This article analyzes the notion of freedom under Park Chung-hee’s regime by examining media representations of freedom in South Korean newspapers during the early period of Park’s regime from 1964 to 1970. The analysis of the media discourse of freedom brings to light the complex mechanisms of Park’s dictatorship and South Koreans’ participation in mobilization projects under Park’s regime. I argue that the notion of freedom played an essential role in the way in which Park’s regime produced and mobilized dutiful, productive citizens. By appropriating conflicting media representations of freedom, Park’s regime defined South Korea’s own ideal of freedom within the contexts of Cold War South Korea in the 1960s. Whilst Park’s regime assured South Korea’s enjoyment of freedom in contrast to communist countries, Park’s regime convinced South Koreans that freedom in South Korea cannot be same as in other western countries. Specifically, in the name of South Korea’s urgent missions of economic development and national security against communism, Park’s regime claimed South Koreans should practice freedom in a responsible, restricted manner. Hence, this article highlights that Park’s regime utilized the notion of freedom in a way to turn South Koreans into citizens who believed themselves to be free, yet who acted responsibly to serve national interests against communism. By illuminating the notion of freedom under Park’s regime, this article discusses both the conditional, limited nature of mass participation under Park’s regime and how the regime used the complex, specific conditions of Cold War South Korea to create mass participation.
{"title":"Cultivating Freedom in South Korea: Media Discourse on Chayu during the Early Park Chung-hee Period","authors":"Jungyoun Kim","doi":"10.1353/ks.2018.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2018.0031","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the notion of freedom under Park Chung-hee’s regime by examining media representations of freedom in South Korean newspapers during the early period of Park’s regime from 1964 to 1970. The analysis of the media discourse of freedom brings to light the complex mechanisms of Park’s dictatorship and South Koreans’ participation in mobilization projects under Park’s regime. I argue that the notion of freedom played an essential role in the way in which Park’s regime produced and mobilized dutiful, productive citizens. By appropriating conflicting media representations of freedom, Park’s regime defined South Korea’s own ideal of freedom within the contexts of Cold War South Korea in the 1960s. Whilst Park’s regime assured South Korea’s enjoyment of freedom in contrast to communist countries, Park’s regime convinced South Koreans that freedom in South Korea cannot be same as in other western countries. Specifically, in the name of South Korea’s urgent missions of economic development and national security against communism, Park’s regime claimed South Koreans should practice freedom in a responsible, restricted manner. Hence, this article highlights that Park’s regime utilized the notion of freedom in a way to turn South Koreans into citizens who believed themselves to be free, yet who acted responsibly to serve national interests against communism. By illuminating the notion of freedom under Park’s regime, this article discusses both the conditional, limited nature of mass participation under Park’s regime and how the regime used the complex, specific conditions of Cold War South Korea to create mass participation.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83757629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last 60 years the typical Korean family has dramatically changed its size due to a drastic drop in the national fertility rates, which plummeted from 6.2 in 1960 to 0.98 in 2018. This transformation was actively supported by population policies that promoted not only a change in behavior but also in values and cultural perceptions on childrearing and family size, mobilizing all sorts of communication media for that purpose. Families with multiple children were associated with negative connotations such as backwardness, poverty, unhappiness, and lack of education or parental responsibility, making of it an abnormal, and later on invisible, reality. Since the mid-2000s however, following the rising concern of government officials for the decreasing fertility rates and coinciding with the enactment of childbirth encouragement policies, there has been an increasing visibility of multichild families (two or more children) in local media and popular culture. This paper examines the multi-child family representations involved in these reactions to population policy by identifying patterns of representation and critically analyzing their cultural meaning. Specifically, it focuses on how these representations confirm, contradict, contrast, or interact in complex ways with existing discourses on family and parenting and with new policies.
{"title":"The Discourse on Multi-Child Families in South Korea’s Media and Popular Culture","authors":"Irene Park","doi":"10.1353/ks.2018.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2018.0030","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 60 years the typical Korean family has dramatically changed its size due to a drastic drop in the national fertility rates, which plummeted from 6.2 in 1960 to 0.98 in 2018. This transformation was actively supported by population policies that promoted not only a change in behavior but also in values and cultural perceptions on childrearing and family size, mobilizing all sorts of communication media for that purpose. Families with multiple children were associated with negative connotations such as backwardness, poverty, unhappiness, and lack of education or parental responsibility, making of it an abnormal, and later on invisible, reality. Since the mid-2000s however, following the rising concern of government officials for the decreasing fertility rates and coinciding with the enactment of childbirth encouragement policies, there has been an increasing visibility of multichild families (two or more children) in local media and popular culture. This paper examines the multi-child family representations involved in these reactions to population policy by identifying patterns of representation and critically analyzing their cultural meaning. Specifically, it focuses on how these representations confirm, contradict, contrast, or interact in complex ways with existing discourses on family and parenting and with new policies.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79989961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fi rst wave of Korean emigration began in mid-nineteenth century, when Koreans crossed over into China in search of unused land to cultivate and then to work in the industries that China, Japan, and Russia were developing in Northeast China (Manchuria) and the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai). Some of these Koreans left their native land voluntarily; others were pushed by political and economic forces threatening their lives at home. We can only speculate as to how many of them had a clear idea of where they would end up or what was waiting for them there. The political climate in Northeast Asia in the fi rst half of the twentieth century, marked by a series of wars, colonization, and the partitioning of the Korean Peninsula into two separate countries, induced many Koreans into internal or international exile. While some earlier emigrants returned to Korea by the middle of the twentieth century despite ominous political and economic uncertainty there, Koreans continued to leave the peninsula in the second half of the century — this time mostly South Koreans who seized a range of voluntary migration opportunities and left for different parts of the world for various reasons. Today, sizable Korean communities are found in countries of East Asia, North and South Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Southeast Asia.
