Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.2
Lisetskii N. Fedor
Studying the features of soil heavy metal/metalloid accumulation formed as a result of long-term agropedogenesis is of great importance for predicting safe use of soil resources in agriculture. In such regions with a long history of agricultural development as Crimea, the topsoil can keep in the soil memory the results of slow-acting processes, including any changes in the solid-phase component of the soil system. The aim of this study was to establish regional differences in the concentration of heavy metal using the chronosequences of agrogenic soil transformation method. The objects of study were the humus-accumulative horizon of 20 soils and their parent rock, for which nine of soil heavy metals / metalloids were identified for two hazard groups using X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. The natural and anthropogenic causes of differences in the accumulation of heavy metal in in soils of the Eastern Crimea (Co, Zn, Pb, V, Ni, Cu, As, Ba and Cr) and in soils of the North-Western Crimea (Co, Cr, Ba, Pb and V) have been established. This will optimize a list of priority indicators in regional systems of agro-ecological regulation and selection of territories for growing organic agricultural products.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS OF PLOUGHED AND FALLOW LAND AT VARIOUS DURATION OF AGROPEDOGENESIS","authors":"Lisetskii N. Fedor","doi":"10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.2","url":null,"abstract":"Studying the features of soil heavy metal/metalloid accumulation formed as a result of long-term agropedogenesis is of great importance for predicting safe use of soil resources in agriculture. In such regions with a long history of agricultural development as Crimea, the topsoil can keep in the soil memory the results of slow-acting processes, including any changes in the solid-phase component of the soil system. The aim of this study was to establish regional differences in the concentration of heavy metal using the chronosequences of agrogenic soil transformation method. The objects of study were the humus-accumulative horizon of 20 soils and their parent rock, for which nine of soil heavy metals / metalloids were identified for two hazard groups using X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. The natural and anthropogenic causes of differences in the accumulation of heavy metal in in soils of the Eastern Crimea (Co, Zn, Pb, V, Ni, Cu, As, Ba and Cr) and in soils of the North-Western Crimea (Co, Cr, Ba, Pb and V) have been established. This will optimize a list of priority indicators in regional systems of agro-ecological regulation and selection of territories for growing organic agricultural products.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73988675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.3
S. Bekuzarova
To reduce the time of the selection process when creating varieties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with a high seed yield, it is necessary to use the source material with the features that positively correlate with an increased seed productivity. It is estimated that in the Northern part of the Central Black Earth Economic region of the Russian Federation the seed productivity of red clover has a high correlation with the weight of the dried mass, a number of stems, inflorescences, seeds in the flowers, seed setability, inflorescence dissemination and a short сorolla tube. The average correlation coefficient was found between the seed yield productivity (1000 seeds), the length of the stem and the full visibility of the leaf pattern. A lesser degree positive correlation was found between seed productivity and a number of beans in the flower, two-seeded beans, a number of internodes, the length of time from the beginning of the spring regrowth and up to the anrhesis. The research has revealed the correlations between the seed productivity and economic, biological, and morphological characteristics of red clover in the Northern part of the Black Earth Economic region of the Russian Federation, and the North Caucasus region, in particular in the Oryol Oblast and North Ossetia-Alania, where this crop occupies a leading position among the cultivated perennial herbs. It is used In biological farming at the hayfields and pastures. It was found that the seed productivity of the red clover as an individual plant is largely determined by the capacity of its development there was a high correlation between the seed yield and the dried mass of the plant (r = 0.72). The plants with the largest number of stems were characterized by the highest seed yield, which was inherent in both diploid and tetraploid cultivars (r = 0.61-0.79 and r = 0.55-0.83, respectively). The seed productivity of plants depended on the number of productive flowers on the plant (r = 0.57-0.78 for diploids and r = 0.76-0.89 for tetraploids) and their mass (r = 0.84). There is a lesser degree correlation between seed productivity and the number of beans in the flower (r = 0.12-0.18 for diploids and r = 0.04-0.16 for tetraploids). To a much greater extent, seed productivity depended on the number of seeds in the flowers (r = 0.79-0.81 for diploids and r = 0.63-0.86 for tetraploids). For the yield of tetraploid seeds, not only the total content of seeds in the flowers is important, but also the number of developed seeds (r = 0.84-0.89), since a significant part of the set seeds dies at various stages of ontogenesis and is removed during the sorting process. Seed productivity of red clover was largely determined by seed setability (r = 0.66-0.77 for diploids and r = 0.49-0.76 for tetraploids) and inflorescence dissemination (r = 0.71-0.80 for diploids and r = 0.70-0.75 for tetraploids). The seed productivity of red clover was associated with a mass of 1000 seeds. For diploid culti
