The majority of crop species that are cultivated for food in Nepal are not prioritized in formal research, education and development making them neglected and underutilized. A narrative review and expert interviews were carried out to investigate the significance of neglected and underutilized species in the realms of food and nutrition, climate change, economic activities, and culture. We listed 65 neglected and underutilized species as future smart food based on their potential value in food and nutrition. Neglected and underutilized species can play a crucial role by improving incomes and enhancing the food and nutrition security of smallholder farmers and rural communities. Furthermore, these crops have the capacity to adapt against extreme climatic conditions and be tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. There is an urgent need to broaden the food basket of the country by supporting the promotion and commercialization of neglected and marginalized crops through research and development.
{"title":"Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Nepal: Smart Foods for Uncertain Future","authors":"Toyanath Joshi, Ram Parsad Mainali, Sabina Bhandari, Prashiksha Acharya, Krishna Hari Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58189","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of crop species that are cultivated for food in Nepal are not prioritized in formal research, education and development making them neglected and underutilized. A narrative review and expert interviews were carried out to investigate the significance of neglected and underutilized species in the realms of food and nutrition, climate change, economic activities, and culture. We listed 65 neglected and underutilized species as future smart food based on their potential value in food and nutrition. Neglected and underutilized species can play a crucial role by improving incomes and enhancing the food and nutrition security of smallholder farmers and rural communities. Furthermore, these crops have the capacity to adapt against extreme climatic conditions and be tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. There is an urgent need to broaden the food basket of the country by supporting the promotion and commercialization of neglected and marginalized crops through research and development.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91212166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, climate change has led to an increase in extreme weather conditions, including high-temperature stress. High temperature stress is the term for an increase in temperature (> 30°C) following anthesis during grain development. Wheat is particularly vulnerable to high temperature stress, and its productivity is severely affected. With the objective of identifying wheat genotypes tolerant to heat stress in terms of grain yield, a total of fifty wheat genotypes were evaluated under heat stress conditions at Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumbini Province, Khajura, Banke in 2021/22. There was highly significant difference (<0.001) among genotypes for yield. The association between the grain yield (GY) and the biomass yield (BM), thousand grain weight (TGW), and spike number per meter square (SPMS), was highly significant and positive. The highest harvest index value of 0.59 and the highest grain yield were achieved from 20HTWYT#36 (4133 kg/ha), followed by Bandganga (3992 kg/ha), 20HTWYT#23 (3978 kg/ha), 20HTWYT#11 (3943 kg/ha), and 20HTWYT#05 (3758 kg/ha) exhibiting higher tolerance to high temperature stress and indicating the potential for this genotypes to be used as domain specific varieties suitable for heat stress conditions of Banke district and forbreeding climate resilient varieties in the future.
{"title":"Assessment of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes under High Temperature Stress Conditions","authors":"Suman Bohara, Basistha Acharya, Surakshya Bohora, Jharana Upadhyaya","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58076","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, climate change has led to an increase in extreme weather conditions, including high-temperature stress. High temperature stress is the term for an increase in temperature (> 30°C) following anthesis during grain development. Wheat is particularly vulnerable to high temperature stress, and its productivity is severely affected. With the objective of identifying wheat genotypes tolerant to heat stress in terms of grain yield, a total of fifty wheat genotypes were evaluated under heat stress conditions at Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumbini Province, Khajura, Banke in 2021/22. There was highly significant difference (<0.001) among genotypes for yield. The association between the grain yield (GY) and the biomass yield (BM), thousand grain weight (TGW), and spike number per meter square (SPMS), was highly significant and positive. The highest harvest index value of 0.59 and the highest grain yield were achieved from 20HTWYT#36 (4133 kg/ha), followed by Bandganga (3992 kg/ha), 20HTWYT#23 (3978 kg/ha), 20HTWYT#11 (3943 kg/ha), and 20HTWYT#05 (3758 kg/ha) exhibiting higher tolerance to high temperature stress and indicating the potential for this genotypes to be used as domain specific varieties suitable for heat stress conditions of Banke district and forbreeding climate resilient varieties in the future.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73431105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58132
