Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2172883
Stephanie D. Bangarth, Jennifer Tunnicliffe
It has been a decade since scholars of Canadian human rights history gathered to share research on the transition of civil liberties and other rights discourses in Canada to the universalism of human rights, and the reciprocal tensions or struggles this caused both domestically and in the international rights regime. While there has been substantial growth in the historical scholarship on human rights in Canada, the recent explosion of social movement activity, from #MeToo to Black Lives Matter and the Land Back movement, along with concerns engendered by the COVID-19 global pandemic and the discoveries of unmarked graves at former residential school sites in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, demonstrate the need for new approaches and a more critical questioning of Canada’s so-called “rights revolution” and its place in national narratives. To that end, we organized a workshop to address these and other new approaches in the research and teaching of Canada’s human rights history. Held at King’s University College on May 2 and 3, 2022, the workshop brought together 23 scholars to engage with critical questions about Canada’s history with human rights. Participants gathered in-person and online to share new research and to discuss how human rights history has been studied and taught by scholars in the field. This SSHRCfunded event was bolstered by in-kind and financial support by the host venue and Toronto Metropolitan University.
{"title":"Revisiting Human Rights: Reflections on the Teaching and Study of Human Rights in Canadian History","authors":"Stephanie D. Bangarth, Jennifer Tunnicliffe","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2172883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2172883","url":null,"abstract":"It has been a decade since scholars of Canadian human rights history gathered to share research on the transition of civil liberties and other rights discourses in Canada to the universalism of human rights, and the reciprocal tensions or struggles this caused both domestically and in the international rights regime. While there has been substantial growth in the historical scholarship on human rights in Canada, the recent explosion of social movement activity, from #MeToo to Black Lives Matter and the Land Back movement, along with concerns engendered by the COVID-19 global pandemic and the discoveries of unmarked graves at former residential school sites in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, demonstrate the need for new approaches and a more critical questioning of Canada’s so-called “rights revolution” and its place in national narratives. To that end, we organized a workshop to address these and other new approaches in the research and teaching of Canada’s human rights history. Held at King’s University College on May 2 and 3, 2022, the workshop brought together 23 scholars to engage with critical questions about Canada’s history with human rights. Participants gathered in-person and online to share new research and to discuss how human rights history has been studied and taught by scholars in the field. This SSHRCfunded event was bolstered by in-kind and financial support by the host venue and Toronto Metropolitan University.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"63 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44553642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2173334
D. Marshall
Abstract This article reflects on methods of teaching a master seminar on Human Rights in Canadian History at Carleton University in 2020 in conjunction with theoretical approaches to the topic. The reflection is organized around the following themes: Open-Ended Definitions of Human Rights, Pedagogies of Inquiry and Freedom of Thought, Teaching Evolving Ideas and Practices of Human Rights in Time and Place, Histories of “The Quest for New Rights.”
{"title":"Teaching Human Rights History","authors":"D. Marshall","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2173334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2173334","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reflects on methods of teaching a master seminar on Human Rights in Canadian History at Carleton University in 2020 in conjunction with theoretical approaches to the topic. The reflection is organized around the following themes: Open-Ended Definitions of Human Rights, Pedagogies of Inquiry and Freedom of Thought, Teaching Evolving Ideas and Practices of Human Rights in Time and Place, Histories of “The Quest for New Rights.”","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"118 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46044894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2180954
A. Lawlor, Erin Crandall
ABSTRACT Recent interest in the use of section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has renewed political and scholarly attention to this unique device of constitutional politics. The notwithstanding clause is notable for being an opt-out clause exclusively available for government use, positioning it above the courts on key areas of rights. This article argues that the notwithstanding clause can be understood properly as an institutionalized mechanism of court curbing; that is, as an effort to limit a court’s power. We analyze uses of the notwithstanding clause using national and regional media coverage to understand how section 33 is framed, as well as an original dataset that investigates Canadians’ support of the notwithstanding clause and court curbing.