{"title":"THE PHENOTYPIC FEATURES OF RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.) THAT CORRELATE WITH SEED PRODUCTIVITY","authors":"S. Bekuzarova","doi":"10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.3","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the time of the selection process when creating varieties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with a high seed yield, it is necessary to use the source material with the features that positively correlate with an increased seed productivity. It is estimated that in the Northern part of the Central Black Earth Economic region of the Russian Federation the seed productivity of red clover has a high correlation with the weight of the dried mass, a number of stems, inflorescences, seeds in the flowers, seed setability, inflorescence dissemination and a short сorolla tube. The average correlation coefficient was found between the seed yield productivity (1000 seeds), the length of the stem and the full visibility of the leaf pattern. A lesser degree positive correlation was found between seed productivity and a number of beans in the flower, two-seeded beans, a number of internodes, the length of time from the beginning of the spring regrowth and up to the anrhesis. \u0000The research has revealed the correlations between the seed productivity and economic, biological, and morphological characteristics of red clover in the Northern part of the Black Earth Economic region of the Russian Federation, and the North Caucasus region, in particular in the Oryol Oblast and North Ossetia-Alania, where this crop occupies a leading position among the cultivated perennial herbs. It is used In biological farming at the hayfields and pastures. \u0000It was found that the seed productivity of the red clover as an individual plant is largely determined by the capacity of its development there was a high correlation between the seed yield and the dried mass of the plant (r = 0.72). The plants with the largest number of stems were characterized by the highest seed yield, which was inherent in both diploid and tetraploid cultivars (r = 0.61-0.79 and r = 0.55-0.83, respectively). The seed productivity of plants depended on the number of productive flowers on the plant (r = 0.57-0.78 for diploids and r = 0.76-0.89 for tetraploids) and their mass (r = 0.84). \u0000There is a lesser degree correlation between seed productivity and the number of beans in the flower (r = 0.12-0.18 for diploids and r = 0.04-0.16 for tetraploids). To a much greater extent, seed productivity depended on the number of seeds in the flowers (r = 0.79-0.81 for diploids and r = 0.63-0.86 for tetraploids). For the yield of tetraploid seeds, not only the total content of seeds in the flowers is important, but also the number of developed seeds (r = 0.84-0.89), since a significant part of the set seeds dies at various stages of ontogenesis and is removed during the sorting process. \u0000Seed productivity of red clover was largely determined by seed setability (r = 0.66-0.77 for diploids and r = 0.49-0.76 for tetraploids) and inflorescence dissemination (r = 0.71-0.80 for diploids and r = 0.70-0.75 for tetraploids). \u0000The seed productivity of red clover was associated with a mass of 1000 seeds. For diploid culti","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85305056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.5
A. Cheverdin
The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the combined use of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators of various spectra of action on the yield of various hybrids of corn cultivated for grain in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Plant. Differences in the responsiveness of hybrids to increasing doses of applied fertilizers and applied agrochemicals were established. The most productive maize hybrids have been identified. The efficiency of the combined use of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers and various plant growth stimulants, new forms of macro- and micronutrient fertilizers, physiologically active substances in the formation of grain corn yield is presented.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATORS FOR MAIZE YIELD","authors":"A. Cheverdin","doi":"10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23649/JAE.2020.3.15.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the combined use of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators of various spectra of action on the yield of various hybrids of corn cultivated for grain in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Plant. Differences in the responsiveness of hybrids to increasing doses of applied fertilizers and applied agrochemicals were established. The most productive maize hybrids have been identified. The efficiency of the combined use of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers and various plant growth stimulants, new forms of macro- and micronutrient fertilizers, physiologically active substances in the formation of grain corn yield is presented.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83298500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Khatri, B. P. Pandey, M. Yadav, B. Chaurasia, M. Bista, B. Kunwar
Weed dynamics and yield and yield parameters of wheat was studied in long-term soil fertility experiment under rice-rice-wheat system during winter season of 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments replicated three times. Treatments were applied as: T1- no nutrients added, T2- N added; T3- N and P added; T4- N and K added; T5- N2:P2O5:K2O added at recommended rate for all crops. Similarly, T6- only N added in rice and N2:P2O5:K2O in wheat at recommended rate; T7- half N; T8- half NP of recommended rate for both crops; and T9- farmyard manure @10 t ha-1 for all crops in rotation. The results revealed that the use of Farm Yard Manure @ 10 t ha-1 gave significantly higher yield of 2393 kg ha-1 followed by recommended chemical fertilizer dose of 100:40:30 N:P2O5:K20 kg ha-1 of 2383 kg ha-1. Considerably, lower grain yield was obtained from treatments that did not receive phosphorus. Similarly, application of FYM @10 t ha-1 followed by recommended fertilizer dose recorded higher weed density and dry weed weight with compared to any of N,P2O5 and K2O or all nutrient omitted treatments.