Bipin Karki, R. B. Thapa, Debraj Adhikari, Bhola Gautam, Amrita Shedai
Problems of Chinese Citrus Fly (CCF), Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) in citrus orchards have been increasing in Nepal. The reason behind the failure in CCF control is the lack of a clear and thorough understanding of the adult emergence period in different altitudes. Therefore, the pupae of CCF were collected from the soil below the infested sweet orange trees in Sunapati Rural Municipality, Ramechhap, Nepal and reared in containers of height 5 cm and diameter 6 cm (10 pupae per container) in randomized complete block design selecting different locations as treatments, viz. 1247 masl (Bethan), 1354 masl (Nagsiwa), 1443 masl (Aarukharka), 1561 masl (Sadi), 1650 masl (Dimipokhari) replicating four times. Early peak emergences of adult CCF (four weeks earlier in 4th week of April) occurred at lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes (in 4th week of May), where peak-emergence was recorded. Male: female ratio (range 1.05-1.37) did not differ significantly at different altitudes, while pupal mortality (25%) was found to be the highest in upper elevations. The study concludes that fly management strategy should be made according to the date of emergence at least two weeks earlier at lower elevations than in higher elevations.
{"title":"Effect of Altitude on Adult Emergence, Pupal Mortality and Adult Sex Ratio of Chinese Citrus Fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera:Tephritidae)","authors":"Bipin Karki, R. B. Thapa, Debraj Adhikari, Bhola Gautam, Amrita Shedai","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58132","url":null,"abstract":"Problems of Chinese Citrus Fly (CCF), Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) in citrus orchards have been increasing in Nepal. The reason behind the failure in CCF control is the lack of a clear and thorough understanding of the adult emergence period in different altitudes. Therefore, the pupae of CCF were collected from the soil below the infested sweet orange trees in Sunapati Rural Municipality, Ramechhap, Nepal and reared in containers of height 5 cm and diameter 6 cm (10 pupae per container) in randomized complete block design selecting different locations as treatments, viz. 1247 masl (Bethan), 1354 masl (Nagsiwa), 1443 masl (Aarukharka), 1561 masl (Sadi), 1650 masl (Dimipokhari) replicating four times. Early peak emergences of adult CCF (four weeks earlier in 4th week of April) occurred at lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes (in 4th week of May), where peak-emergence was recorded. Male: female ratio (range 1.05-1.37) did not differ significantly at different altitudes, while pupal mortality (25%) was found to be the highest in upper elevations. The study concludes that fly management strategy should be made according to the date of emergence at least two weeks earlier at lower elevations than in higher elevations.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83703672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58200
S. Barsila, Ram Bahadur Bogati, Dawa Tshiring Tamang
The grass-legume mixture formulation is an important criterion to improve biomass availability with an improved balance of the nutritive components. The objective ofthis reseach was to determine the yield and forage quality traits (green fodder yield, dry matter yield) and chemical composition (protein, fibre and mineral contents) of field pea (Pisum sativum) and oat (Avena sativa) and their mixtures under subtropical conditions. The experiment was performed over 4 months (December 2018 to March 2019) at Agriculture and Forestry University Livestock Farm, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, using four different treatment mixture rates of pea and oat crops. Treatments were; treatment-1 - 100% Pea+0% Oat, treatment-2 - 75% Pea+25% Oat, treatment-3 -50% Pea+50% Oat and treatment-4 - 25% Pea+75% Oat) and samples were collected in three different cutting stages (the jointing stage of oat, the stage oat in scabbard and milk dough stage of oat). The plant height was affected by the growing days while the tillers and branches in peas respectively were affected by both the time of harvest and the seed proportions. According to the results, it is suggested that the highest dry matter productivity was observed in 75% pea mix with 25% oat in the 3rd harvest, followed by 75% oat mix with 25% pea in the 3rd harvest. As well as, within intercrops, the best protein yield was obtained in a 50% oat mix with 50% pea (16.73%) at 1st harvest oat-pea intercropping. Besides, the pea + oat mixture should be harvested at the milk-dough stage of oat for better protein content and to increase the nutritive value of forage.
