Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a906483
Laurence Gouriévidis
Abstract: Public commemoration and performance are closely bound up with time, place and social arenas, the memorialization of the past serving a variety of goals. This article considers the memorialization of the experience of the famine that blighted Ireland and northern Scotland during the Victorian period, and focuses on Glasgow, one of Scotland's major cities and the destination of many famine migrants. It explores the instrumental use of the famine past in the public sphere in a city long haunted by the specter of sectarianism and considers the impact of the choices made by different collectives in the process of heritage making and remembrance of uncomfortable/difficult aspects of the past.
{"title":"Commemorating Irish and Scottish Famine Migrants in Glasgow: Migration, Community Memories and the Social Uses of Heritage","authors":"Laurence Gouriévidis","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a906483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a906483","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Public commemoration and performance are closely bound up with time, place and social arenas, the memorialization of the past serving a variety of goals. This article considers the memorialization of the experience of the famine that blighted Ireland and northern Scotland during the Victorian period, and focuses on Glasgow, one of Scotland's major cities and the destination of many famine migrants. It explores the instrumental use of the famine past in the public sphere in a city long haunted by the specter of sectarianism and considers the impact of the choices made by different collectives in the process of heritage making and remembrance of uncomfortable/difficult aspects of the past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.35.2.05
Richard Millington
Abstract: In 1982, residents of Liverpool pulled a statue of William Huskisson from its plinth. Today, a plaque at the site states that the sculpture was removed by "activists offended at Huskisson's role in supporting slavery." Less than a mile away, however, one finds Huskisson's effigy, reerected, with no reference to slavery. This article traces the history of the rise, fall and rise of the Huskisson statue in order to examine how collective memory shapes the urban landscape and informs local communities' interaction with it. It also reflects on the nature of memory conflicts and the processing of unresolved events in the past.
{"title":"Slavery, Collective Memory and the Urban Landscape: The Rise, Fall and Rise of Liverpool's Statue of William Huskisson","authors":"Richard Millington","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.35.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.35.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In 1982, residents of Liverpool pulled a statue of William Huskisson from its plinth. Today, a plaque at the site states that the sculpture was removed by \"activists offended at Huskisson's role in supporting slavery.\" Less than a mile away, however, one finds Huskisson's effigy, reerected, with no reference to slavery. This article traces the history of the rise, fall and rise of the Huskisson statue in order to examine how collective memory shapes the urban landscape and informs local communities' interaction with it. It also reflects on the nature of memory conflicts and the processing of unresolved events in the past.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885266
Scott Ury
From the Editor Scott Ury The current issue of History & Memory delves deep into many of the major themes that continue to be of interest to scholars of historical memory, including World War II, the fate of minority communities, the implications of new technologies and the intersection between these and other questions in lands beyond North America and Europe. The issue begins with Benjamin Tromly's intriguing discussion regarding the changing attitudes of different sectors of post-Soviet Russian society toward Andrei Andreevich Vlasov, a Soviet general who sought to create a Russian Liberation Army under German auspices during World War II. Tromly demonstrates how "the debate over Vlasov points to the fractured and unproductive