Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.03
Christine Knauer
Abstract: On July 26, 2017, President Donald Trump banned transgender personnel from serving in the military via Twitter. This blow to civil rights did not happen on a random date. Sixty-nine years earlier, President Harry Truman had issued Executive Order 9981 which, according to public memory, ended racial segregation in the American military "with a stroke of a pen." This article takes a closer look at how Truman's federal directive has been remembered and commemorated since its passage. By analyzing newspaper articles and speeches, it reveals the exclusion of Black activism as well as the overemphasis on presidential leadership and resolve.
{"title":"\"With a Stroke of a Pen\": Executive Order 9981 in American Memory","authors":"Christine Knauer","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.35.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.35.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: On July 26, 2017, President Donald Trump banned transgender personnel from serving in the military via Twitter. This blow to civil rights did not happen on a random date. Sixty-nine years earlier, President Harry Truman had issued Executive Order 9981 which, according to public memory, ended racial segregation in the American military \"with a stroke of a pen.\" This article takes a closer look at how Truman's federal directive has been remembered and commemorated since its passage. By analyzing newspaper articles and speeches, it reveals the exclusion of Black activism as well as the overemphasis on presidential leadership and resolve.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906478
From the Editor Scott Ury This issue of History and Memory highlights ongoing, at times heated, debates regarding the central role that race, racism and migration play in the history, nature and fate of a number of contemporary societies. Indeed, few topics are as volatile today as those related to race, belonging and citizenship. In light of these discussions, the different articles in this issue regarding the history of slavery in the United States, efforts to desegregate the US army, the American Legion's aspirations to shape historical education, and the memory of slavery and migration in the United Kingdom will be of interest not only to students and scholars of historical memory but also to researchers of race and racism, as well as those working on ethnicity and migration. Starting with a discussion of historical artifacts and the critical role they play in museum displays and public memory, Edwin E. Breeden examines the origins of a broadsheet detailing an 1852 slave auction in the southern port city of Charleston, South Carolina that touted the sale of a "Gang of 25 Sea Island Cotton and Rice Negroes" (4). Although Breeden's careful historical analysis leads him to conclude that the document has its origins in an 1892 novel, and not in an actual slave auction, he uses the document's history to explore larger issues regarding "how Americans have understood … [slavery's] role in their nation's past" (7). Christine Knauer continues this discussion of the connection between race and memory in the United States with an analysis of the public memory of President Harry S. Truman's decision to sign Executive Order 9981, which was designed to end "racial segregation in the American military" "with a stroke of a pen." Knauer highlights how the memory of Executive Order 9981 has often concentrated on Truman's role, how efforts to commemorate the order have changed over the years, and how it was invoked in debates over the inclusion of homosexuals and transgender people in the US military. Most importantly, Knauer's history of Order 9981 shifts the historical focus from Truman's executive decision to the importance of "African American activism and Black agency" (42). [End Page 1] George Lewis also probes the intersection between race, citizenship and memory with an examination of the American Legion's efforts to create a history textbook for every school in the United States that would advance its program of Americanization and "100% Americanism." He demonstrates the central role that the burgeoning school system played in the United States after World War I, arguing that public schools offered the American Legion "a useful tool with which to shape the collective memory" of the American past in order "to understand Americanism in the present" (80). He thus underscores the extent to which third-sector organizations like the American Legion often view school curricula as a critical means for forging collective memory and national consciousness. Shift