{"title":"Time of Harvest as the Determinant of Dry Matter Productivity and Chemical Composition of Field Pea (Pisum sativum) and Oat (Avena sativa) and their Mixture in the Abandoned Lands of Subtropical Terai Nepal","authors":"S. Barsila, Ram Bahadur Bogati, Dawa Tshiring Tamang","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58200","url":null,"abstract":"The grass-legume mixture formulation is an important criterion to improve biomass availability with an improved balance of the nutritive components. The objective ofthis reseach was to determine the yield and forage quality traits (green fodder yield, dry matter yield) and chemical composition (protein, fibre and mineral contents) of field pea (Pisum sativum) and oat (Avena sativa) and their mixtures under subtropical conditions. The experiment was performed over 4 months (December 2018 to March 2019) at Agriculture and Forestry University Livestock Farm, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, using four different treatment mixture rates of pea and oat crops. Treatments were; treatment-1 - 100% Pea+0% Oat, treatment-2 - 75% Pea+25% Oat, treatment-3 -50% Pea+50% Oat and treatment-4 - 25% Pea+75% Oat) and samples were collected in three different cutting stages (the jointing stage of oat, the stage oat in scabbard and milk dough stage of oat). The plant height was affected by the growing days while the tillers and branches in peas respectively were affected by both the time of harvest and the seed proportions. According to the results, it is suggested that the highest dry matter productivity was observed in 75% pea mix with 25% oat in the 3rd harvest, followed by 75% oat mix with 25% pea in the 3rd harvest. As well as, within intercrops, the best protein yield was obtained in a 50% oat mix with 50% pea (16.73%) at 1st harvest oat-pea intercropping. Besides, the pea + oat mixture should be harvested at the milk-dough stage of oat for better protein content and to increase the nutritive value of forage.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83853749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.57865
Anuma Bhattarai, U. Sigdel, P. Dhital, Ram Krishna Shrestha, Srijana Timilsina
Agricultural technologies have an important role to improve productivity as well as the quality of the crops.However, the adoption of improved technology has remained poor for sugarcane in Nepal. A research was conducted in Bara and Nawalparasi (Bardhaghat Susta west (BSw)) district of Nepal with a sample for 120 sugarcane growing farmers in the year 2019 to assess adoption of improved management practices of sugarcane. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to of improved management practices among farmers. Respondents were grouped into two categories, high adopter and medium adopter based on adoption index of each farmer. The average Adoption Index (AI) value obtained was 0.685. Around fortywere high adopters. The use of credit, ownership of agri-machine, and participation. All variables had a positive relationship with the level of adoption of improved practices. The study revealed that farmers using credit, ownership of power-driven agri-machine, participation in crop related training increased the probability of farmer being high adopter. Agricultural machinery services, easy and cheap credit facilities and, easy access to extension services can help to increase in adoption of improved practices by sugarcane farmer.
