R. Acharya, B. Adhikari, S. Bharati, H. Paudel, S. Subedi, B. Acharya
There is a need to increase the yield potential of barley by utilizing improved cultivars. So, the present study was done to assess the performance of barley genotypes for phenological and yield attributing traits. A field study was carried out at Lumle, Kaski in Nepal involving seven barley genotypes during two growing seasons in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, employing RCB design replicated three times. The results, combined for the years, showed significant differences for all traits except effective tillers/m2 and thousand grains weight. The grain yield was highest for B86122-1-0K-3 (2.756 t/ha and was at par with the genotypes Xveola-28 (2.411 t/ha) and B90K-024-1-1-2-0K (2.350 t/ha) and significantly higher than the Bonus (standard check) (1.852 t/ha). These superior genotypes should be further evaluated at on-station and on-farm conditions of western hills of Nepal so that low and stagnating barley yield in Nepal can be improved
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Barley Genotypes for their Phenological Traits, Yield and Yield Attributes in the Western Mid-Hill of Nepal","authors":"R. Acharya, B. Adhikari, S. Bharati, H. Paudel, S. Subedi, B. Acharya","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46808","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need to increase the yield potential of barley by utilizing improved cultivars. So, the present study was done to assess the performance of barley genotypes for phenological and yield attributing traits. A field study was carried out at Lumle, Kaski in Nepal involving seven barley genotypes during two growing seasons in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, employing RCB design replicated three times. The results, combined for the years, showed significant differences for all traits except effective tillers/m2 and thousand grains weight. The grain yield was highest for B86122-1-0K-3 (2.756 t/ha and was at par with the genotypes Xveola-28 (2.411 t/ha) and B90K-024-1-1-2-0K (2.350 t/ha) and significantly higher than the Bonus (standard check) (1.852 t/ha). These superior genotypes should be further evaluated at on-station and on-farm conditions of western hills of Nepal so that low and stagnating barley yield in Nepal can be improved","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75432285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A leaf dip technique of bioassay for mortality of DBM larvae was conducted in laboratory condition with room temperature of 25±2°C, relative humidity of 80±3% and 13:11 ratio of Light: dark period at Department of Entomology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan with three replication and eight treatments; i.e. i) Lipel (Bacillus thuriengiensis var. kursataki) 2gm/l, ii) Racer (Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP) 2gm/l, iii) Derisom (Fractions of Derris indica) 2ml/l, iv) Anosom (Extracts of Annona spp. 1%) 2ml/l, v) Neemix (Neem oil 60% w/w, Azadiractin content less than 300 ppm) 2ml/l, vi) Anthsuper (Chloropyrifos 16% A.I. + Alphacypermethrin 1%EC (w/w) 2ml/l, vii) cow urine (1:5 with water) and viii) control (water spray) in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The larval mortality was taken after 3, 9, 21, 33, 57 and 93 hours after the treatment application. The larval mortality was found to be significantly higher in Anthsuper treated with 100% mortality of larvae within 33 hours after treatment application followed by cow urine, botanicals (Neemix, Derisom and Anosom) and microbials (Racer and Lipel) where the larval mortality over control was found to ranging from 10% to 47.57% during the experimental period. The larval mortality was 47.57% for Cow urine and Neemix followed by 38.14% for Anosom, 33.29% for Racer, 28.57% for Derisom and 19% for Lipel.it is concluded that chemical pesticide Anthsuper is superior for immediate control of the pest but considering the safety of environment and human health; for long-term control of the pest botanicals and microbials would be more efficient.