在2018-19冬季水稻-水稻-小麦系统长期土壤肥力试验中，研究了小麦杂草动态和产量及产量参数。试验采用随机完全区组设计，9个处理重复3次。处理为:T1-不添加营养，T2-添加氮;T3-添加N和P;T4-添加N和K;T5- N2:P2O5:K2O按所有作物的推荐添加率添加。同样，水稻中T6- N和小麦中N2:P2O5:K2O的推荐添加量;T7- 1 / 2 N;T8-两种作物推荐产量的一半;T9——所有轮作作物施用农家肥10吨每公顷。结果表明，施用10 t hm -1农家肥可显著提高水稻产量，达到2393 kg hm -1，其次施用化肥推荐用量为100:40:30 N:P2O5:K20 kg hm -1，达到2383 kg hm -1。相当程度上，不施磷处理的籽粒产量较低。同样，与N、P2O5和K2O的任何处理或所有不施肥处理相比，施用FYM @10 t hm -1后推荐施肥剂量的杂草密度和干杂草重更高。
{"title":"Weed Dynamics and Yield of Wheat in Long Term Soil Fertility Experiment under Rice-Rice-Wheat Cropping System","authors":"N. Khatri, B. P. Pandey, M. Yadav, B. Chaurasia, M. Bista, B. Kunwar","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38437","url":null,"abstract":"Weed dynamics and yield and yield parameters of wheat was studied in long-term soil fertility experiment under rice-rice-wheat system during winter season of 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments replicated three times. Treatments were applied as: T1- no nutrients added, T2- N added; T3- N and P added; T4- N and K added; T5- N2:P2O5:K2O added at recommended rate for all crops. Similarly, T6- only N added in rice and N2:P2O5:K2O in wheat at recommended rate; T7- half N; T8- half NP of recommended rate for both crops; and T9- farmyard manure @10 t ha-1 for all crops in rotation. The results revealed that the use of Farm Yard Manure @ 10 t ha-1 gave significantly higher yield of 2393 kg ha-1 followed by recommended chemical fertilizer dose of 100:40:30 N:P2O5:K20 kg ha-1 of 2383 kg ha-1. Considerably, lower grain yield was obtained from treatments that did not receive phosphorus. Similarly, application of FYM @10 t ha-1 followed by recommended fertilizer dose recorded higher weed density and dry weed weight with compared to any of N,P2O5 and K2O or all nutrient omitted treatments.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74310847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khanal, U. Pandey, Intakhab Alam Khan, S. Mishra, B. Kunwar
Ecological literacy creates foundation towards betterment of environment and reducing negative externalities of human activity. A study was done to evaluate the level of ecological literacy among students pursuing technical and non-technical education in Nepal. Structured questionnaire was designed, pilot tested and administered to different students all over Nepal through Google form. Altogether 375 responses were obtained. Gender, type of education and ethnicity significantly affected ecological literacy. Female students, technical students and elite groups’ students were 2.4%, 4.92% and 2.19% more ecologically literate than male students, non-technical students and marginalized group students respectively. Technical students have basic level and non-technical students have low level of ecological literacy. Though these groups of students are acquiring information from various courses they are studying, they were unable to relate what they learnt in class with their surroundings. Urgent and effective amendments and action is needed in developing sound scientific information about ecosystem, skills for critical thinking, positive attitude, creative and strategic problem solving to increase the rational action among the students to sustain the environment.