{"title":"From the Editor","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a906478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a906478","url":null,"abstract":"From the Editor Scott Ury This issue of History and Memory highlights ongoing, at times heated, debates regarding the central role that race, racism and migration play in the history, nature and fate of a number of contemporary societies. Indeed, few topics are as volatile today as those related to race, belonging and citizenship. In light of these discussions, the different articles in this issue regarding the history of slavery in the United States, efforts to desegregate the US army, the American Legion's aspirations to shape historical education, and the memory of slavery and migration in the United Kingdom will be of interest not only to students and scholars of historical memory but also to researchers of race and racism, as well as those working on ethnicity and migration. Starting with a discussion of historical artifacts and the critical role they play in museum displays and public memory, Edwin E. Breeden examines the origins of a broadsheet detailing an 1852 slave auction in the southern port city of Charleston, South Carolina that touted the sale of a \"Gang of 25 Sea Island Cotton and Rice Negroes\" (4). Although Breeden's careful historical analysis leads him to conclude that the document has its origins in an 1892 novel, and not in an actual slave auction, he uses the document's history to explore larger issues regarding \"how Americans have understood … [slavery's] role in their nation's past\" (7). Christine Knauer continues this discussion of the connection between race and memory in the United States with an analysis of the public memory of President Harry S. Truman's decision to sign Executive Order 9981, which was designed to end \"racial segregation in the American military\" \"with a stroke of a pen.\" Knauer highlights how the memory of Executive Order 9981 has often concentrated on Truman's role, how efforts to commemorate the order have changed over the years, and how it was invoked in debates over the inclusion of homosexuals and transgender people in the US military. Most importantly, Knauer's history of Order 9981 shifts the historical focus from Truman's executive decision to the importance of \"African American activism and Black agency\" (42). [End Page 1] George Lewis also probes the intersection between race, citizenship and memory with an examination of the American Legion's efforts to create a history textbook for every school in the United States that would advance its program of Americanization and \"100% Americanism.\" He demonstrates the central role that the burgeoning school system played in the United States after World War I, arguing that public schools offered the American Legion \"a useful tool with which to shape the collective memory\" of the American past in order \"to understand Americanism in the present\" (80). He thus underscores the extent to which third-sector organizations like the American Legion often view school curricula as a critical means for forging collective memory and national consciousness. Shift","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.02
Edwin C. Breeden
Abstract: This article examines the fictional origins of a widely reproduced broadside for an 1852 slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, that has for the last century been accepted as an authentic relic of the slave trade. Close analysis of the document's content and the local history of Charleston reveals numerous discrepancies that establish the document's inauthenticity and illustrate the value of basic corroboration and contextualization to historical inquiry. Tracing the document's actual origins to an 1892 fictional illustration, the article shows how its long career as an object of historical memory can shed light on the shifting and contested ways in which Americans have remembered the role of slavery and African Americans in the nation's past.
{"title":"Rediscovering Aleck: The Forgotten Origins and Memorial History of a Fictional Slave Sale Advertisement","authors":"Edwin C. Breeden","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.35.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.35.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article examines the fictional origins of a widely reproduced broadside for an 1852 slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, that has for the last century been accepted as an authentic relic of the slave trade. Close analysis of the document's content and the local history of Charleston reveals numerous discrepancies that establish the document's inauthenticity and illustrate the value of basic corroboration and contextualization to historical inquiry. Tracing the document's actual origins to an 1892 fictional illustration, the article shows how its long career as an object of historical memory can shed light on the shifting and contested ways in which Americans have remembered the role of slavery and African Americans in the nation's past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.04
George Lewis
Abstract: Attempts to frame the memory of military conflicts have often been driven by veterans' organizations whose members participated in the fighting. This article argues that, in the United States, the newly formed American Legion sought to control the national narrative of the Great War as part of its wider, ambitious project of Americanization and "100% Americanism," in particular via the curation and development of a school history textbook intended to deliver its ideology into every schoolhouse in the United States. In so doing, it revealed the contested nature of history writing, the depth of contemporary concerns over the value of history as a discipline and the difficulties of eliding the history of the American past with the concept of Americanization, especially in terms of sectionalism, race, immigration and empire.
