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Friends of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies, 2020 麦克尼尔早期美国研究中心的朋友,2020年
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2021.0006
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引用次数: 0
Security, Taxation, and the Imperial System in Jamaica, 1721–1782 1721-1782年牙买加的安全、税收和帝国制度
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0012
T. Burnard, Aaron Graham
abstract:White Jamaicans paid relatively high rates of taxation to support a powerful and assertive imperial state in schemes of settlement and security. They paid such taxes willingly because they were satisfied with what they got from the state. Furthermore, they believed they had a significant stake in the processes by which taxes were collected and spent. The power of the colonial state depended on the empire being a loose fraternal alliance. Nevertheless, what worked for imperial and colonial Jamaica did not necessarily work elsewhere. Jamaica provides a case study of how the imperial state worked satisfactorily for imperial rulers and those colonists whom they ruled when both the state and colonial settlers shared common beliefs and when negotiations made it clear that the interests of all parties coincided.
牙买加白人支付了相对较高的税率,以支持一个强大而自信的帝国在定居和安全方面的计划。他们心甘情愿地缴纳这些税,因为他们对自己从国家得到的东西感到满意。此外,他们认为,在税收征收和支出的过程中,他们有很大的利害关系。殖民国家的力量依赖于帝国是一个松散的兄弟联盟。然而,对帝国和殖民时期的牙买加有效的方法在其他地方不一定有效。牙买加提供了一个案例研究,说明当国家和殖民定居者有共同的信仰,当谈判明确各方的利益一致时,帝国如何令人满意地为帝国统治者和他们所统治的殖民者工作。
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引用次数: 2
English Designs on Central America: Geographic Knowledge and Imaginative Geographies in the Seventeenth Century 中美洲的英语设计:17世纪的地理知识和想象地理学
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0015
Karl Offen
abstract:This study explores the relationship between geographic knowledge and imaginative geographies in the early modern English Atlantic. As is exemplified by English efforts to colonize Providence Island, the Western Design and the economic activities it set in motion, and English and Scottish plans to colonize the Darien region of Panama, everyday geographic knowledge contributed to and was informed by English imaginative geographies in ways that shaped English plans to occupy or attack Central America. Despite a maturation of governing institutions, scientific practices, and commercial networks that gathered geographic information by the last quarter of the seventeenth century, imaginative geographies obscured a more sober assessment of Central America's complex social and physical realities—especially in spaces controlled by indigenous peoples living outside colonial control. That greater geographic experience did not contribute to improved designs presents a paradox for a model that expects knowledge accumulation to advance its utility. Instead, geographic knowledge in the seventeenth century informed imperial designs via imaginative geographies built on myths, perceptions, and desires, blurring distinctions between the two.
本研究探讨了近代早期英属大西洋地区地理知识与想象地理之间的关系。就像英国人殖民普罗维登斯岛的努力,西方设计及其启动的经济活动,以及英格兰和苏格兰人殖民巴拿马达里恩地区的计划一样,日常地理知识对英国人富有想象力的地理知识做出了贡献,并受到英国人的启发,以各种方式塑造了英国人占领或攻击中美洲的计划。尽管到17世纪最后25年,管理机构、科学实践和收集地理信息的商业网络已经成熟,但想象力丰富的地理学掩盖了对中美洲复杂的社会和自然现实的更清醒的评估——尤其是在生活在殖民控制之外的土著人民控制的空间里。更多的地理经验并没有对改进的设计做出贡献,这对期望知识积累提高其效用的模型提出了一个悖论。相反,17世纪的地理知识通过建立在神话、感知和欲望之上的想象地理来为帝国的设计提供信息,模糊了两者之间的区别。
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引用次数: 0
Remembering Napoleon: Americans and the French Emperor in the 1820s and 1830s 纪念拿破仑:19世纪20年代和30年代的美国人和法国皇帝
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0013
Nadine Klopfer
abstract:In the 1820s and 1830s, many Americans were fascinated by Napoleon. After his death in 1821, biographies of the French emperor circulated widely in the United States and Jacques-Louis David's painting of his coronation attracted visitors throughout the country. Conduct books lauded the emperor's character, and travelers to France enthusiastically recounted viewing the fallen hero's robes. Against the backdrop of an age that saw both the much-lauded rise of the common man and endeavors to culturally disentangle the United States from Europe, this fascination with a foreign emperor is intriguing. Telling the story of Napoleon as a success story of self-making, however, allowed Americans across party lines to ease tensions between the ongoing appeal of courtly glamour and republican ideals. Acknowledging that this emperor was a self-made man seemed to legitimize the enthrallment with imperial pomp. At the same time, in the context of American westward expansion, the rise of an entertainment culture, and the emerging culture of selffashioning, the French emperor became a lens through which to view contemporary questions of revolution and empire, glamour and spectacle, upward mobility, and the structure of the young nation's social fabric.
