Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0198
S. A. Gallegos‐Ordorica
Abstract:This article offers a critical complement to Diego von Vacano's differential characterization of Bolívar's political thought and his understanding of race through a comparative analysis between Bolívar's views and those of certain philosophers of the Enlightenment. Indeed, von Vacano argues that Bolívar's contributions to republican theory have traditionally been ignored by the Anglo-American tradition. Though von Vacano is right in underscoring that Bolívar's political thought deserves more attention since it contains valuable contributions that stand in "contradistinction to prevalent discourses in European and American intellectual history", this article argues that, if we reconstruct the genealogy of Bolívar's political thought by tracing it back to Montesquieu and Rousseau, it turns out to be very different in some respects from the views voiced in European discourses, but is also bears the imprint of certain racist assumptions and biases. This article also offers a brief diagnosis of the tensions that are found in Bolívar's political thought.
{"title":"The Racial Legacy of the Enlightenment in Simón Bolívar's Political Thought","authors":"S. A. Gallegos‐Ordorica","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article offers a critical complement to Diego von Vacano's differential characterization of Bolívar's political thought and his understanding of race through a comparative analysis between Bolívar's views and those of certain philosophers of the Enlightenment. Indeed, von Vacano argues that Bolívar's contributions to republican theory have traditionally been ignored by the Anglo-American tradition. Though von Vacano is right in underscoring that Bolívar's political thought deserves more attention since it contains valuable contributions that stand in \"contradistinction to prevalent discourses in European and American intellectual history\", this article argues that, if we reconstruct the genealogy of Bolívar's political thought by tracing it back to Montesquieu and Rousseau, it turns out to be very different in some respects from the views voiced in European discourses, but is also bears the imprint of certain racist assumptions and biases. This article also offers a brief diagnosis of the tensions that are found in Bolívar's political thought.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"198 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44706230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0164
C. Leboeuf
Abstract:Much phenomenological work on race has focused on the bodily experiences of persons of color in white spaces or in the face of the white gaze. But comparatively little has been written about how to change these bodily experiences. This article fills this gap by discussing the perspective of those who enact bodily habits alienate persons of color, or what this article calls "racializing bodily habits." It defends a novel path toward reforming these habits: the practice of mindfulness meditation. The key premise in this argument is that reforming racializing bodily habits requires that one transform one's perception of and affective responses to racialized others. It explains that mindfulness meditation slows our experience of time, thereby opening up the possibility for new affective responses, perceptual habits, and bodily habits. This article bases its argument on qualitative descriptions of mindfulness meditation and on empirical research on its effects.
{"title":"Reforming Racializing Bodily Habits: Affective Environment and Mindfulness Meditation","authors":"C. Leboeuf","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Much phenomenological work on race has focused on the bodily experiences of persons of color in white spaces or in the face of the white gaze. But comparatively little has been written about how to change these bodily experiences. This article fills this gap by discussing the perspective of those who enact bodily habits alienate persons of color, or what this article calls \"racializing bodily habits.\" It defends a novel path toward reforming these habits: the practice of mindfulness meditation. The key premise in this argument is that reforming racializing bodily habits requires that one transform one's perception of and affective responses to racialized others. It explains that mindfulness meditation slows our experience of time, thereby opening up the possibility for new affective responses, perceptual habits, and bodily habits. This article bases its argument on qualitative descriptions of mindfulness meditation and on empirical research on its effects.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"164 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43363708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0216
Alex R. Steers-Mccrum
Abstract:Race in the United States is most often talked about in terms of black and white, sometimes as a spectrum running from whiteness to blackness. Such a conception does not map onto actual racial structures in the United States and excludes Native Americans. This article will criticize this binary, detailing a theory of race in which colonialism and racism are prior to racial formation, following Patrick Wolfe and Michael Omi and Howard Winant. In assembling this theory, this article attempts to bridge philosophical critical race studies and Native American and Indigenous Peoples studies. It argues that to be a member of a race is to be in a relationship of dominance and resistance with settler colonialism. It discusses the implications of a political mode (following Tommie Shelby) of Native race in greater detail, including how it can be differentiated from ethnicity and tribal identity, and how it might be politically useful in anti-domination solidarity. Finally, the article examines the similarities and differences between Native race as construed here and concepts of being Indigenous, suggesting that what Indigenous is at the global level, Native race may be at the local.