{"title":"Effects of Different Bio-Rational Compounds on Mortality of Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) Larva under Laboratory Condition","authors":"A. Bhattarai, Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46783","url":null,"abstract":"A leaf dip technique of bioassay for mortality of DBM larvae was conducted in laboratory condition with room temperature of 25±2°C, relative humidity of 80±3% and 13:11 ratio of Light: dark period at Department of Entomology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan with three replication and eight treatments; i.e. i) Lipel (Bacillus thuriengiensis var. kursataki) 2gm/l, ii) Racer (Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP) 2gm/l, iii) Derisom (Fractions of Derris indica) 2ml/l, iv) Anosom (Extracts of Annona spp. 1%) 2ml/l, v) Neemix (Neem oil 60% w/w, Azadiractin content less than 300 ppm) 2ml/l, vi) Anthsuper (Chloropyrifos 16% A.I. + Alphacypermethrin 1%EC (w/w) 2ml/l, vii) cow urine (1:5 with water) and viii) control (water spray) in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The larval mortality was taken after 3, 9, 21, 33, 57 and 93 hours after the treatment application. The larval mortality was found to be significantly higher in Anthsuper treated with 100% mortality of larvae within 33 hours after treatment application followed by cow urine, botanicals (Neemix, Derisom and Anosom) and microbials (Racer and Lipel) where the larval mortality over control was found to ranging from 10% to 47.57% during the experimental period. The larval mortality was 47.57% for Cow urine and Neemix followed by 38.14% for Anosom, 33.29% for Racer, 28.57% for Derisom and 19% for Lipel.it is concluded that chemical pesticide Anthsuper is superior for immediate control of the pest but considering the safety of environment and human health; for long-term control of the pest botanicals and microbials would be more efficient.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74637332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review article aims to present an overview of pesticide residue, focusing from the field to dining table and on the impact on health. This study also shows that an information campaign regarding pesticide use and food safety for farmers and consumers. The methodology is based on previous research, relevant studies, published and unpublished sources and authors' own experiences. The work is only a review-based study. Food is a more basic need of man than shelter and clothing. The public is concerned about the presence of pesticide residues in foods. Pesticide residues in foods, farmers’ exposure to pesticides, and environmental pollution are serious concerns in Nepal. Risks from pesticides are high because of the lack of knowledge of farmers, limited training and awareness on the safe production of food crops, the absence of an effective code of practices, alternatives to chemical pesticide and inadequate residue monitoring Increasing awareness regarding good nutrition through quality food is creating a rise in the demand for vegetables and fruits and other crops. Despite great demand for safe vegetables, the supply of vegetables labeled as safe or organic is still limited. As growers are in a hurry to sell their produce, they do not wait or abide by the waiting period. As a result, the pesticide residues, left to variable extent in the food materials after harvesting, are beyond the control of consumer and have deleterious effect on human health. The consumer must think twice before eating veggies and biting into that fruits. Pesticides in the field do show up on our dinner plates or onto our kitchen tables. These pesticides often end up on dinner table. Consumers are not aware of food safety. The concentration of pesticide residues in the vegetable crops from the IPM field was considerably lower, suggesting a greater ability of IPM systems to reduce the dietary risks from exposure to pesticides. However, this is an alarming situation.
{"title":"From the Field to Dining Table: Pesticides Residues","authors":"Yd Gc, B. R. Palikhe","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46781","url":null,"abstract":"This review article aims to present an overview of pesticide residue, focusing from the field to dining table and on the impact on health. This study also shows that an information campaign regarding pesticide use and food safety for farmers and consumers. The methodology is based on previous research, relevant studies, published and unpublished sources and authors' own experiences. The work is only a review-based study. Food is a more basic need of man than shelter and clothing. The public is concerned about the presence of pesticide residues in foods. Pesticide residues in foods, farmers’ exposure to pesticides, and environmental pollution are serious concerns in Nepal. Risks from pesticides are high because of the lack of knowledge of farmers, limited training and awareness on the safe production of food crops, the absence of an effective code of practices, alternatives to chemical pesticide and inadequate residue monitoring Increasing awareness regarding good nutrition through quality food is creating a rise in the demand for vegetables and fruits and other crops. Despite great demand for safe vegetables, the supply of vegetables labeled as safe or organic is still limited. As growers are in a hurry to sell their produce, they do not wait or abide by the waiting period. As a result, the pesticide residues, left to variable extent in the food materials after harvesting, are beyond the control of consumer and have deleterious effect on human health. The consumer must think twice before eating veggies and biting into that fruits. Pesticides in the field do show up on our dinner plates or onto our kitchen tables. These pesticides often end up on dinner table. Consumers are not aware of food safety. The concentration of pesticide residues in the vegetable crops from the IPM field was considerably lower, suggesting a greater ability of IPM systems to reduce the dietary risks from exposure to pesticides. However, this is an alarming situation.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80940042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Thapa, R. P. Manali, A. Karkee, K. Ghimire, B. Joshi, K. K. Mishra
A research was carried out at the field of National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre (NAGRC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal in 2019 with the objective of phenotypic characterization and genetic diversity assessment of thirty-seven local garlic landraces. The phenotypic diversity was assessed based on fifteen qualitative and nine quantitative characters by sing non replicated rod row design following the descriptors developed by IPGRI, 2001. Descriptive statistics were calculated by using MS Excel 2016 and UPGMA clustering and PCA was done with MINITAB-17. The diversity index (H’) and coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 0.54-0.96 and 16.89-87.85, respectively. Four clusters identified and CO 10307, CO 10482 and CO 10615 of fourth clusters were superior in terms of quantitative characters. Five principal components contributed95.2% of the cumulative variance. This result will be helpful for breeder and researchers to comprehensively understand the agro-morphological characters as well as diversity of the Nepalese garlic collection.
