Aristotle distinguishes between democratic views of distributive justice and his own, but wrong to argue that this wholly resolves a tension in Aristotle’s exposition between views of democratic justice as, in one sense, based on equality ‘according to worth’ and in another based on arithmetic equality. Balot, we contend, misconstrues our original argument when he represents us as claiming that, according to Aristotle, the injustice which leads agents to engage in stasis exists entirely in their own minds. We did not and do not hold that view and therefore ( pace Balot) are in no way committed to any of its alleged implications. Balot’s misunderstanding on that point entails a wholesale misrepresentation of our original argument.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340414
Gillian Hunnisett, Sara MacDonald
Abstract In Oedipus at Colonus Sophocles shows that neither individual reason nor piety are singularly sufficient for either individual happiness or the common good. Human understanding is dependent on a decentering of the individual, such that the reason of the wider community, including that of the gods, can augment the limitations of individual perspective. Sophocles shows not only the dependence of faith and reason on one another, but the degree to which both are dependent on reciprocal good will within a community.
{"title":"Sophoclean Epistemology: Justice in the Theban Plays","authors":"Gillian Hunnisett, Sara MacDonald","doi":"10.1163/20512996-12340414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340414","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Oedipus at Colonus Sophocles shows that neither individual reason nor piety are singularly sufficient for either individual happiness or the common good. Human understanding is dependent on a decentering of the individual, such that the reason of the wider community, including that of the gods, can augment the limitations of individual perspective. Sophocles shows not only the dependence of faith and reason on one another, but the degree to which both are dependent on reciprocal good will within a community.","PeriodicalId":43237,"journal":{"name":"POLIS","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1163/20512996-12340422
Robert A. Ballingall
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