{"title":"Ecological Literacy among Technical and Non-Techical Students of Nepal","authors":"S. Khanal, U. Pandey, Intakhab Alam Khan, S. Mishra, B. Kunwar","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38439","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological literacy creates foundation towards betterment of environment and reducing negative externalities of human activity. A study was done to evaluate the level of ecological literacy among students pursuing technical and non-technical education in Nepal. Structured questionnaire was designed, pilot tested and administered to different students all over Nepal through Google form. Altogether 375 responses were obtained. Gender, type of education and ethnicity significantly affected ecological literacy. Female students, technical students and elite groups’ students were 2.4%, 4.92% and 2.19% more ecologically literate than male students, non-technical students and marginalized group students respectively. Technical students have basic level and non-technical students have low level of ecological literacy. Though these groups of students are acquiring information from various courses they are studying, they were unable to relate what they learnt in class with their surroundings. Urgent and effective amendments and action is needed in developing sound scientific information about ecosystem, skills for critical thinking, positive attitude, creative and strategic problem solving to increase the rational action among the students to sustain the environment.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81824908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. B. Magar, S. Subedi, B. Acharya, R. Yadaw, K. R. Pokhrel, K. Dhakal
Stalk rot of maize (Zea mays L.) is becoming a serious threat in tropical and subtropical maize growing regions of Nepal. To identify the sources of disease resistance in maize genotypes, a field experiment was conducted under natural epiphytotic condition during the summer season of 2016 and 2017 with thirty genotypes in a randomized complete block design in two replications. Statistical analysis showed that percent disease incidence (PDI) and grain yield were highly significant among the tested genotypes. Most of the maize genotypes were resistant to moderately resistant, only few were susceptible in both years, indicating good sources of resistance in the available genotypes. During 2016, the highest PDI was found in Arun 4 (33.17%) followed by Rampur 27 (20.10%) and Arun 2 (20.06%) whereas TLBRS07F14 and TLBRS07F16 showed no disease incidence. Similarly, the highest and least grain yielders were identified as Rampur Hybrid 6 (6.77 t/ha) and Arun-4 (2.15 t/ha) respectively. In 2017, highest PDI was observed in Arun-2 (24%) followed by Arun-4 (22%) and no disease incidence was seen in TLBRS07F14. Highest grain yield was found in RAMS03F08 (7.38 t/ha) followed by Manakamana-3 (7.37 t/ha) and the lowest was recorded in Arun 4 (2.60 t/ha). These resistant genotypes can be utilized in national breeding program to develop stalk rot tolerant high yielding maize genotypes in future.
{"title":"Screening of Maize Genotypes against Stalk Rot Disease in River Basin Area of Surkhet, Nepal","authors":"P. B. Magar, S. Subedi, B. Acharya, R. Yadaw, K. R. Pokhrel, K. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38442","url":null,"abstract":"Stalk rot of maize (Zea mays L.) is becoming a serious threat in tropical and subtropical maize growing regions of Nepal. To identify the sources of disease resistance in maize genotypes, a field experiment was conducted under natural epiphytotic condition during the summer season of 2016 and 2017 with thirty genotypes in a randomized complete block design in two replications. Statistical analysis showed that percent disease incidence (PDI) and grain yield were highly significant among the tested genotypes. Most of the maize genotypes were resistant to moderately resistant, only few were susceptible in both years, indicating good sources of resistance in the available genotypes. During 2016, the highest PDI was found in Arun 4 (33.17%) followed by Rampur 27 (20.10%) and Arun 2 (20.06%) whereas TLBRS07F14 and TLBRS07F16 showed no disease incidence. Similarly, the highest and least grain yielders were identified as Rampur Hybrid 6 (6.77 t/ha) and Arun-4 (2.15 t/ha) respectively. In 2017, highest PDI was observed in Arun-2 (24%) followed by Arun-4 (22%) and no disease incidence was seen in TLBRS07F14. Highest grain yield was found in RAMS03F08 (7.38 t/ha) followed by Manakamana-3 (7.37 t/ha) and the lowest was recorded in Arun 4 (2.60 t/ha). These resistant genotypes can be utilized in national breeding program to develop stalk rot tolerant high yielding maize genotypes in future.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82511794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Price policies are used as important tools to enhance production, minimize the farmers’ risks and stabilize the consumer price. Different price policies are being implemented in many countries since long. This paper tries to analyze the different price policies – especial focused with minimum support price, implemented by Nepal and comparative assessment of their successes. The different literatures have been reviewed and policies of Nepalese government at different periods have been analyzed and compared with the relative performances to draw the conclusion. Implementation of Minimum support price and deficit payment schemes for different crops have been recommended, while establishment of separate commission for price and cost of agriculture commodities may ease the implementation of price policy.