{"title":"Out of the Binary and Beyond the Spectrum: Redefining and Reclaiming Native American Race","authors":"Alex R. Steers-Mccrum","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0216","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Race in the United States is most often talked about in terms of black and white, sometimes as a spectrum running from whiteness to blackness. Such a conception does not map onto actual racial structures in the United States and excludes Native Americans. This article will criticize this binary, detailing a theory of race in which colonialism and racism are prior to racial formation, following Patrick Wolfe and Michael Omi and Howard Winant. In assembling this theory, this article attempts to bridge philosophical critical race studies and Native American and Indigenous Peoples studies. It argues that to be a member of a race is to be in a relationship of dominance and resistance with settler colonialism. It discusses the implications of a political mode (following Tommie Shelby) of Native race in greater detail, including how it can be differentiated from ethnicity and tribal identity, and how it might be politically useful in anti-domination solidarity. Finally, the article examines the similarities and differences between Native race as construed here and concepts of being Indigenous, suggesting that what Indigenous is at the global level, Native race may be at the local.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"216 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46764548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/critphilrace.6.2.0239
J. Liz
Abstract:There has been increasing attention given to the way in which racial genetic clusters are constructed within population genetics. In particular, some scholars have argued that the conception of "whiteness" presupposed is such analyses is inherently problematic. In light of these ongoing discussions, this article aims to further clarify and develop this implicit relationship between whiteness, purity and contemporary genetics by offering a Foucauldian critique of the discourse of race within these genetic admixture studies. The goals of this article, then, are twofold: first, to unearth some of the presuppositions operative in this genetics discourse that make possible a biological conception of race; and second, to examine some of the social and historical origins of those presuppositions. To this end, this article provides a brief genealogy of racial purity beginning with its formal legal codification in the one-drop rule.
{"title":"\"The Fixity of Whiteness\": Genetic Admixture and the Legacy of the One-Drop Rule","authors":"J. Liz","doi":"10.5325/critphilrace.6.2.0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.6.2.0239","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:There has been increasing attention given to the way in which racial genetic clusters are constructed within population genetics. In particular, some scholars have argued that the conception of \"whiteness\" presupposed is such analyses is inherently problematic. In light of these ongoing discussions, this article aims to further clarify and develop this implicit relationship between whiteness, purity and contemporary genetics by offering a Foucauldian critique of the discourse of race within these genetic admixture studies. The goals of this article, then, are twofold: first, to unearth some of the presuppositions operative in this genetics discourse that make possible a biological conception of race; and second, to examine some of the social and historical origins of those presuppositions. To this end, this article provides a brief genealogy of racial purity beginning with its formal legal codification in the one-drop rule.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"239 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46245805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0135
Colleen McCluskey
Abstract:In his reply to Heloise's complaints in the fourth of the so-called personal letters, Peter Abelard (a twelfth-century theologian) draws upon the figure of the Ethiopian queen from the biblical Song of Songs, who proclaims that she is black on the outside but beautiful on the inside. While some scholars have interpreted his discussion as a commentary on the persona of a nun, this article considers what Abelard's remarks might mean for understanding the development of the concept of race in Western thought. In particular, it considers whether Abelard's discussion, both in the letter and in his metaphysical writings, challenges the common (although not universal) position that Europeans did not develop a concept of race until at least the early modern period. It examines these texts to determine the extent to which his remarks reveal congruities or differences with later more explicit conceptions of race.