农业技术在提高生产力和作物质量方面发挥着重要作用。然而，尼泊尔对甘蔗改良技术的采用情况仍然很差。2019年，在尼泊尔的Bara和Nawalparasi (Bardhaghat Susta west (BSw))地区对120名甘蔗种植农民进行了一项研究，以评估采用改进的甘蔗管理实践。描述性统计和推断性统计用于改进农民的管理实践。根据每个农民的采用率指数，将受访者分为高采用率和中等采用率两类。获得的平均采用指数(AI)值为0.685。大约有40人是高采用者。信贷的使用，农业机械的所有权，以及参与。所有变量都与改进实践的采用程度呈正相关。研究表明，农民使用信贷，拥有动力驱动的农业机械，参加与作物相关的培训，增加了农民成为高采用者的可能性。农业机械服务、便捷和廉价的信贷设施以及易于获得的推广服务可以帮助甘蔗农民更多地采用改进的做法。
{"title":"Adoption of Improved Management Practices of Sugarcane in Bara and Nawalparasi Districts","authors":"Anuma Bhattarai, U. Sigdel, P. Dhital, Ram Krishna Shrestha, Srijana Timilsina","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.57865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.57865","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural technologies have an important role to improve productivity as well as the quality of the crops.However, the adoption of improved technology has remained poor for sugarcane in Nepal. A research was conducted in Bara and Nawalparasi (Bardhaghat Susta west (BSw)) district of Nepal with a sample for 120 sugarcane growing farmers in the year 2019 to assess adoption of improved management practices of sugarcane. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to of improved management practices among farmers. Respondents were grouped into two categories, high adopter and medium adopter based on adoption index of each farmer. The average Adoption Index (AI) value obtained was 0.685. Around fortywere high adopters. The use of credit, ownership of agri-machine, and participation. All variables had a positive relationship with the level of adoption of improved practices. The study revealed that farmers using credit, ownership of power-driven agri-machine, participation in crop related training increased the probability of farmer being high adopter. Agricultural machinery services, easy and cheap credit facilities and, easy access to extension services can help to increase in adoption of improved practices by sugarcane farmer.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89533863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maize is more likely to have weed infestations due to its steady early growth rate and extensive row spacing, which favor weed development even before crop emergence. As a result, there prevails strong correlation between weed density and maize yield. An experiment was conducted at the Gauradaha Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, in the spring of 2022 to assess the effect of various weed control methods on maize yield. The experiment had three replications and eight treatments (control, cover crops, hand weeding at intervals of 15 days, botanical weedicides, inorganic weedicides, black plastic mulch, straw mulch, and small inter-row spacing). The number of cobs per hectare, sterility%, and shelling% were not significantly affected by various treatments. The use of black plastic mulching for weed management achieved significantly higher numbers of grain/cob (427.83), row/cob (13.40), weight of grain/cob (153.33gm), test weight, and yield (8.46t/ha). Similarly, the lowest test weight was recorded in T8 (111), i.e., the small inter-row spacing plot. While the lowest yield was observed in T4, i.e., botanical weedicides (3.20). This study found that plastic mulching had a positive impact on the majority of yield and yield-attributing indicators in spring maize, which could be helpful in weed-control strategies.
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Weed Management Practices on the Yield of Spring Maize in Gauradaha, Jhapa","authors":"Rumita Limbu Sanwa, Karishma Khanal, Shwastika Baral, Goma Dhital","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58177","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is more likely to have weed infestations due to its steady early growth rate and extensive row spacing, which favor weed development even before crop emergence. As a result, there prevails strong correlation between weed density and maize yield. An experiment was conducted at the Gauradaha Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, in the spring of 2022 to assess the effect of various weed control methods on maize yield. The experiment had three replications and eight treatments (control, cover crops, hand weeding at intervals of 15 days, botanical weedicides, inorganic weedicides, black plastic mulch, straw mulch, and small inter-row spacing). The number of cobs per hectare, sterility%, and shelling% were not significantly affected by various treatments. The use of black plastic mulching for weed management achieved significantly higher numbers of grain/cob (427.83), row/cob (13.40), weight of grain/cob (153.33gm), test weight, and yield (8.46t/ha). Similarly, the lowest test weight was recorded in T8 (111), i.e., the small inter-row spacing plot. While the lowest yield was observed in T4, i.e., botanical weedicides (3.20). This study found that plastic mulching had a positive impact on the majority of yield and yield-attributing indicators in spring maize, which could be helpful in weed-control strategies.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74296142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.57889
Mina Mahatara, Punam G.C.