{"title":"Government Intervention Strategy in Agriculture Price Policy: A Case of Minimum Support Price in Nepal","authors":"B. Bhattarai, A. Gc","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38443","url":null,"abstract":"Price policies are used as important tools to enhance production, minimize the farmers’ risks and stabilize the consumer price. Different price policies are being implemented in many countries since long. This paper tries to analyze the different price policies – especial focused with minimum support price, implemented by Nepal and comparative assessment of their successes. The different literatures have been reviewed and policies of Nepalese government at different periods have been analyzed and compared with the relative performances to draw the conclusion. Implementation of Minimum support price and deficit payment schemes for different crops have been recommended, while establishment of separate commission for price and cost of agriculture commodities may ease the implementation of price policy.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81677824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional crops play an important role in household food security and livelihood needs of mountain communities, while at the same time safeguarding crop biodiversity for future generations. This study aims to analyse socioeconomic, farm-specific agro-ecological and market factors influencing cultivation and maintenance of crop diversity in Nepal. It used sample surveys of 328 households from mountains of Humla, Jumla, Lamjung and Dolakha districts in 2015. The sample survey was supplemented with participatory rural appraisals, field monitoring visits and local stakeholder consultations. Tobit regression model was used to assess factors driving household decisions to allocate area for production and maintenance ofon-farm diversity. Farm maintenance of crop diversity was related to household food sufficiency level of traditional crops. Factors influencing on-farm crop diversity and household food security varied with the crops, and mainly related with farmers’ age, family size, farm size, agro-ecosystem and market factor. Future research and development interventions need to focus on diversity rich solutions and technologies tailored to specific crops, socioeconomic, market and farm-agroecology of the households enhancing household food security and management of mountain crop biodiversity.
{"title":"Traditional Crops for Household Food Security and Factors Associated with on-Farm Diversity in the Mountains of Nepal","authors":"D. Gauchan, B. Joshi, S. Sthapit, D. Jarvis","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38440","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional crops play an important role in household food security and livelihood needs of mountain communities, while at the same time safeguarding crop biodiversity for future generations. This study aims to analyse socioeconomic, farm-specific agro-ecological and market factors influencing cultivation and maintenance of crop diversity in Nepal. It used sample surveys of 328 households from mountains of Humla, Jumla, Lamjung and Dolakha districts in 2015. The sample survey was supplemented with participatory rural appraisals, field monitoring visits and local stakeholder consultations. Tobit regression model was used to assess factors driving household decisions to allocate area for production and maintenance ofon-farm diversity. Farm maintenance of crop diversity was related to household food sufficiency level of traditional crops. Factors influencing on-farm crop diversity and household food security varied with the crops, and mainly related with farmers’ age, family size, farm size, agro-ecosystem and market factor. Future research and development interventions need to focus on diversity rich solutions and technologies tailored to specific crops, socioeconomic, market and farm-agroecology of the households enhancing household food security and management of mountain crop biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73722034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Manandhar, R. Timila, A. Karkee, S. Gupt, S. Baidya
Chemical use in agricultural farming in recent years has led to many threats concerning the environment and human health. Trichoderma spp. has been used as a biocontrol agent and is gaining popularity in recent years. Integrated use of Trichoderma with compatible chemicals is one disease management strategy which would aid in immediate action on plant pathogens and provide control over pathogens in long term as well. In vitro compatibility test of five Trichoderma isolates with thirteen different chemical fungicides at two different concentrations was carried out in the laboratory of Plant Pathology Division. The results showed that four of the tested chemical pesticides viz; Bavistin (Carbendazim 50% WP), Cryzole (Hexaconazole 5% SC), Benlate (Benomyl 50% WP) and Saaf (Carbendazim 12% Mancozeb 63% WP) exhibited complete inhibition of Trichoderma, irrespective of the isolates tested. Seven of them were compatible with all Trichoderma isolates and two chemicals Krilaxyl (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Aver up (Chlorothalonil 75% WP) showed some degree of inhibition of two Trichoderma isolates, while the rest of the isolates were fully compatible. In all the chemical treatments it was noted that growth of Trichoderma decreased as the concentration of pesticides increased. Integration of safer and compatible chemical pesticides and Trichodermacan provide an effective and long-term solution against plant diseases in agricultural farming.