摘要:12世纪神学家彼得·阿伯拉德(Peter Abelard)在回答埃洛伊丝(Heloise)的抱怨时，引用了《圣经·雅歌》(Song of Songs)中埃塞俄比亚女王的形象，她宣称自己外表乌黑，但内心美丽。虽然一些学者将他的讨论解释为对修女角色的评论，但本文考虑了阿伯拉尔的言论对于理解西方思想中种族概念的发展可能意味着什么。特别是，它考虑了阿伯拉尔的讨论，无论是在信中还是在他的形而上学著作中，是否挑战了欧洲人至少直到近代早期才形成种族概念的普遍(尽管不是普遍)立场。它检查了这些文本，以确定他的言论在多大程度上揭示了与后来更明确的种族概念的一致性或差异性。
{"title":"Black on the Outside, White on the Inside: Peter Abelard's Use of Race","authors":"Colleen McCluskey","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0135","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In his reply to Heloise's complaints in the fourth of the so-called personal letters, Peter Abelard (a twelfth-century theologian) draws upon the figure of the Ethiopian queen from the biblical Song of Songs, who proclaims that she is black on the outside but beautiful on the inside. While some scholars have interpreted his discussion as a commentary on the persona of a nun, this article considers what Abelard's remarks might mean for understanding the development of the concept of race in Western thought. In particular, it considers whether Abelard's discussion, both in the letter and in his metaphysical writings, challenges the common (although not universal) position that Europeans did not develop a concept of race until at least the early modern period. It examines these texts to determine the extent to which his remarks reveal congruities or differences with later more explicit conceptions of race.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"135 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45854952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0180
Stella Sandford
Abstract:This article critically extends Kant's 1786 discussion of "orientation in thinking" to ask what it means to "orient oneself in thinking" around the concepts of race and sex, addressed in the context of 1) the central place and historical importance of Kant in Western philosophy; and 2) Kant's theory of race and its relation to his critical philosophy. As presumptions about race and sex are already built into the history of philosophy, taking these concepts as an explicit orientation is not the expression of subjective interests, but a reflection and criticism of some of the objective forces that shape the world and have shaped the history of philosophy. An intellectual orientation around the concepts of race or sex can thus be understood as a critical position in relation to the problematic "historical universality" of these concepts, with the aim of transforming the false universality of biological race thinking, in particular, into the historical universality of critical social analysis.
{"title":"Race and Sex in Western Philosophy: Another Answer to the Question \"What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?\"","authors":"Stella Sandford","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.2.0180","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article critically extends Kant's 1786 discussion of \"orientation in thinking\" to ask what it means to \"orient oneself in thinking\" around the concepts of race and sex, addressed in the context of 1) the central place and historical importance of Kant in Western philosophy; and 2) Kant's theory of race and its relation to his critical philosophy. As presumptions about race and sex are already built into the history of philosophy, taking these concepts as an explicit orientation is not the expression of subjective interests, but a reflection and criticism of some of the objective forces that shape the world and have shaped the history of philosophy. An intellectual orientation around the concepts of race or sex can thus be understood as a critical position in relation to the problematic \"historical universality\" of these concepts, with the aim of transforming the false universality of biological race thinking, in particular, into the historical universality of critical social analysis.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"180 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41754369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-04DOI: 10.5325/critphilrace.6.1.0026
Kris F. Sealey
Abstract:This article presents Édouard Glissant's account of a composite community as an articulation of Frantz Fanon's alternative, de-colonial conception of the nation. It shows that, subsequent to Fanon's critique of the xenophobia and racism of a narrow nationalism (found in The Wretched of the Earth), we are left with a conception of a national consciousness that registers with what Glissant names, in Poetics of Relation, a composite community in relation. Both accounts ground community in a foundation of difference, process and dynamism, all of which is carried into a collective identity, without the reductive homogenizing practices of most nation-building endeavors. As such, the article argues that Glissant's work is positioned to underscore what, in Fanon's understanding of national culture, is meant to protect the living dynamism of a people from a chauvinistic ultra-nationalism. Similarly, the work of The Wretched of the Earth can be used to take Glissant's alternative political ontology into the arena of thinking the nation otherwise.