{"title":"The Curation of American Patriotism: The American Legion and The Story of Our American People","authors":"George Lewis","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.35.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.35.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Attempts to frame the memory of military conflicts have often been driven by veterans' organizations whose members participated in the fighting. This article argues that, in the United States, the newly formed American Legion sought to control the national narrative of the Great War as part of its wider, ambitious project of Americanization and \"100% Americanism,\" in particular via the curation and development of a school history textbook intended to deliver its ideology into every schoolhouse in the United States. In so doing, it revealed the contested nature of history writing, the depth of contemporary concerns over the value of history as a discipline and the difficulties of eliding the history of the American past with the concept of Americanization, especially in terms of sectionalism, race, immigration and empire.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906479
Edwin C. Breeden
Abstract: This article examines the fictional origins of a widely reproduced broadside for an 1852 slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, that has for the last century been accepted as an authentic relic of the slave trade. Close analysis of the document's content and the local history of Charleston reveals numerous discrepancies that establish the document's inauthenticity and illustrate the value of basic corroboration and contextualization to historical inquiry. Tracing the document's actual origins to an 1892 fictional illustration, the article shows how its long career as an object of historical memory can shed light on the shifting and contested ways in which Americans have remembered the role of slavery and African Americans in the nation's past.
{"title":"Rediscovering Aleck: The Forgotten Origins and Memorial History of a Fictional Slave Sale Advertisement","authors":"Edwin C. Breeden","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a906479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a906479","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article examines the fictional origins of a widely reproduced broadside for an 1852 slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, that has for the last century been accepted as an authentic relic of the slave trade. Close analysis of the document's content and the local history of Charleston reveals numerous discrepancies that establish the document's inauthenticity and illustrate the value of basic corroboration and contextualization to historical inquiry. Tracing the document's actual origins to an 1892 fictional illustration, the article shows how its long career as an object of historical memory can shed light on the shifting and contested ways in which Americans have remembered the role of slavery and African Americans in the nation's past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906482
Richard Millington
Abstract: In 1982, residents of Liverpool pulled a statue of William Huskisson from its plinth. Today, a plaque at the site states that the sculpture was removed by "activists offended at Huskisson's role in supporting slavery." Less than a mile away, however, one finds Huskisson's effigy, reerected, with no reference to slavery. This article traces the history of the rise, fall and rise of the Huskisson statue in order to examine how collective memory shapes the urban landscape and informs local communities' interaction with it. It also reflects on the nature of memory conflicts and the processing of unresolved events in the past.
{"title":"Slavery, Collective Memory and the Urban Landscape: The Rise, Fall and Rise of Liverpool's Statue of William Huskisson","authors":"Richard Millington","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a906482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a906482","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In 1982, residents of Liverpool pulled a statue of William Huskisson from its plinth. Today, a plaque at the site states that the sculpture was removed by \"activists offended at Huskisson's role in supporting slavery.\" Less than a mile away, however, one finds Huskisson's effigy, reerected, with no reference to slavery. This article traces the history of the rise, fall and rise of the Huskisson statue in order to examine how collective memory shapes the urban landscape and informs local communities' interaction with it. It also reflects on the nature of memory conflicts and the processing of unresolved events in the past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.01
From the Editor Scott Ury This issue of History and Memory highlights ongoing, at times heated, debates regarding the central role that race, racism and migration play in the history, nature and fate of a number of contemporary societies. Indeed, few topics are as volatile today as those related to race, belonging and citizenship. In light of these discussions, the different articles in this issue regarding the history of slavery in the United States, efforts to desegregate the US army, the American Legion's aspirations to shape historical education, and the memory of slavery and migration in the United Kingdom will be of interest not only to students and scholars of historical memory but also to researchers of race and racism, as well as those working on ethnicity and migration. Starting with a discussion of historical artifacts and the critical role they play in museum displays and public memory, Edwin E. Breeden examines the origins of a broadsheet detailing an 1852 slave auction in the southern port city of Charleston, South Carolina that touted the sale of a "Gang of 25 Sea Island Cotton and Rice Negroes" (4). Although Breeden's careful historical analysis leads him to conclude that the document has its origins in an 1892 novel, and not in an actual slave auction, he uses the document's history to explore larger