{"title":"The Canadian Charter’s Notwithstanding Clause as an Institutionalized Mechanism of Court Curbing","authors":"A. Lawlor, Erin Crandall","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2180954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2180954","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent interest in the use of section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has renewed political and scholarly attention to this unique device of constitutional politics. The notwithstanding clause is notable for being an opt-out clause exclusively available for government use, positioning it above the courts on key areas of rights. This article argues that the notwithstanding clause can be understood properly as an institutionalized mechanism of court curbing; that is, as an effort to limit a court’s power. We analyze uses of the notwithstanding clause using national and regional media coverage to understand how section 33 is framed, as well as an original dataset that investigates Canadians’ support of the notwithstanding clause and court curbing.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47557625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2172887
R. Ventresca
ABSTRACT This article surveys one historian’s experience in researching and teaching about the role of religion in the development of modern human rights in the era of the two world wars and the Holocaust. The first part focuses on the so-called Catholic human rights revolution. It examines transformations in Catholic political thought and social action as a process rather than a revolution—a gradual, incremental, and often contested dynamic that was neither linear nor inevitable. The second part pivots to explain how research on the contested origins of human rights in Catholic thought and social action have stimulated a broader teaching interest in the origins and contemporary meaning of human rights. The article argues that this dynamic of contestation is critical to understanding human rights history in order to lay bare why we have been arguing for decades and even centuries about the nature and application of human rights, and why those arguments matter to the political and moral force that the idea of human rights claims in our world.
{"title":"Discovering and Rediscovering Human Rights History","authors":"R. Ventresca","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2172887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2172887","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article surveys one historian’s experience in researching and teaching about the role of religion in the development of modern human rights in the era of the two world wars and the Holocaust. The first part focuses on the so-called Catholic human rights revolution. It examines transformations in Catholic political thought and social action as a process rather than a revolution—a gradual, incremental, and often contested dynamic that was neither linear nor inevitable. The second part pivots to explain how research on the contested origins of human rights in Catholic thought and social action have stimulated a broader teaching interest in the origins and contemporary meaning of human rights. The article argues that this dynamic of contestation is critical to understanding human rights history in order to lay bare why we have been arguing for decades and even centuries about the nature and application of human rights, and why those arguments matter to the political and moral force that the idea of human rights claims in our world.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"131 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48780981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2171303
John B. Sutcliffe, Katrina Bahnam, Tartil Shaheen
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has created severe challenges for public transit systems. This article examines its impact on six Ontario transit systems. Using qualitative data from fourteen interviews with public transit officials and data from municipal documents and public announcements, the article examines whether measures introduced by the transit authorities addressed the issue of transit equity in the pandemic’s first year. The findings show that transit officials were aware of transit inequity—transit service cuts disproportionately affected the most vulnerable. Transit officials also raised issues relating to transit equity in their appeals to senior governments for more funding. It is, however, important not to overstate the prevalence of transit equity at this time. Transit officials and transit documents rarely used the term transit equity and there is limited evidence that considerations of procedural equity influenced decision-making in the period studied. Transit systems were forced to prioritize the maintenance of some level of reduced service during the pandemic with almost no capacity to introduce measures to advance transit equity.
{"title":"Transit Equity in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Six Ontario Transit Authorities","authors":"John B. Sutcliffe, Katrina Bahnam, Tartil Shaheen","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2171303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2171303","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has created severe challenges for public transit systems. This article examines its impact on six Ontario transit systems. Using qualitative data from fourteen interviews with public transit officials and data from municipal documents and public announcements, the article examines whether measures introduced by the transit authorities addressed the issue of transit equity in the pandemic’s first year. The findings show that transit officials were aware of transit inequity—transit service cuts disproportionately affected the most vulnerable. Transit officials also raised issues relating to transit equity in their appeals to senior governments for more funding. It is, however, important not to overstate the prevalence of transit equity at this time. Transit officials and transit documents rarely used the term transit equity and there is limited evidence that considerations of procedural equity influenced decision-making in the period studied. Transit systems were forced to prioritize the maintenance of some level of reduced service during the pandemic with almost no capacity to introduce measures to advance transit equity.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"22 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41957636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2023.2170155
Alison Smith, Anna Kopec
ABSTRACT What is known about homelessness in Canada? In this article, we present the results of a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed research produced on homelessness in Canada, in English and French, since 2000. We seek to map this literature in an effort at understanding how homelessness has been studied by researchers and to identify potential gaps in this impressive body of literature. The literature review included a two-stage process. First, we analyzed almost 1000 articles specifically regarding homelessness according to title, journal, and case. Then, we conducted a qualitative abstract analysis of 251 papers written by the ten most prolific scholars of homelessness research, analyzing the research question, methods, and recommendations. We find that the majority of research on homelessness in Canada has been in large cities (Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). Research is often conducted in comparative perspective, though there have been fewer international comparisons, and often from a public health or medical science perspective. We argue that social scientists have a lot to contribute to this field of study by analyzing the structural and political causes of homelessness, and that researchers should study small, mid-sized, northern, and rural communities in their studies as well as big cities.