{"title":"Characterization and Diversity Assessment of Nepalese Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Landraces","authors":"P. Thapa, R. P. Manali, A. Karkee, K. Ghimire, B. Joshi, K. K. Mishra","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46807","url":null,"abstract":"A research was carried out at the field of National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre (NAGRC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal in 2019 with the objective of phenotypic characterization and genetic diversity assessment of thirty-seven local garlic landraces. The phenotypic diversity was assessed based on fifteen qualitative and nine quantitative characters by sing non replicated rod row design following the descriptors developed by IPGRI, 2001. Descriptive statistics were calculated by using MS Excel 2016 and UPGMA clustering and PCA was done with MINITAB-17. The diversity index (H’) and coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 0.54-0.96 and 16.89-87.85, respectively. Four clusters identified and CO 10307, CO 10482 and CO 10615 of fourth clusters were superior in terms of quantitative characters. Five principal components contributed95.2% of the cumulative variance. This result will be helpful for breeder and researchers to comprehensively understand the agro-morphological characters as well as diversity of the Nepalese garlic collection.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82296853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organic certified orthodox tea production has high potential of improving agrarian livelihoods, environmental sustainability, and export markets. There has been limited study on economic benefits and social impact of certified orthodox tea production. This study was conducted to identify such impacts in Ilam district of Nepal. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structural interview schedule by using Kobo Toolbox, Direct Observation, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant, and secondary data from journals, articles, bulletin, and reports from different organizations. Data were analyzed using economic, and social-related variables in a multiple regression model to identify whether the organic certification contributed to higher household income. The study revealed that price premium received by farmers for organic certified orthodox tea was almost 1.7 times of that received for organic non-certified orthodox tea. Despite higher price available, B/C ratio in case of organic certified growers is not significantly different from that of non-certified orthodox tea growers due to extra labor input and lower yield in certified production. Certified orthodox tea growers have a guaranteed market to sell their products to contracted tea processing factories. Moreover, non-certified growers were also facing problems in credit access and due to low product marketability and selling price as well as insect pests and diseases. Hence, policy focuses on promoting organic certification and increasing yield in organic certified orthodox tea plantations are appreciative.