Study was conducted during October 2021 to November 2021, to investigate the supply chain, present market situation, marketing constrains, marketing margins, and the consumer’s behavior and purchasing pattern towards the fish in Nawalparasi (East) district of Nepal. Fish producers, traders and consumers were surveyed through semi-structure questionnaire. Five fish Producers, eight wholesalers, twelve retailers and twenty consumers were randomly surveyed. Among 20 traders majority of the traders belonging to the Madhesi and Tharu community. Finding of the study revealed that fish trading almost dominated by male (84%). All the respondents involved in fish trading more than 30 years old. there was no specific marketing channel used by the farmers, 55.65% of total fish produce is sold to the wholesalers, 32.49% to the retailers and 11.86% is sold to the customers directly by the fish farmers. The marketing margin of Nepalese live fish Rohu and Common Carp was higher than other species of fish in the Nawalparasi (East). Nepali fish Rohu and common carp fetch highest price Rs 425/kg and Pangasius fetch lowest price Rs. 280/kg. Nepalese fish were mostly packed in plastic crates and transported by pick up van. Indian average fish sizes were 2.91 kg and Nepali average fish sizes were 1.91 kg. Among the major carp species; the most preferred one by the consumers was Rohu followed by Bhakur.
{"title":"Analysis of Supply Chain and Fish Marketing in Nawalparasi (East), Nepal","authors":"Mina Mahatara, Punam G.C.","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.57889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.57889","url":null,"abstract":"Study was conducted during October 2021 to November 2021, to investigate the supply chain, present market situation, marketing constrains, marketing margins, and the consumer’s behavior and purchasing pattern towards the fish in Nawalparasi (East) district of Nepal. Fish producers, traders and consumers were surveyed through semi-structure questionnaire. Five fish Producers, eight wholesalers, twelve retailers and twenty consumers were randomly surveyed. Among 20 traders majority of the traders belonging to the Madhesi and Tharu community. Finding of the study revealed that fish trading almost dominated by male (84%). All the respondents involved in fish trading more than 30 years old. there was no specific marketing channel used by the farmers, 55.65% of total fish produce is sold to the wholesalers, 32.49% to the retailers and 11.86% is sold to the customers directly by the fish farmers. The marketing margin of Nepalese live fish Rohu and Common Carp was higher than other species of fish in the Nawalparasi (East). Nepali fish Rohu and common carp fetch highest price Rs 425/kg and Pangasius fetch lowest price Rs. 280/kg. Nepalese fish were mostly packed in plastic crates and transported by pick up van. Indian average fish sizes were 2.91 kg and Nepali average fish sizes were 1.91 kg. Among the major carp species; the most preferred one by the consumers was Rohu followed by Bhakur.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90539106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artemia is an excellent live feed for newly hatched fish and crustaceans gained a unique position in the aquaculture system. Brine shrimp is a non-selective filter feeder, so different locally available source feeds should be evaluated as potential food source for their control mass culturing. The experiment was carried out to study the effect of different supplement feeds on the growth performance of Artemia at Central Fisheries Promotion and Conservation Centre, Baalaju, Kathmandu from December 2021 to February 2022. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, each treatment consisting four replications. Four treatments consist different combination of supplement feed i.e., T1: (spirulina + rice bran), T2: (soyabean + rice bran), T3: (Mustard oilcake + rice bran), T4: (Yeast + rice bran). All supplement feed contains 25% CP and feed diet was supplied by 2% of body weight. In terms of growth and yield performance parameters, significant effect was recorded on average length, individual weight and total biomass. Also, significant effect was recorded on survivability and density. However, no significant effect was recorded on CP content of Artemia biomass. T1 recorded the maximum average length (8.7±0.21 mm), individual weight (0.0028±0.0001 gm), and biomass (1.79±0.069 gm/L) whereas lowest average length (7±0.08 mm), individual weight (0.0013±0.0002 gm) and biomass (0.61±0.005 gm) was recorded in T4. Also, T1 recorded the maximum density (633.8±3.62), and survivability (70.8±0.5) whereas lowest density(467.9±4.26) and survivability (58.0±1,71) found in T4. Hence it can be concluded that the combination of spirulina and rice bran was best supplement diet and can be applied in the cultivation of Artemia for best growth performance and biomass Production in aquarium condition.