{"title":"Mapping Homelessness Research in Canada","authors":"Alison Smith, Anna Kopec","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2023.2170155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2023.2170155","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What is known about homelessness in Canada? In this article, we present the results of a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed research produced on homelessness in Canada, in English and French, since 2000. We seek to map this literature in an effort at understanding how homelessness has been studied by researchers and to identify potential gaps in this impressive body of literature. The literature review included a two-stage process. First, we analyzed almost 1000 articles specifically regarding homelessness according to title, journal, and case. Then, we conducted a qualitative abstract analysis of 251 papers written by the ten most prolific scholars of homelessness research, analyzing the research question, methods, and recommendations. We find that the majority of research on homelessness in Canada has been in large cities (Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). Research is often conducted in comparative perspective, though there have been fewer international comparisons, and often from a public health or medical science perspective. We argue that social scientists have a lot to contribute to this field of study by analyzing the structural and political causes of homelessness, and that researchers should study small, mid-sized, northern, and rural communities in their studies as well as big cities.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"42 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47313631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2022.2148057
Micah A. Pawling
Published in American Review of Canadian Studies (Vol. 52, No. 4, 2022)
发表于《美国加拿大研究评论》(第52卷第4期，2022年)
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Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2022.2149147
I. Fournier
adaptations forged in the trade and embodied in music and sound, sometimes means that the other consequences of those fur trade encounters are noted briefly or otherwise left aside. Laxer’s chapter on the introduction of arms and ammunition, for instance, shows how new soundways emerged from the adaptation of Indigenous and European customs. The incorporation of firearm salutes (or feu de joie) into ceremonial relations and traveling rituals and the reliance on gun blasts for communication and signaling harnessed the sound-making capabilities of these arms. As Laxer shows, the guns exchanged as part of the trade no doubt “transformed the soundscape” (32) of North America’s interior, but those guns also remade the human landscape, as did the microbes and other goods that traveled along the well-worn fur trade routes. It may well be that the demographic collapse caused by epidemic disease, and the resulting “displacement of violence” (to use Ned Blackhawk’s phrase) that accompanied the trade left fewer auditory traces. As a result, the ancillary effects of the spread of market relations across the northern reaches of the continent are left to the margins of the story that Laxer tells here. By listening carefully to the records left by the fur trade, Laxer nonetheless shows how the songs, dances, diplomatic protocols, and other practices that emerged from the fur trade bore the unmistakable imprint of the institutional imperatives of that trade and its diverse participants. This work illustrates, moreover, the possibilities for re-reading a fur trade archive. Laxer shows how the scattered but recurring references to these ephemeral sounds and practices can offer important insights into the nature of the human relations engendered by the trade.
在贸易中形成并体现在音乐和声音中的适应性，有时意味着这些毛皮贸易遭遇的其他后果被简要地记录下来，或者以其他方式被忽略。例如，拉瑟在介绍武器和弹药的章节中，展示了新的声音方式是如何从对土著和欧洲习俗的适应中产生的。将火器敬礼(或feu de joie)纳入礼仪关系和旅行仪式中，并依靠枪响进行通信和信号发送，利用了这些武器的声音制造能力。正如拉克斯所说，作为贸易一部分的枪支交换无疑“改变了北美内陆的声音景观”，但这些枪支也重塑了人类景观，就像沿着古老的毛皮贸易路线旅行的微生物和其他货物一样。很可能是流行病造成的人口崩溃，以及随之而来的“暴力取代”(用内德·黑鹰的话来说)伴随贸易而来的听觉痕迹更少了。因此，市场关系在欧洲大陆北部地区蔓延所带来的辅助效应，被拉克瑟在本书中所讲述的故事边缘化了。尽管如此，通过仔细聆听皮草贸易留下的记录，拉克斯还是展示了皮草贸易中出现的歌曲、舞蹈、外交协议和其他做法是如何明显地带有该贸易的制度要求及其不同参与者的印记的。此外，这项工作说明了重新阅读毛皮贸易档案的可能性。拉西尔展示了这些零散但反复出现的对这些短暂的声音和实践的参考，如何为了解由贸易产生的人际关系的本质提供了重要的见解。