{"title":"Socio-economic Effects of Organic Certification of Nepalese Orthodox Tea","authors":"P. Mishra, R. Kattel","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46787","url":null,"abstract":"Organic certified orthodox tea production has high potential of improving agrarian livelihoods, environmental sustainability, and export markets. There has been limited study on economic benefits and social impact of certified orthodox tea production. This study was conducted to identify such impacts in Ilam district of Nepal. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structural interview schedule by using Kobo Toolbox, Direct Observation, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant, and secondary data from journals, articles, bulletin, and reports from different organizations. Data were analyzed using economic, and social-related variables in a multiple regression model to identify whether the organic certification contributed to higher household income. The study revealed that price premium received by farmers for organic certified orthodox tea was almost 1.7 times of that received for organic non-certified orthodox tea. Despite higher price available, B/C ratio in case of organic certified growers is not significantly different from that of non-certified orthodox tea growers due to extra labor input and lower yield in certified production. Certified orthodox tea growers have a guaranteed market to sell their products to contracted tea processing factories. Moreover, non-certified growers were also facing problems in credit access and due to low product marketability and selling price as well as insect pests and diseases. Hence, policy focuses on promoting organic certification and increasing yield in organic certified orthodox tea plantations are appreciative.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84125680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Chhetri, S. Bhatta, N. Kafle, B. Dahal, P. Subedi
A study was carried out to assess farmers’ knowledge on insect pests of citrus and Integrated Pest management in citrus zone, Gulmi district. Survey sample size of 105 was taken from Dhurkot Rural Municipality, Chatrakot Rural Municipality and Resunga Municipality of the Gulmi district. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique and interviewed. The primary data were collected using pretested questionnaire. The knowledge on citrus insect pest is significantly associated positively with total citrus cultivation area (p=0.1%). The average years of engagement of 23.3 years and average mandarin cultivation area of 0.35 ha gives insight to great potentiality of farmers adopting integrated pest management. The result shows insect’s severity as one of the major problems with major insect pest of citrus as fruitfly, green stink bugs, white grubs, leaf miner, aphid and rent ants. Although (74.3 %) of the total respondents were found to have knowledge about term “IPM technology”, only (35.2%) practiced IPM practices till date. The positive attitude and perception of citrus growers towards IPM technology in the study area depicts great scope for profitable citrus production on a sustainable basis.
{"title":"Farmers’ Knowledge on Insect Pests of Citrus (Citrus reticulata) and their Management in Gulmi District of Nepal","authors":"S. Chhetri, S. Bhatta, N. Kafle, B. Dahal, P. Subedi","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46813","url":null,"abstract":" A study was carried out to assess farmers’ knowledge on insect pests of citrus and Integrated Pest management in citrus zone, Gulmi district. Survey sample size of 105 was taken from Dhurkot Rural Municipality, Chatrakot Rural Municipality and Resunga Municipality of the Gulmi district. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique and interviewed. The primary data were collected using pretested questionnaire. The knowledge on citrus insect pest is significantly associated positively with total citrus cultivation area (p=0.1%). The average years of engagement of 23.3 years and average mandarin cultivation area of 0.35 ha gives insight to great potentiality of farmers adopting integrated pest management. The result shows insect’s severity as one of the major problems with major insect pest of citrus as fruitfly, green stink bugs, white grubs, leaf miner, aphid and rent ants. Although (74.3 %) of the total respondents were found to have knowledge about term “IPM technology”, only (35.2%) practiced IPM practices till date. The positive attitude and perception of citrus growers towards IPM technology in the study area depicts great scope for profitable citrus production on a sustainable basis.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75421795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was conducted under plastic houses at three farmers’ field, each farmer as a replication, in Tarku and Banhjakhet VDCs in Lamjung district during July to December 2010, to identify and manage major fungal diseases of tomato (variety Srijana) using chemicals and bio-pesticides. The treatments Bio-cure-F (Trichoderma viride, bio-fungicide), carbendazim (Bavistin, systemic fungicide) and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, contact fungicide) were applied as foliar spray. Control plot was maintained without application of any treatment. Mainly four fungal diseases, early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) were recorded. Dithane M-45 appeared the best to control early blight, late blight and septoria leaf spot, followed by Bavistin and Bio-cure-F over control. Bavistin performed the best to control powdery mildew, followed by Dithane M-45 and Bio-cure F over control. Severity of fungal diseases appeared high on tomato in plastic house. Based on type of disease, Dithane M-45 or Bavistin is suggested to spray for the management.