nature of national collective memory in Russia" (3). In particular, Tromly's article highlights the different ways in which World War II continues to serve as a major flashpoint—and therefore also as a point of common discourse—for disputes over historical memory across the European continent, from Paris to St. Petersburg. The following contribution, by Volha Bartash, also considers the memory of World War II but shifts the focus from national debates to the experiences of a minority community by examining the memorial to Roma genocide victims in Navasyady, Belarus, which over five decades evolved from a standard Soviet war memorial to general, abstract "victims of fascism" into a family memorial designed by survivors of the 1942 massacre. Exploring the memorial's various meanings for the family, authorities, local residents and the Roma community, the article shows the role played by different mnemonic communities in the commemoration of the Roma genocide within the wider context of memory politics in contemporary Belarus. The events of World War II also lie at the center of Steffi de Jong's exploration of the advantages and disadvantages of using virtual reality technology to enable users to witness Nazi concentration and death camps or even take on the role of a victim. Analyzing a number of VR projects [End Page 1] that are in various stages of production, de Jong probes "what it means to be a witness to the Holocaust that such VR experiences entail" (71). The turn to wondrous new technologies allows the author to raise larger methodological questions regarding memory and its relationship to the past, including the question of whether such new media can "generate a reality that is experienced as being as real as the actual reality" (75), and whether the VR experience encourages or discourages historical empathy. Empathy for the past and the role that new technologies can play in promoting, diverting or preempting its development lie at the core of Pieter Van den Heede's analysis of how players experience two video games that address World War II and the Holocaust, Wolfenstein: The New Order and Call of Duty: WWII. Through an analysis of discussions with a number of focus groups, the author examines how "players const
本期《历史与记忆》深入探讨了许多历史记忆学者仍然感兴趣的主要主题，包括第二次世界大战、少数民族社区的命运、新技术的影响以及这些问题与北美和欧洲以外地区其他问题之间的交集。这个问题始于本杰明·特罗姆(Benjamin Tromly)关于后苏联时代俄罗斯社会不同阶层对安德烈·安德烈耶维奇·弗拉索夫(Andrei Andreevich Vlasov)态度变化的有趣讨论。弗拉索夫是一位苏联将军，在二战期间，他试图在德国的支持下建立一支俄罗斯解放军。Tromly论证了“关于弗拉索夫的争论如何指出了俄罗斯国家集体记忆的断裂和非生产性本质”(3)。特别是，Tromly的文章强调了二战继续作为一个主要爆发点的不同方式，因此也作为一个共同话语的点，在整个欧洲大陆，从巴黎到圣彼得堡的历史记忆争论中。以下由Volha Bartash撰写的文章，也考虑了对第二次世界大战的记忆，但通过考察白俄罗斯Navasyady的罗姆种族灭绝受害者纪念碑，将焦点从国家辩论转移到少数民族社区的经历，该纪念碑在50多年的时间里从标准的苏联战争纪念碑演变为一般抽象的“法西斯主义受害者”，再到1942年大屠杀幸存者设计的家庭纪念碑。文章探讨了纪念碑对家庭、当局、当地居民和罗姆人社群的不同意义，展示了在当代白俄罗斯更广泛的记忆政治背景下，不同的记忆社群在纪念罗姆人种族灭绝中所扮演的角色。第二次世界大战的事件也是Steffi de Jong探索使用虚拟现实技术的优点和缺点的中心，使用户能够目睹纳粹集中营和死亡集中营，甚至扮演受害者的角色。de Jong分析了一些处于不同制作阶段的VR项目，探讨了“作为大屠杀见证人的意义，这种VR体验带来了什么”(71)。转向奇妙的新技术让作者提出了关于记忆及其与过去关系的更大的方法论问题，包括这样的新媒体是否能“产生一种与现实一样真实的现实体验”(75)，以及VR体验是否鼓励或阻碍了历史同理心。Pieter Van den Heede分析了玩家如何体验两款讲述第二次世界大战和大屠杀的电子游戏《德军总部:新秩序》和《使命召唤:第二次世界大战》，这两款游戏的核心内容是对过去的同情，以及新技术在促进、转移或阻止其发展方面所扮演的角色。通过分析与多个焦点小组的讨论，作者研究了“玩家如何根据数字化记忆制作的研究来解释关于第二次世界大战和大屠杀的数字娱乐游戏的意义”。与德容一样，在数字媒体日益成为我们许多人接触和思考历史事件的主要手段之际，范登·赫德探讨了一些更紧迫的问题，即我们对过去的理解正在发生变化。新媒体的影响同样是切尔西·穆勒(chelsea Mueller)关于巴林记忆政治的文章的核心，这篇文章通过1922-1923年早期什叶派起义的镜头，研究了2011年巴林阿拉伯之春抗议活动的不同方式。她追溯了巴林教派冲突的历史及其在2011年2月起义中所扮演的角色，分析了Twitter、博客和Facebook群组上对这些话题的讨论，以及巴林政府和伊朗政权提出的不同叙述。对这些材料的研究使她能够展示2011年抗议活动中“对过去抗议、国家暴力和殖民经历的个人和集体记忆的激烈争论”如何加剧了反对派不同派别之间的宗派分裂，并“促成了将巴林的历史变成……
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885270
Pieter Van den Heede
Abstract: Digital entertainment games about World War II have long omitted references to the Holocaust. This article presents a focus group study on how players discuss their experiences of playing two games that do offer a representation of the Holocaust, Wolfenstein: The New Order and Call of Duty: WWII . It explores questions of digital memory by examining how players reflect on these games as historical representations and, in particular, how they reflect on engaging with the Holocaust through gameplay. To analyze players' reactions to engaging with sensitive and contentious pasts through gaming, I develop the concept "gaming fever."