{"title":"Growth Performance of Live Fish Feed: Artemia salina in Different Supplemental Feeds in Aquarium Culture","authors":"Nabin Khadka, Raksha Khadka, Ram Bhajan Mandal, Ashok Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58181","url":null,"abstract":"Artemia is an excellent live feed for newly hatched fish and crustaceans gained a unique position in the aquaculture system. Brine shrimp is a non-selective filter feeder, so different locally available source feeds should be evaluated as potential food source for their control mass culturing. The experiment was carried out to study the effect of different supplement feeds on the growth performance of Artemia at Central Fisheries Promotion and Conservation Centre, Baalaju, Kathmandu from December 2021 to February 2022. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, each treatment consisting four replications. Four treatments consist different combination of supplement feed i.e., T1: (spirulina + rice bran), T2: (soyabean + rice bran), T3: (Mustard oilcake + rice bran), T4: (Yeast + rice bran). All supplement feed contains 25% CP and feed diet was supplied by 2% of body weight. In terms of growth and yield performance parameters, significant effect was recorded on average length, individual weight and total biomass. Also, significant effect was recorded on survivability and density. However, no significant effect was recorded on CP content of Artemia biomass. T1 recorded the maximum average length (8.7±0.21 mm), individual weight (0.0028±0.0001 gm), and biomass (1.79±0.069 gm/L) whereas lowest average length (7±0.08 mm), individual weight (0.0013±0.0002 gm) and biomass (0.61±0.005 gm) was recorded in T4. Also, T1 recorded the maximum density (633.8±3.62), and survivability (70.8±0.5) whereas lowest density(467.9±4.26) and survivability (58.0±1,71) found in T4. Hence it can be concluded that the combination of spirulina and rice bran was best supplement diet and can be applied in the cultivation of Artemia for best growth performance and biomass Production in aquarium condition.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85000457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58071
Prabhat Jha, S. Marahatta
The study compares farm mechanization and farmer’s field practice to document the agronomic and economic feasibility of mechanized maize farming. The research was carried out in randomized complete block design with 2 treatments of mechanized practice and farmers practice and 3 replications as location for the winter maize using 10v10 hybrid variety. In agronomic aspect, seed rate and urea application in farmers practice (17.05 kg ha-1 and 186.41 kg ha-1 respectively) were found lower to mechanized practice (30.00 kg ha-1 and 348.00 kg ha-1 respectively). Consequently, lower yield was found in farmers practice (7.56 t ha-1) to mechanized practice (10.43 t ha-1) which was attributed by lower plant population, higher sterility, and smaller cob diameter in farmers’ practice. The benefit cost ratio was higher in mechanized practice (3.76) to farmer’s practice (2.44). Labour shortage can be mitigated by mechanization through the custom hiring center even in small holder maize growers.