{"title":"The Composite Community: Thinking Through Fanon's Critique of a Narrow Nationalism","authors":"Kris F. Sealey","doi":"10.5325/critphilrace.6.1.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.6.1.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article presents Édouard Glissant's account of a composite community as an articulation of Frantz Fanon's alternative, de-colonial conception of the nation. It shows that, subsequent to Fanon's critique of the xenophobia and racism of a narrow nationalism (found in The Wretched of the Earth), we are left with a conception of a national consciousness that registers with what Glissant names, in Poetics of Relation, a composite community in relation. Both accounts ground community in a foundation of difference, process and dynamism, all of which is carried into a collective identity, without the reductive homogenizing practices of most nation-building endeavors. As such, the article argues that Glissant's work is positioned to underscore what, in Fanon's understanding of national culture, is meant to protect the living dynamism of a people from a chauvinistic ultra-nationalism. Similarly, the work of The Wretched of the Earth can be used to take Glissant's alternative political ontology into the arena of thinking the nation otherwise.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"26 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48641206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-04DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0058
A. Topolski
Abstract:This article traces the hidden race-religion constellation in Europe. The term "race-religion constellation" refers to the connection or co-constitution of the categories of race and "religion." Specifically, the term "race-religion constellation" is used to refer to the practice of classifying people into races according to categories we now associate with the term "religion." This calls for a consideration of European history and forms of racism in Europe, such as anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. This article aims to provide an alternative non-secularized or biological account of the origins of the socially constructed category of race in Europe. The alternative story begins in the sixteenth century, when the category of "religion" as a means for classifying peoples was both constructed and politicized. In tracing this alternative story, this article seeks to outline a framework for a critical philosophy of race focused on a European religion line that intersects with Du Bois's color line.
{"title":"The Race-Religion Constellation: A European Contribution to the Critical Philosophy of Race","authors":"A. Topolski","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article traces the hidden race-religion constellation in Europe. The term \"race-religion constellation\" refers to the connection or co-constitution of the categories of race and \"religion.\" Specifically, the term \"race-religion constellation\" is used to refer to the practice of classifying people into races according to categories we now associate with the term \"religion.\" This calls for a consideration of European history and forms of racism in Europe, such as anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. This article aims to provide an alternative non-secularized or biological account of the origins of the socially constructed category of race in Europe. The alternative story begins in the sixteenth century, when the category of \"religion\" as a means for classifying peoples was both constructed and politicized. In tracing this alternative story, this article seeks to outline a framework for a critical philosophy of race focused on a European religion line that intersects with Du Bois's color line.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"58 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48751073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-04DOI: 10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0001
J. Gordon
Abstract:This article explains what is meant by the creolizing of ideas and then demonstrates it through exploring a political observation about political illegitimacy made by eighteenth-century Genevan social and political thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau and creolized when the nineteenth-century African-American educator and social critic Anna Julia Cooper argued that the ideal of independence that lay at the core of political doctrines of republican self-governance relied on forms of willful blindness that cloaked the ongoing dependence of all human beings on one another. In conclusion, the article considers what Cooper's expansion of Rousseau's insight and creolized readings of political philosophy imply for our pursuit of just political institutions today.
{"title":"Unmasking the Big Bluff of Legitimate Governance and So-Called Independence: Creolizing Rousseau through the Reflections of Anna Julia Cooper","authors":"J. Gordon","doi":"10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/CRITPHILRACE.6.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explains what is meant by the creolizing of ideas and then demonstrates it through exploring a political observation about political illegitimacy made by eighteenth-century Genevan social and political thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau and creolized when the nineteenth-century African-American educator and social critic Anna Julia Cooper argued that the ideal of independence that lay at the core of political doctrines of republican self-governance relied on forms of willful blindness that cloaked the ongoing dependence of all human beings on one another. In conclusion, the article considers what Cooper's expansion of Rousseau's insight and creolized readings of political philosophy imply for our pursuit of just political institutions today.","PeriodicalId":43337,"journal":{"name":"Critical Philosophy of Race","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45230548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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