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Section Unsettling Korean Migration: Multiple Trajectories and Experiences","authors":"Sunhee Koo, Jihye Kim","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The fi rst wave of Korean emigration began in mid-nineteenth century, when Koreans crossed over into China in search of unused land to cultivate and then to work in the industries that China, Japan, and Russia were developing in Northeast China (Manchuria) and the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai). Some of these Koreans left their native land voluntarily; others were pushed by political and economic forces threatening their lives at home. We can only speculate as to how many of them had a clear idea of where they would end up or what was waiting for them there. The political climate in Northeast Asia in the fi rst half of the twentieth century, marked by a series of wars, colonization, and the partitioning of the Korean Peninsula into two separate countries, induced many Koreans into internal or international exile. While some earlier emigrants returned to Korea by the middle of the twentieth century despite ominous political and economic uncertainty there, Koreans continued to leave the peninsula in the second half of the century — this time mostly South Koreans who seized a range of voluntary migration opportunities and left for different parts of the world for various reasons. Today, sizable Korean communities are found in countries of East Asia, North and South Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Southeast Asia.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"108 1 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79409460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Korean drumming is a significant performance type that demonstrates a variety of Korean American identities. Korean drumming is a synthetized concept that includes p'ungmul, a traditional percussion genre, and its newly modified and invented form, samullori (also known as samulnori). Korean percussion ensembles in the United States are shaped by cultural policy in South Korea and by professional musicians who migrate to the United States, both of which are elements of the continuous bilateral exchange between the home and host countries. The means by which Korean drumming is learned and taught has extended beyond traditional oral transmission to include the involvement of digital media such as performance recordings found on YouTube. In this article, I examine the ways in which Korean Americans perform contrasting ideas of traditional versus modern, old versus new, Korea versus United States—ideas that are in constant flux. The history of Korean drumming in the United States is characterized by continuous transnational circulation of Korean performance genres and their adaptation in the host society. Analyzing ideas about authenticity and innovation embedded in the various Korean percussion performance styles in the United States, I reveal the negotiable, flexible, and complex constitution of cultural identities of Korean Americans through their drumming.
{"title":"The Quest for Authenticity and Innovation: Diasporic Korean Drumming in the United States","authors":"Soojin Kim","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Korean drumming is a significant performance type that demonstrates a variety of Korean American identities. Korean drumming is a synthetized concept that includes p'ungmul, a traditional percussion genre, and its newly modified and invented form, samullori (also known as samulnori). Korean percussion ensembles in the United States are shaped by cultural policy in South Korea and by professional musicians who migrate to the United States, both of which are elements of the continuous bilateral exchange between the home and host countries. The means by which Korean drumming is learned and taught has extended beyond traditional oral transmission to include the involvement of digital media such as performance recordings found on YouTube. In this article, I examine the ways in which Korean Americans perform contrasting ideas of traditional versus modern, old versus new, Korea versus United States—ideas that are in constant flux. The history of Korean drumming in the United States is characterized by continuous transnational circulation of Korean performance genres and their adaptation in the host society. Analyzing ideas about authenticity and innovation embedded in the various Korean percussion performance styles in the United States, I reveal the negotiable, flexible, and complex constitution of cultural identities of Korean Americans through their drumming.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"62 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85277012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper explores the characteristics of the professional identity of the Doctors of Korean Medicine (KMD), a medical profession in South Korea practicing traditional East Asian medicine. They play a primary care role in healthcare, notwithstanding the legally limited purview of their clinical and public health roles. This mainstream position came their way through biomedicalization that occurred in the profession in the context of the country's private sector-led health system. Based on data gathered among KMDs and in state-level policymaking scenes as an insider, this paper aims to illustrate the characteristics of KMDs' identity by attending to multiple levels of their presence as modern medical profession. In doing so, it draws on works that explored medical identity, Simon Sinclair's (1997) Making Doctors: An Institutional Apprenticeship in particular, to show that despite their similarities to biomedical practitioners, KMDs exhibit discriminating characteristics in their professional consciousness.