{"title":"Assessment and Management of Tomato Diseases under Plastic House Conditions in Lamjung","authors":"S. Neupane, G. B. K.C., S. Shrestha, A. Neupane","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46814","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted under plastic houses at three farmers’ field, each farmer as a replication, in Tarku and Banhjakhet VDCs in Lamjung district during July to December 2010, to identify and manage major fungal diseases of tomato (variety Srijana) using chemicals and bio-pesticides. The treatments Bio-cure-F (Trichoderma viride, bio-fungicide), carbendazim (Bavistin, systemic fungicide) and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, contact fungicide) were applied as foliar spray. Control plot was maintained without application of any treatment. Mainly four fungal diseases, early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) were recorded. Dithane M-45 appeared the best to control early blight, late blight and septoria leaf spot, followed by Bavistin and Bio-cure-F over control. Bavistin performed the best to control powdery mildew, followed by Dithane M-45 and Bio-cure F over control. Severity of fungal diseases appeared high on tomato in plastic house. Based on type of disease, Dithane M-45 or Bavistin is suggested to spray for the management.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75080327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2021, this study has attempted to analyze the trend of pesticide import over two decades in Nepal. Secondary data obtained from Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Center were analyzed to know the pesticide import trend. The result showed that the import of pesticides was in increasing trend and the average annual increase in import was 30.48 tons (a.i.) over the last twenty-two years. Fungicide had the highest import followed by insecticide, herbicide and these three groups comprised more than 90% of the pesticide import. The import of insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, organophosphate, mix group pesticide was in increasing trend while that of rodenticide, bactericide was in decreasing trend. The import of synthetic pyrethroid, carbamates, and some new groups like nicotinoids had been increasing in recent years. Although the import of chemical pesticides was increasing in huge amount; import of biopesticide also seems to be in increasing trend. The use of pesticide is still low in Nepal as compared to the global average or other countries however, the effects of its use are greater and hazardous which indicates the need for strong policy implementation for the safe import and use of pesticides.
{"title":"An Overview of Chemical Pesticide Import in Nepal","authors":"D. Khanal, S. Neupane, S. Poudel, M. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46810","url":null,"abstract":"In 2021, this study has attempted to analyze the trend of pesticide import over two decades in Nepal. Secondary data obtained from Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Center were analyzed to know the pesticide import trend. The result showed that the import of pesticides was in increasing trend and the average annual increase in import was 30.48 tons (a.i.) over the last twenty-two years. Fungicide had the highest import followed by insecticide, herbicide and these three groups comprised more than 90% of the pesticide import. The import of insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, organophosphate, mix group pesticide was in increasing trend while that of rodenticide, bactericide was in decreasing trend. The import of synthetic pyrethroid, carbamates, and some new groups like nicotinoids had been increasing in recent years. Although the import of chemical pesticides was increasing in huge amount; import of biopesticide also seems to be in increasing trend. The use of pesticide is still low in Nepal as compared to the global average or other countries however, the effects of its use are greater and hazardous which indicates the need for strong policy implementation for the safe import and use of pesticides.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90184076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Field experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2016/17 and 2017/18 to assess the effect of biochar application in combination with different nutrient sources on cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis) production in sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten different treatment viz., Farmer’s practice as control treatment, Recommended dose of fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha), Composted biochar @ 1t/ha, Urine Soaked biochar @ 1t/ha, Mineral fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha) mixed biochar @ 1t/ha, Humic acid soaked biochar @ 1 t/ha, Composted biochar @ 2t/ha, Urine Soaked biochar @ 2t/ha, Mineral fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha) mixed biochar @ 2t/ha and Humic acid soaked biochar @ 2 t/ha, each replicated for three times. The application of biochar in combination with mineral fertilizers significantly increased the yields of cauliflower in both consecutive years. Application of biochar @ 2 t/ha along with mineral fertilizer at recommended dose increased curd yield of cauliflower by 37 % compared to that of only mineral fertilizer application and by 59 % compared to that of control treatment. Biochar and inorganic sources of nutrition together in soil showed superiority over other practices and would be of immense value to increase the productivity of cauliflower.