issues regarding "how Americans have understood … [slavery's] role in their nation's past" (7). Christine Knauer continues this discussion of the connection between race and memory in the United States with an analysis of the public memory of President Harry S. Truman's decision to sign Executive Order 9981, which was designed to end "racial segregation in the American military" "with a stroke of a pen." Knauer highlights how the memory of Executive Order 9981 has often concentrated on Truman's role, how efforts to commemorate the order have changed over the years, and how it was invoked in debates over the inclusion of homosexuals and transgender people in the US military. Most importantly, Knauer's history of Order 9981 shifts the historical focus from Truman's executive decision to the importance of "African American activism and Black agency" (42). [End Page 1] George Lewis also probes the intersection between race, citizenship and memory with an examination of the American Legion's efforts to create a history textbook for every school in the United States that would advance its program of Americanization and "100% Americanism." He demonstrates the central role that the burgeoning school system played in the United States after World War I, arguing that public schools offered the American Legion "a useful tool with which to shape the collective memory" of the American past in order "to understand Americanism in the present" (80). He thus underscores the extent to which third-sector organizations like the American Legion often view school curricula as a critical means for forging collective memory and national consciousness. Shift
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906481
George Lewis
Abstract: Attempts to frame the memory of military conflicts have often been driven by veterans' organizations whose members participated in the fighting. This article argues that, in the United States, the newly formed American Legion sought to control the national narrative of the Great War as part of its wider, ambitious project of Americanization and "100% Americanism," in particular via the curation and development of a school history textbook intended to deliver its ideology into every schoolhouse in the United States. In so doing, it revealed the contested nature of history writing, the depth of contemporary concerns over the value of history as a discipline and the difficulties of eliding the history of the American past with the concept of Americanization, especially in terms of sectionalism, race, immigration and empire.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906480
Christine Knauer
Abstract: On July 26, 2017, President Donald Trump banned transgender personnel from serving in the military via Twitter. This blow to civil rights did not happen on a random date. Sixty-nine years earlier, President Harry Truman had issued Executive Order 9981 which, according to public memory, ended racial segregation in the American military "with a stroke of a pen." This article takes a closer look at how Truman's federal directive has been remembered and commemorated since its passage. By analyzing newspaper articles and speeches, it reveals the exclusion of Black activism as well as the overemphasis on presidential leadership and resolve.
{"title":"\"With a Stroke of a Pen\": Executive Order 9981 in American Memory","authors":"Christine Knauer","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a906480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a906480","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: On July 26, 2017, President Donald Trump banned transgender personnel from serving in the military via Twitter. This blow to civil rights did not happen on a random date. Sixty-nine years earlier, President Harry Truman had issued Executive Order 9981 which, according to public memory, ended racial segregation in the American military \"with a stroke of a pen.\" This article takes a closer look at how Truman's federal directive has been remembered and commemorated since its passage. By analyzing newspaper articles and speeches, it reveals the exclusion of Black activism as well as the overemphasis on presidential leadership and resolve.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.06
Laurence Gouriévidis
Abstract: Public commemoration and performance are closely bound up with time, place and social arenas, the memorialization of the past serving a variety of goals. This article considers the memorialization of the experience of the famine that blighted Ireland and northern Scotland during the Victorian period, and focuses on Glasgow, one of Scotland's major cities and the destination of many famine migrants. It explores the instrumental use of the famine past in the public sphere in a city long haunted by the specter of sectarianism and considers the impact of the choices made by different collectives in the process of heritage making and remembrance of uncomfortable/difficult aspects of the past.
{"title":"Commemorating Irish and Scottish Famine Migrants in Glasgow: Migration, Community Memories and the Social Uses of Heritage","authors":"Laurence Gouriévidis","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.35.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.35.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Public commemoration and performance are closely bound up with time, place and social arenas, the memorialization of the past serving a variety of goals. This article considers the memorialization of the experience of the famine that blighted Ireland and northern Scotland during the Victorian period, and focuses on Glasgow, one of Scotland's major cities and the destination of many famine migrants. It explores the instrumental use of the famine past in the public sphere in a city long haunted by the specter of sectarianism and considers the impact of the choices made by different collectives in the process of heritage making and remembrance of uncomfortable/difficult aspects of the past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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