{"title":"Compatibility Study of Trichoderma Isolates with Chemical Fungicides","authors":"S. Manandhar, R. Timila, A. Karkee, S. Gupt, S. Baidya","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38438","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical use in agricultural farming in recent years has led to many threats concerning the environment and human health. Trichoderma spp. has been used as a biocontrol agent and is gaining popularity in recent years. Integrated use of Trichoderma with compatible chemicals is one disease management strategy which would aid in immediate action on plant pathogens and provide control over pathogens in long term as well. In vitro compatibility test of five Trichoderma isolates with thirteen different chemical fungicides at two different concentrations was carried out in the laboratory of Plant Pathology Division. The results showed that four of the tested chemical pesticides viz; Bavistin (Carbendazim 50% WP), Cryzole (Hexaconazole 5% SC), Benlate (Benomyl 50% WP) and Saaf (Carbendazim 12% Mancozeb 63% WP) exhibited complete inhibition of Trichoderma, irrespective of the isolates tested. Seven of them were compatible with all Trichoderma isolates and two chemicals Krilaxyl (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Aver up (Chlorothalonil 75% WP) showed some degree of inhibition of two Trichoderma isolates, while the rest of the isolates were fully compatible. In all the chemical treatments it was noted that growth of Trichoderma decreased as the concentration of pesticides increased. Integration of safer and compatible chemical pesticides and Trichodermacan provide an effective and long-term solution against plant diseases in agricultural farming.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85780935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Chaudhary, S. Bhatta, K. Aryal, B. Joshi, D. Gauchan
Agrobiodiversity underpins food, nutrition and livelihood security, ecosystem and environmental health, and climate change resilience but it is under threat of extinction. This paper highlights threats of agrobiodiversity, its drivers and conservation imperatives. Review shows prior to the green revolution, several crops and varieties were found in situ and on-farm but the number has declined since then. Extinction is contributing to decline in crop productivity and resilience and consequently the long-term sustainability of human wellbeing. Extinction is attributable to various natural and man-made factors. Various international and national level efforts are underway but not adequate to curb the loss. Therefore, further efforts are required to conserve and utilize agrobiodiversity, which will require concerted efforts in exploring agrobiodiversity, identifying drivers of loss and bolstering conservation efforts. This can be done through implementation of biodiversity-friendly legislations, actions and incentive mechanisms adhering to relevant global and national level policies, negotiations and conventions.
{"title":"Threats, Drivers, and Conservation Imperative of Agrobiodiversity","authors":"P. Chaudhary, S. Bhatta, K. Aryal, B. Joshi, D. Gauchan","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38441","url":null,"abstract":"Agrobiodiversity underpins food, nutrition and livelihood security, ecosystem and environmental health, and climate change resilience but it is under threat of extinction. This paper highlights threats of agrobiodiversity, its drivers and conservation imperatives. Review shows prior to the green revolution, several crops and varieties were found in situ and on-farm but the number has declined since then. Extinction is contributing to decline in crop productivity and resilience and consequently the long-term sustainability of human wellbeing. Extinction is attributable to various natural and man-made factors. Various international and national level efforts are underway but not adequate to curb the loss. Therefore, further efforts are required to conserve and utilize agrobiodiversity, which will require concerted efforts in exploring agrobiodiversity, identifying drivers of loss and bolstering conservation efforts. This can be done through implementation of biodiversity-friendly legislations, actions and incentive mechanisms adhering to relevant global and national level policies, negotiations and conventions.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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