{"title":"\"Press Escape to Skip Concentration Camp\"? Player Reflections on Engagement with the Holocaust through Digital Gaming","authors":"Pieter Van den Heede","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a885270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a885270","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Digital entertainment games about World War II have long omitted references to the Holocaust. This article presents a focus group study on how players discuss their experiences of playing two games that do offer a representation of the Holocaust, Wolfenstein: The New Order and Call of Duty: WWII . It explores questions of digital memory by examining how players reflect on these games as historical representations and, in particular, how they reflect on engaging with the Holocaust through gameplay. To analyze players' reactions to engaging with sensitive and contentious pasts through gaming, I develop the concept \"gaming fever.\"","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885268
Volha Bartash
Abstract: This article investigates the story behind the memorial to Roma genocide victims in Navasyady, Belarus, which is marked by plaques and symbols from different epochs and commemorative traditions. After examining the official commemoration, from the first Soviet memorial "to the victims of fascism" in 1967 to the regional and national memory politics in post-Soviet Belarus, it focuses on the family commemoration at the site and the local responses to the family memorial erected in 1999. My analysis demonstrates the power of memorials to (re)shape social reality and reveals the relationship between the site of memory and three mnemonic communities—the survivor and her family, the village community and the local Roma community.
{"title":"The Memorial to Roma Genocide Victims in Navasyady, Belarus: Shifting Meanings and Mnemonic Communities","authors":"Volha Bartash","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a885268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a885268","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article investigates the story behind the memorial to Roma genocide victims in Navasyady, Belarus, which is marked by plaques and symbols from different epochs and commemorative traditions. After examining the official commemoration, from the first Soviet memorial \"to the victims of fascism\" in 1967 to the regional and national memory politics in post-Soviet Belarus, it focuses on the family commemoration at the site and the local responses to the family memorial erected in 1999. My analysis demonstrates the power of memorials to (re)shape social reality and reveals the relationship between the site of memory and three mnemonic communities—the survivor and her family, the village community and the local Roma community.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885267
Benjamin Tromly
Abstract: Andrei Andreevich Vlasov, a Soviet general who sought to create a Russian Liberation Army under German auspices during World War II, has been the focal point of debates about wartime collaboration that reflect deep divides in memory of the Great Patriotic War and the Stalin era in post-Soviet Russia. Memory entrepreneurs in the literary world, the Orthodox Church and the historical profession have reappropriated Vlasov, inserting him in anti-Soviet historical narratives as a hero, symbol or martyr. Meanwhile, patriotic intellectuals in the Putin years have invoked Vlasov as a figure of national treachery and use him to discredit their political opponents. The debate over Vlasov points to the fractured and unproductive nature of national collective memory in Russia.
{"title":"Sympathy for the Devil: General Vlasov in the Collective Memory of the Great Patriotic War in Post-Soviet Russia","authors":"Benjamin Tromly","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a885267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a885267","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Andrei Andreevich Vlasov, a Soviet general who sought to create a Russian Liberation Army under German auspices during World War II, has been the focal point of debates about wartime collaboration that reflect deep divides in memory of the Great Patriotic War and the Stalin era in post-Soviet Russia. Memory entrepreneurs in the literary world, the Orthodox Church and the historical profession have reappropriated Vlasov, inserting him in anti-Soviet historical narratives as a hero, symbol or martyr. Meanwhile, patriotic intellectuals in the Putin years have invoked Vlasov as a figure of national treachery and use him to discredit their political opponents. The debate over Vlasov points to the fractured and unproductive nature of national collective memory in Russia.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885271
Chelsi Mueller
Abstract: On February 14, 2011, protests broke out in Bahrain led by the mostly Shi'i opposition against the Sunni Al Khalifa ruling family. After a failed attempt to appease the protestors, the Al Khalifa government blamed Iran for the unrest and invited Saudi and Emirati troops to enter Bahrain and crush the uprising. This article explores how and why the events of an earlier crisis, which began with a Shi'i uprising in 1922 and widened to include Iranian nationals in 1923, was remembered and communicated by states and social groups in the aftermath of the 2011 protests, both in scholarly articles and in the digital media. These contested narratives of Bahrain's past are located within the politically charged context of the 2011 uprising to shed light on the relationship between memory and politics in Bahrain.
{"title":"Memory Politics in Bahrain: The Invocation of the Early Modern Past in the Aftermath of the February 14, 2011 Uprising","authors":"Chelsi Mueller","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a885271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a885271","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: On February 14, 2011, protests broke out in Bahrain led by the mostly Shi'i opposition against the Sunni Al Khalifa ruling family. After a failed attempt to appease the protestors, the Al Khalifa government blamed Iran for the unrest and invited Saudi and Emirati troops to enter Bahrain and crush the uprising. This article explores how and why the events of an earlier crisis, which began with a Shi'i uprising in 1922 and widened to include Iranian nationals in 1923, was remembered and communicated by states and social groups in the aftermath of the 2011 protests, both in scholarly articles and in the digital media. These contested narratives of Bahrain's past are located within the politically charged context of the 2011 uprising to shed light on the relationship between memory and politics in Bahrain.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/ham.2023.a885269
Steffi de Jong
Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) is being established as a new medium for Holocaust memory. This article argues that VR experiences, which allow users to visit reconstructed campsites or even to temporarily take on the role of a victim, are changing conceptions of witnessing the Holocaust by simulating primary witnessing. It shows that such a simulation ties in with a wish for immediacy in recent Holocaust memory, as well as with the idea of VR as an "empathy machine," with empathy being defined very narrowly as a mirroring of sensations and emotions. The article advocates that future VR experiences should be grounded in a more complex conception of empathy, one that highlights rather than collapses the social, racial and historical differences between individuals.