在十九世纪二三十年代,许多美国人对拿破仑着迷。1821年他去世后,这位法国皇帝的传记在美国广为流传,雅克-路易斯·大卫(Jacques-Louis David)为他加冕的画像吸引了全国各地的游客。品行方面的书籍赞扬了这位皇帝的品格,前往法国的旅行者热情地讲述了看到这位倒下的英雄的长袍的情景。在这个时代的背景下,既见证了备受赞誉的平民崛起,也见证了美国在文化上与欧洲分离的努力,这种对外国皇帝的迷恋令人着迷。然而,把拿破仑的故事讲成一个自力更生的成功故事,让美国人跨越党派界限,缓解了宫廷魅力和共和理想之间的紧张关系。承认这位皇帝是一个白手起家的人,似乎使对帝王盛况的迷恋合法化了。与此同时,在美国向西扩张、娱乐文化兴起和自我塑造文化兴起的背景下,这位法国皇帝成为了观察革命与帝国、魅力与奇观、向上流动以及这个年轻国家社会结构等当代问题的一面透镜。
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引用次数: 1
The Constitutional Consequences of Commercial Crisis: The Role of Trade Reconsidered in the "Critical Period" 商业危机的宪政后果:贸易在“关键时期”的角色反思
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0014
D. Norwood
abstract:This essay argues that commerce, and concerns about commerce, played a significant role in driving U.S. elites to define the 1780s as a period of "crisis," shaping both the drive toward constitutional reform and the postconstitutional order. At the outset of independence, American Revolutionaries had grand ambitions for their international trade. They imagined that commerce would be the lifeblood of their new nation's prosperity and security. When the postwar economic situation failed to live up to these great expectations, many Revolutionaries felt that their entire national project was threatened. Commercial crisis provided Americans with a reason to reexamine government under the Articles of Confederation, and then a motive to reform it—a process culminating in the U.S. Constitution and the framing of a new commercial system in the First Federal Congress. Examining the role of trade in the "Critical Period" reveals how the "private" world of commerce intertwined closely with the "public" work of nation-building, contributing more to the dynamics of U.S. political development than historians have at times acknowledged. Reflecting American leaders' theoretical, moral, and practical investment in international trade, the consequences of the commercial crisis of the 1780s are usefully understood as constitutional.
本文认为,商业以及对商业的关注,在促使美国精英将18世纪80年代定义为“危机”时期方面发挥了重要作用,塑造了宪政改革和后宪政秩序的动力。在独立之初,美国革命者对国际贸易有着宏伟的抱负。他们认为商业将是这个新国家繁荣和安全的命脉。当战后的经济形势未能实现这些伟大的期望时,许多革命者感到他们的整个国家计划受到威胁。商业危机为美国人提供了一个依据《邦联条例》重新审视政府的理由,然后是改革政府的动机——这一过程最终在美国宪法和第一届联邦会议上建立了一个新的商业体系。考察贸易在“关键时期”的作用,揭示了“私人”商业世界是如何与国家建设的“公共”工作紧密交织在一起的,对美国政治发展的动力贡献比历史学家有时承认的要大。18世纪80年代的商业危机反映了美国领导人在国际贸易上的理论、道德和实践投资,其后果被有效地理解为宪法。
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引用次数: 0
Endangered Plantations: Environmental Change and Slavery in the British Caribbean, 1631–1807 濒临灭绝的种植园:1631-1807年英属加勒比地区的环境变化和奴隶制
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-17 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0011
Katherine D. Johnston
abstract:Intent on preserving their plantations, eighteenth-century British slaveholders created a rhetoric that naturalized African labor in the Caribbean. Examining this history demonstrates the ways in which slavery and the environment are deeply entwined. In the late eighteenth century, West Indian planters began to fear for the long-term future of their plantations on two fronts. First, planters suspected that their enthusiasm for clear-cutting in attempts to maximize cropland had reduced precipitation and made the climate drier. While medical theories held that less rainfall was beneficial to human health, crops began to suffer from drought conditions. Second, parliamentary hearings on the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade threatened the labor supply on plantations. Seeking to preserve the trade, planters argued that only Africans could perform difficult labor, including clearing wooded land, in the West Indies. A close examination of planters' writings demonstrates that their arguments for African labor were in fact early articulations of environmental racism, as they deliberately placed black bodies in environmentally hazardous situations. Considering climatic change and abolition debates together shows how race is essential to the environmental history of the West Indies.