该研究比较了农场机械化和农民的田间实践，以证明机械化玉米种植的农艺和经济可行性。试验采用完全随机区组设计，采用机械化栽培和农民栽培2个处理，3个重复，选用10v10杂交品种。农艺学方面，农民耕作的种子率和尿素施用量(分别为17.05 kg ha-1和186.41 kg ha-1)低于机械化耕作(分别为30.00 kg ha-1和348.00 kg ha-1)。因此，农民做法的产量(7.56 t ha-1)低于机械化做法(10.43 t ha-1)，这是由于农民做法的植物数量较少，不育性较高，穗轴直径较小。机械化生产的效益成本比(3.76)高于农民生产的效益成本比(2.44)。劳动力短缺可以通过定制招聘中心通过机械化来缓解，即使在小农户玉米种植者中也是如此。
{"title":"Appraisal of Farm Mechanization and Farmer’s Field Practice of Maize Farming at Lamahi Municipality, Dang, Nepal","authors":"Prabhat Jha, S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58071","url":null,"abstract":"The study compares farm mechanization and farmer’s field practice to document the agronomic and economic feasibility of mechanized maize farming. The research was carried out in randomized complete block design with 2 treatments of mechanized practice and farmers practice and 3 replications as location for the winter maize using 10v10 hybrid variety. In agronomic aspect, seed rate and urea application in farmers practice (17.05 kg ha-1 and 186.41 kg ha-1 respectively) were found lower to mechanized practice (30.00 kg ha-1 and 348.00 kg ha-1 respectively). Consequently, lower yield was found in farmers practice (7.56 t ha-1) to mechanized practice (10.43 t ha-1) which was attributed by lower plant population, higher sterility, and smaller cob diameter in farmers’ practice. The benefit cost ratio was higher in mechanized practice (3.76) to farmer’s practice (2.44). Labour shortage can be mitigated by mechanization through the custom hiring center even in small holder maize growers.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91002077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58195
B. Pant, P. B. Magar, C. Manandhar, S. Manandhar, Ram Bahadur Khadka, Pratiksha Sharma, Ganga G.C., Suraj Baidya
Banana is affected by a wide number of diseases, of which, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense has played a major role in devastating Malbhog (Silk) banana plantations in Nepal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the commonly available fungicides (Carbendazim 50%, Fenamidone 10%+ Mancozeb 50%, Chlorothalonil and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sps., Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas species) for their efficacy against Foc. The effectiveness of fungicides and biocontrol agents to Foc was examined in screenhouse. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatments. Among the chemicals, the most effective fungicide to reduce Fusarium wilt severity (root disease) was Bavistin with an efficacy of 55.33% followed by Sectin 46.33% and Chlorothalonil 35%. Similarly, maximum efficacy over control was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum with 41% and lowest was 32% in Pseudomonas sp. In the case of leaf disease, the lowest severity was 21.33% recorded in Bavistin and highest was 40.33% in Chlorothalonil. Similarly, among biocontrol agents, the lowest severity was found in Bacillus thuringiensis whereas highest was found in Trichoderma viride. A Suppression of disease by biocontrol agents might be due to their fungicidal activity, which means they produce a variety of antifungal compounds. These compounds induce plant defense mechanisms. Further field evaluations of the fungicides and biocontrol agents are required to determine if the effect observed in the screenhouse can be integrated into field management of Fusarium wilt.
{"title":"Screenhouse Evaluation of the Fungicides and Bio-Control Agents for the Management of Fusarium Wilt (Foc Race 1) of Banana in Nepal","authors":"B. Pant, P. B. Magar, C. Manandhar, S. Manandhar, Ram Bahadur Khadka, Pratiksha Sharma, Ganga G.C., Suraj Baidya","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58195","url":null,"abstract":"Banana is affected by a wide number of diseases, of which, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense has played a major role in devastating Malbhog (Silk) banana plantations in Nepal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the commonly available fungicides (Carbendazim 50%, Fenamidone 10%+ Mancozeb 50%, Chlorothalonil and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sps., Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas species) for their efficacy against Foc. The effectiveness of fungicides and biocontrol agents to Foc was examined in screenhouse. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatments. Among the chemicals, the most effective fungicide to reduce Fusarium wilt severity (root disease) was Bavistin with an efficacy of 55.33% followed by Sectin 46.33% and Chlorothalonil 35%. Similarly, maximum efficacy over control was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum with 41% and lowest was 32% in Pseudomonas sp. In the case of leaf disease, the lowest severity was 21.33% recorded in Bavistin and highest was 40.33% in Chlorothalonil. Similarly, among biocontrol agents, the lowest severity was found in Bacillus thuringiensis whereas highest was found in Trichoderma viride. A Suppression of disease by biocontrol agents might be due to their fungicidal activity, which means they produce a variety of antifungal compounds. These compounds induce plant defense mechanisms. Further field evaluations of the fungicides and biocontrol agents are required to determine if the effect observed in the screenhouse can be integrated into field management of Fusarium wilt.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90985004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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