{"title":"Le rêve de Phonsine: Poétique/psychocritique du Cycle du Survenant de Germaine Guèvremont","authors":"I. Fournier","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2022.2149147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2022.2149147","url":null,"abstract":"adaptations forged in the trade and embodied in music and sound, sometimes means that the other consequences of those fur trade encounters are noted briefly or otherwise left aside. Laxer’s chapter on the introduction of arms and ammunition, for instance, shows how new soundways emerged from the adaptation of Indigenous and European customs. The incorporation of firearm salutes (or feu de joie) into ceremonial relations and traveling rituals and the reliance on gun blasts for communication and signaling harnessed the sound-making capabilities of these arms. As Laxer shows, the guns exchanged as part of the trade no doubt “transformed the soundscape” (32) of North America’s interior, but those guns also remade the human landscape, as did the microbes and other goods that traveled along the well-worn fur trade routes. It may well be that the demographic collapse caused by epidemic disease, and the resulting “displacement of violence” (to use Ned Blackhawk’s phrase) that accompanied the trade left fewer auditory traces. As a result, the ancillary effects of the spread of market relations across the northern reaches of the continent are left to the margins of the story that Laxer tells here. By listening carefully to the records left by the fur trade, Laxer nonetheless shows how the songs, dances, diplomatic protocols, and other practices that emerged from the fur trade bore the unmistakable imprint of the institutional imperatives of that trade and its diverse participants. This work illustrates, moreover, the possibilities for re-reading a fur trade archive. Laxer shows how the scattered but recurring references to these ephemeral sounds and practices can offer important insights into the nature of the human relations engendered by the trade.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"508 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42383739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2022.2148058
E. MacDonald
marshlands geographer Matthew Hatvany, Rudin frames his study as a sort of parable of modified high modernism, as explored by Loo in her own work: a see-saw—rather than synthesis—between the false binaries of local knowledge versus technocratic expertise, practical versus theoretical approaches, and concrete versus abstract considerations. High modernism is not the only lens for viewing the work of the MMRA (the idea of metropole versus periphery also comes to mind), but it is a serviceable and flexible one.
{"title":"Against the Tide: Reshaping Landscape and Community in Canada’s Maritime Marshlands","authors":"E. MacDonald","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2022.2148058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2022.2148058","url":null,"abstract":"marshlands geographer Matthew Hatvany, Rudin frames his study as a sort of parable of modified high modernism, as explored by Loo in her own work: a see-saw—rather than synthesis—between the false binaries of local knowledge versus technocratic expertise, practical versus theoretical approaches, and concrete versus abstract considerations. High modernism is not the only lens for viewing the work of the MMRA (the idea of metropole versus periphery also comes to mind), but it is a serviceable and flexible one.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"10 5","pages":"515 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41265583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2022.2147754
M. Lewis
ABSTRACT In 1915, responding to significant prohibitionist agitation, the provincial government of Saskatchewan abolished private liquor sales and replaced them with a system of government-run dispensaries. Prior to Saskatchewan’s adoption of a state liquor dispensary system, the model had been tried only once on such a scale in North America, in South Carolina, which abandoned it in 1907. Drawing on the details of Saskatchewan’s commission that investigated the South Carolina system, this article argues that the adaptations made to the system in Saskatchewan were due to a combination of political expediency and a widespread belief in the civilizing power of whiteness and Canadian educational and legal institutions.
{"title":"The South Carolina Commission and the Creation of Saskatchewan’s Liquor Dispensary, 1915","authors":"M. Lewis","doi":"10.1080/02722011.2022.2147754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2022.2147754","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1915, responding to significant prohibitionist agitation, the provincial government of Saskatchewan abolished private liquor sales and replaced them with a system of government-run dispensaries. Prior to Saskatchewan’s adoption of a state liquor dispensary system, the model had been tried only once on such a scale in North America, in South Carolina, which abandoned it in 1907. Drawing on the details of Saskatchewan’s commission that investigated the South Carolina system, this article argues that the adaptations made to the system in Saskatchewan were due to a combination of political expediency and a widespread belief in the civilizing power of whiteness and Canadian educational and legal institutions.","PeriodicalId":43336,"journal":{"name":"American Review of Canadian Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"446 - 464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44084962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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