{"title":"The Simulated Witness: Empathy and Embodiment in VR Experiences of Former Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps","authors":"Steffi de Jong","doi":"10.2979/ham.2023.a885269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ham.2023.a885269","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) is being established as a new medium for Holocaust memory. This article argues that VR experiences, which allow users to visit reconstructed campsites or even to temporarily take on the role of a victim, are changing conceptions of witnessing the Holocaust by simulating primary witnessing. It shows that such a simulation ties in with a wish for immediacy in recent Holocaust memory, as well as with the idea of VR as an \"empathy machine,\" with empathy being defined very narrowly as a mirroring of sensations and emotions. The article advocates that future VR experiences should be grounded in a more complex conception of empathy, one that highlights rather than collapses the social, racial and historical differences between individuals.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.33.2.03
Sophie Dufays, Martín Zícari, Silvana Mandolessi, B. Cardoso
Abstract:This article examines how the link between two tragic events in Mexican history—the 2014 attack on students from the Ayotzinapa Teachers’ College and the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre—has been represented and performed on Twitter, pursuing two interlinked objectives. The first goal is to explore the memorialization of the Tlatelolco massacre in relation to the Ayotzinapa case within a corpus of 16,706 tweets, showing how this memorialization has brought about a retemporalization of the history of violent acts committed by the state in Mexico. The second goal is to examine the role of Twitter as a mnemonic medium, considering it from both an ecological media perspective and an interdisciplinary research perspective that explores interconnections between media studies and memory studies.
{"title":"Twitter as a Mnemonic Medium from an Ecological Perspective: Ayotzinapa and the Memory of Tlatelolco in Mexico","authors":"Sophie Dufays, Martín Zícari, Silvana Mandolessi, B. Cardoso","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.33.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.33.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines how the link between two tragic events in Mexican history—the 2014 attack on students from the Ayotzinapa Teachers’ College and the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre—has been represented and performed on Twitter, pursuing two interlinked objectives. The first goal is to explore the memorialization of the Tlatelolco massacre in relation to the Ayotzinapa case within a corpus of 16,706 tweets, showing how this memorialization has brought about a retemporalization of the history of violent acts committed by the state in Mexico. The second goal is to examine the role of Twitter as a mnemonic medium, considering it from both an ecological media perspective and an interdisciplinary research perspective that explores interconnections between media studies and memory studies.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80961766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.2979/histmemo.33.2.05
Wolfgram
Abstract:We have a visual record of Kristallnacht, but it is a highly distorted picture that was almost completely controlled by the Nazi regime. Although photographers from the international press, including the Associated Press, were allowed to operate in Nazi Germany, the regime maintained strict prepublication censorship control. Consequently, almost all of the images we have from Kristallnacht focus on damage to property in accordance with the Nazi propaganda effort. This article shows that as a result of this bias, the West German postwar journalistic writing about Kristallnacht continued, for many years, to emphasize the attacks on Jewish property during Kristallnacht, while mentioning the violence against Jewish persons less frequently, and thus perpetuated the image created by the Nazis themselves.
{"title":"From the Visual to the Textual: How Nazi Control of the Visual Record of Kristallnacht Shaped the Postwar Narrative","authors":"Wolfgram","doi":"10.2979/histmemo.33.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.33.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:We have a visual record of Kristallnacht, but it is a highly distorted picture that was almost completely controlled by the Nazi regime. Although photographers from the international press, including the Associated Press, were allowed to operate in Nazi Germany, the regime maintained strict prepublication censorship control. Consequently, almost all of the images we have from Kristallnacht focus on damage to property in accordance with the Nazi propaganda effort. This article shows that as a result of this bias, the West German postwar journalistic writing about Kristallnacht continued, for many years, to emphasize the attacks on Jewish property during Kristallnacht, while mentioning the violence against Jewish persons less frequently, and thus perpetuated the image created by the Nazis themselves.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72763235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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