为了保护他们的种植园,18世纪的英国奴隶主创造了一种修辞,使加勒比地区的非洲劳工归化。考察这段历史可以发现奴隶制和环境是如何紧密地交织在一起的。在18世纪后期,西印度群岛的种植园主开始担心他们种植园的长远未来,这有两个方面。首先,种植园主怀疑,他们为了扩大耕地面积而进行的滥伐活动减少了降水量,使气候变得更加干燥。虽然医学理论认为降雨减少对人类健康有益,但作物开始遭受干旱的影响。其次,国会关于废除大西洋奴隶贸易的听证会威胁到了种植园的劳动力供应。为了保护这种贸易,种植园主认为只有非洲人才能在西印度群岛从事艰苦的劳动,包括砍伐林地。对种植园主作品的仔细研究表明,他们对非洲劳工的论点实际上是环境种族主义的早期表达,因为他们故意将黑人身体置于环境危险的境地。把气候变化和废奴辩论放在一起考虑,表明种族对西印度群岛的环境历史是多么重要。
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引用次数: 2
American Republicanism at a Crossroads: Canadian "Twin Stars," Annexation, and Continental Order (1837–42) 十字路口的美国共和主义:加拿大的“双星”、并吞和大陆秩序(1837-42)
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-17 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0010
J. Mauduit
abstract:This article discusses the Canadian republicans' goals during their armed uprising against the British Empire in 1837–38, and analyzes the political and geopolitical North American order in the late 1830s. Whereas the Canadian Rebellion is usually segmented into multiple isolated and short-lived uprisings by historians, this article proposes a more connected North American history that reconsiders the Canadian republicans' ambitions and contributes to a better understanding of the pro-British and conservative American policy during the Jacksonian period. When they rebelled, the republicans, or "patriots," of Lower and Upper Canada envisioned forming sovereign states within the American union. However, although many Americans supported an annexation of the two Canadian colonies, U.S. President Martin Van Buren, the Congress, and Wall Street actively collaborated with the British to crush the attempted revolution. In sharp contrast with the War of Independence and the War of 1812, the United States opposed Canadian republicanism in the late 1830s in order to maintain an Anglo-American continental order. In reaction to this alliance, the revolutionaries began to conceive a new republican experiment, distinct from the "corrupted" American republic, and to imagine a new nation—the "Twin Stars" Republic of the two Canadas.
本文讨论了1837 - 1838年加拿大共和派武装起义反抗大英帝国的目标,并分析了19世纪30年代末北美的政治和地缘政治秩序。虽然历史学家通常将加拿大起义划分为多个孤立的、短暂的起义,但本文提出了一个更有联系的北美历史,重新考虑加拿大共和党人的野心,并有助于更好地理解杰克逊时期的亲英和保守的美国政策。当他们造反时,上下加拿大的共和党人或“爱国者”设想在美国联邦内建立主权国家。然而,尽管许多美国人支持合并这两个加拿大殖民地,美国总统马丁·范布伦、国会和华尔街积极与英国合作,粉碎了这场企图的革命。与独立战争和1812年战争形成鲜明对比的是,美国在19世纪30年代末反对加拿大的共和主义,以维持英美大陆秩序。作为对这一联盟的反应,革命者开始设想一个新的共和实验,不同于“腐败的”美国共和国,并设想一个新的国家——由两个加拿大组成的“双星”共和国。
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引用次数: 0
Enquire of the Printer: Newspaper Advertising and the Moral Economy of the North American Slave Trade, 1704–1807 《印刷者的询问:报纸广告与北美奴隶贸易的道德经济,1704-1807》
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-17 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0008
Jordan Taylor
abstract:In eighteenth-century North America, slavery was a powerful economic pillar supporting the printing business. Runaway advertisements, for example, were a lucrative and consistent source of revenue for printers. But there was another, largely unnoticed link between slavery and print capitalism: thousands of newspaper advertisements directed readers to "enquire of the printer" for information about the sale of enslaved people. These notices put printers in a position to bring together buyers and sellers of enslaved human beings—effectively acting as brokers of the slave trade. Most printers in eighteenth-century North America seem to have engaged in this practice. Despite complaints from a few late eighteenth-century antislavery writers, who recognized the hypocrisy of placing these advertisements alongside materials that advanced a revolutionary vision of political liberty, American printers continued to broker slave sales until their economic incentives shifted in the early nineteenth century. If newspapers aided the creation of American Revolutionary and national politics, as scholars have long argued, they also contributed to the perpetuation of slavery and the slave trade. Print culture was inextricable from the culture of slavery, just as print capitalism was slavery's capitalism.