在2016/17和2017/18冬季进行了田间试验，评估了生物炭与不同营养源组合施用对砂壤土菜花(芸苔科品种)生产的影响。试验采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，采用10种不同的处理方法，即农民实践作为对照处理，推荐施肥剂量(200:120:80 kg NPK/ha)，堆肥生物炭@ 1t/ha，尿液浸泡生物炭@ 1t/ha，矿物肥(200:120:80 kg NPK/ha)混合生物炭@ 1t/ha，腐植酸浸泡生物炭@ 1t/ha，堆肥生物炭@ 2t/ha，尿液浸泡生物炭@ 2t/ha，矿物肥(200:120:80 kg NPK/ha)混合生物炭@ 2t/ha和腐植酸浸泡生物炭@ 2t/ha，每次重复施用3次。生物炭与矿质肥配施可连续两年显著提高菜花产量。2吨/公顷的生物炭与推荐剂量的矿物肥一起施用，与只施用矿物肥相比，花椰菜凝乳产量提高了37%，与对照处理相比，提高了59%。生物炭与无机营养源在土壤中结合施用具有明显的优越性，对提高菜花产量具有重要的价值。
{"title":"Effect of Biochar Application in Combination with Different Nutrient Sources on Cauliflower Production at Kaski Nepal","authors":"S. Timilsina, A. Khanal, S. Vista, T. B. Poon","doi":"10.3126/aej.v21i0.38444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v21i0.38444","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2016/17 and 2017/18 to assess the effect of biochar application in combination with different nutrient sources on cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis) production in sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten different treatment viz., Farmer’s practice as control treatment, Recommended dose of fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha), Composted biochar @ 1t/ha, Urine Soaked biochar @ 1t/ha, Mineral fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha) mixed biochar @ 1t/ha, Humic acid soaked biochar @ 1 t/ha, Composted biochar @ 2t/ha, Urine Soaked biochar @ 2t/ha, Mineral fertilizer (200:120:80 kg NPK/ha) mixed biochar @ 2t/ha and Humic acid soaked biochar @ 2 t/ha, each replicated for three times. The application of biochar in combination with mineral fertilizers significantly increased the yields of cauliflower in both consecutive years. Application of biochar @ 2 t/ha along with mineral fertilizer at recommended dose increased curd yield of cauliflower by 37 % compared to that of only mineral fertilizer application and by 59 % compared to that of control treatment. Biochar and inorganic sources of nutrition together in soil showed superiority over other practices and would be of immense value to increase the productivity of cauliflower.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80757871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice is a staple food for half of the world's population and is the major source of calories for the people of rice-growing countries. Nowadays, nutritionists are more concerned about hidden hunger as people with sufficient food intake may be deprived of important nutrients that may be absent in the food they consume. Similarly, white rice (polished rice) that only contains endosperm is lacking several essential nutrients like Fe, Zn, fiber, and antioxidant compounds, etc. To increase the nutritive content of these rice and minimize the problem of hidden hunger, different rice varieties are being tested with artificial addition of nutrients, such varieties are called biofortified rice. Special rice like black, purple, brown rice, contain natural antioxidant compounds in their outer bran layer, aromatic rice is rice in aroma, glutinous rice is popular for their sticky and sweet test. At the same time these special rice are also rich in several micronutrients. In addition to nutrition content, people's taste preferences are also considered a major concern. This review paper focused on specialty rice varieties and landraces along with their unique values.
{"title":"Speciality Rice Varieties and Landraces","authors":"S. Karkee","doi":"10.3126/aej.v22i0.46809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46809","url":null,"abstract":" Rice is a staple food for half of the world's population and is the major source of calories for the people of rice-growing countries. Nowadays, nutritionists are more concerned about hidden hunger as people with sufficient food intake may be deprived of important nutrients that may be absent in the food they consume. Similarly, white rice (polished rice) that only contains endosperm is lacking several essential nutrients like Fe, Zn, fiber, and antioxidant compounds, etc. To increase the nutritive content of these rice and minimize the problem of hidden hunger, different rice varieties are being tested with artificial addition of nutrients, such varieties are called biofortified rice. Special rice like black, purple, brown rice, contain natural antioxidant compounds in their outer bran layer, aromatic rice is rice in aroma, glutinous rice is popular for their sticky and sweet test. At the same time these special rice are also rich in several micronutrients. In addition to nutrition content, people's taste preferences are also considered a major concern. This review paper focused on specialty rice varieties and landraces along with their unique values.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77860363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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