在18世纪的北美,奴隶制是支撑印刷业的强大经济支柱。例如,失控的广告是印刷商利润丰厚且持续不断的收入来源。但是,在奴隶制和印刷资本主义之间还有另一种几乎不为人注意的联系:成千上万的报纸广告引导读者“向印刷商询问”有关出售奴隶的信息。这些告示使印刷商处于将奴隶买卖双方联系在一起的位置——实际上充当了奴隶贸易的经纪人。18世纪北美的大多数印刷商似乎都从事这种做法。尽管有一些18世纪晚期的反奴隶制作家抱怨说,他们认识到把这些广告放在推动政治自由革命愿景的材料旁边是虚伪的,但美国印刷商继续充当奴隶销售的中介,直到19世纪初他们的经济动机发生变化。如果像学者们长期以来所争论的那样,报纸有助于美国革命和国家政治的形成,那么它们也对奴隶制和奴隶贸易的延续做出了贡献。印刷文化与奴隶制文化密不可分,正如印刷资本主义是奴隶制的资本主义一样。
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引用次数: 5
Binding and Unwinding the British Empire: Philadelphia's German Merchants as Consumer and Political Revolutionaries 捆绑与解除大英帝国:费城的德国商人作为消费者和政治革命者
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-17 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0009
Andrew Zonderman
abstract:This article explores the German-speaking merchant community that arose in mid-eighteenth-century Philadelphia, and its members' efforts to integrate themselves and fellow Central European immigrants into British systems of commerce, credit, law, and politics. These naturalized merchants developed commercial ties around the Atlantic—in Great Britain, Iberia, and the Caribbean—and worked to align their largely colinguistic customer bases with British tastes and goods. They also sought to assist new arrivals through their civic and political engagement, especially through the newly formed German Society of Pennsylvania. After decades of striving to integrate themselves into the British Empire, Philadelphia's German merchants emerged as vocal critics of Parliament's imperial reforms in the late 1760s. They feared that the new laws subverted their economic gains and equality as naturalized subjects. By the 1770s German merchants financed the Patriot war effort and served within the newly independent Pennsylvania government. The merchants' activities reveal how Central Europeans, despite originating beyond Europe's metropoles, became trans-formative figures in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy as well as in Great Britain's empire and its fracturing in North America.
本文探讨了18世纪中期费城兴起的德语商人社区,以及其成员如何努力将自己和其他中欧移民融入英国的商业、信贷、法律和政治体系。这些归化的商人在大西洋沿岸——大不列颠、伊比利亚和加勒比地区——建立了商业联系,并努力使他们的主要客户群体与英国的口味和商品保持一致。他们还试图通过公民和政治参与,特别是通过新成立的宾夕法尼亚州德国人协会,来帮助新来者。经过几十年的努力融入大英帝国,费城的德国商人在18世纪60年代末成为议会帝国改革的直言不讳的批评者。他们担心新的法律会破坏他们作为归化主体的经济利益和平等。到18世纪70年代,德国商人资助了爱国者的战争努力,并在新独立的宾夕法尼亚州政府中任职。这些商人的活动揭示了中欧人是如何在18世纪大西洋经济、大英帝国及其在北美的分裂中成为变革性人物的,尽管他们起源于欧洲大都市之外。
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引用次数: 0
"To Foreign Climes Unknown Before/ E'en to Amerique's Distant Shore": The Mission to Establish the First Women's Convent in the Original United States, Told in Carmelite Poetry “前往未知的外国气候/前往美国遥远的海岸”:在最初的美国建立第一个妇女修道院的使命,以加尔默罗派诗歌讲述
IF 0.3 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-04-20 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2020.0007
Daniel J. Hanna
abstract:When Carmelite nuns from Europe crossed the Atlantic in the late eighteenth century to found the first women's convent in the original United States, they brought with them a poetic tradition that can be traced back to the founder of the reformed Carmelite order, Saint Teresa of Avila. In poems that describe their struggles in Europe to escape religious repression, their arduous ocean voyage to America, and finally the foundation of the first convent for religious women in the state of Maryland, the Carmelites who traveled from Europe to the United States both recounted their extraordinary experiences and paid homage to their spiritual mother, Teresa of Avila, who had instigated a tradition of convent poetry in sixteenth-century Spain hundreds of years earlier. These previously unstudied and unpublished poems, presented in this article for the first time, are the earliest known evidence of the spirituality and literary tradition of Teresa of Avila in the United States.
18世纪末,当来自欧洲的加尔默罗修女横渡大西洋,在美国建立了第一个妇女修道院时,她们带来了一种诗歌传统,这种传统可以追溯到改革后的加尔默罗修道会的创始人圣德肋撒。从欧洲来到美国的加尔默罗会修士们在诗歌中描述了她们在欧洲为逃避宗教压迫而进行的斗争,她们艰苦的海上航行到美国,最后在马里兰州为宗教妇女建立了第一所修道院。在这些诗歌中,她们讲述了她们非凡的经历,并向她们的精神母亲阿维拉的特蕾莎(Teresa of Avila)表示敬意,特蕾莎在数百年前就在16世纪的西班牙开创了修道院诗歌的传统。这些以前未被研究和发表的诗歌,在这篇文章中首次出现,是美国阿维拉的特蕾莎的灵性和文学传统的最早证据。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal
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