{"title":"Who Are the Doctors of Korean Medicine? Exploring the Identity of a Medical Profession","authors":"S. Na","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper explores the characteristics of the professional identity of the Doctors of Korean Medicine (KMD), a medical profession in South Korea practicing traditional East Asian medicine. They play a primary care role in healthcare, notwithstanding the legally limited purview of their clinical and public health roles. This mainstream position came their way through biomedicalization that occurred in the profession in the context of the country's private sector-led health system. Based on data gathered among KMDs and in state-level policymaking scenes as an insider, this paper aims to illustrate the characteristics of KMDs' identity by attending to multiple levels of their presence as modern medical profession. In doing so, it draws on works that explored medical identity, Simon Sinclair's (1997) Making Doctors: An Institutional Apprenticeship in particular, to show that despite their similarities to biomedical practitioners, KMDs exhibit discriminating characteristics in their professional consciousness.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"123 1","pages":"165 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85662698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Since the beginning of Korean migration to Argentina in the 1960s, ethnic Koreans in Argentina have been intensively involved in the garment industry. Based on archival and documentary research, along with ethnographic research conducted in Argentina, this study examines what kinds of resources Korean immigrants have relied upon to start up and expand their businesses and how these resources have changed over time. The study reveals that in the development of their garment businesses, Korean entrepreneurs have strategically tapped into ethnic networks and resources to achieve economic viability, financial support, and eventual upward mobility within the Argentine garment industry. Yet the relative importance of these resources to Korean entrepreneurs and their level of dependence on them vary according to settlement stages and circumstances. Findings further suggest that whereas most Koreans have remained closely tied to one particular economic sector, ethnic resources should not be considered an absolute condition for the establishment and development of Korean garment businesses, but rather one of the available resources that facilitates this process, in most cases.
{"title":"From Ethnic to Class: The Evolution of Korean Entrepreneurship in Argentina","authors":"Jihye Kim","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Since the beginning of Korean migration to Argentina in the 1960s, ethnic Koreans in Argentina have been intensively involved in the garment industry. Based on archival and documentary research, along with ethnographic research conducted in Argentina, this study examines what kinds of resources Korean immigrants have relied upon to start up and expand their businesses and how these resources have changed over time. The study reveals that in the development of their garment businesses, Korean entrepreneurs have strategically tapped into ethnic networks and resources to achieve economic viability, financial support, and eventual upward mobility within the Argentine garment industry. Yet the relative importance of these resources to Korean entrepreneurs and their level of dependence on them vary according to settlement stages and circumstances. Findings further suggest that whereas most Koreans have remained closely tied to one particular economic sector, ethnic resources should not be considered an absolute condition for the establishment and development of Korean garment businesses, but rather one of the available resources that facilitates this process, in most cases.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"36 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83702787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Hijacked War: The Story of Chinese POWs in the Korean War by David Cheng Chang (review)","authors":"Austin Dean","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":"224 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75136952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In 1962, the South Korean government promulgated the Cultural Property Protection Law (CPPL, Munhwajae pohopŏp) in order to preserve Korean heritage cultures that were at risk of disappearance in the postcolonial and post-Korean War social milieu. The CPPL was modeled after a similar law in Japan, Bunkazai hogoho, enacted in 1950. With this legal stipulation, numerous Korean musics and dances were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties (IICP) of the nation, to be transmitted by "living national treasures" who were appointed as holders of particular genres and styles of Korean performing arts. This paper explores the transnational aspects of and input into the institution and application of IICP in the past and present century. I am particularly interested in how the Korean musics and dances designated and practiced as IICPs have been shaped by national and transnational subjects who have crossed the traditional boundary of the nation-state border. Cultural symbols attributed as heritage arts of a nation can be transnationally constructed and reinforced.
{"title":"From Korea to Japan: A Transnational Perspective on South Korea's Important Intangible Cultural Properties and Zainichi Korean Artists","authors":"Sunhee Koo","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1962, the South Korean government promulgated the Cultural Property Protection Law (CPPL, Munhwajae pohopŏp) in order to preserve Korean heritage cultures that were at risk of disappearance in the postcolonial and post-Korean War social milieu. The CPPL was modeled after a similar law in Japan, Bunkazai hogoho, enacted in 1950. With this legal stipulation, numerous Korean musics and dances were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties (IICP) of the nation, to be transmitted by \"living national treasures\" who were appointed as holders of particular genres and styles of Korean performing arts. This paper explores the transnational aspects of and input into the institution and application of IICP in the past and present century. I am particularly interested in how the Korean musics and dances designated and practiced as IICPs have been shaped by national and transnational subjects who have crossed the traditional boundary of the nation-state border. Cultural symbols attributed as heritage arts of a nation can be transnationally constructed and reinforced.","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"36 1","pages":"116 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79602590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In line with the increasing significance of the role of transnational migration in healthcare provision—especially in the West—slightly over 11,000 nurses and nurse assistants from South Korea moved as "guest workers" (Gastarbeiter) to the former West Germany mainly between the 1960s and the 1970s. This study explores the role of emotions in the professional practice of nursing care. Particular attention is paid to gendered and racialized aspects of the emotional labor carried out by the Korean migrant healthcare workers based on their experiences at work. The way in which the stereotypical image of Asian/Korean femininity has been shaped into care work will be examined. Another focus is the way in which the Korean female healthcare practitioners manage their emotions and act as compassionate nurses in care delivery. They perform or manage their emotions to demonstrate a sense of compassion and empathy in nursing practices. In the process of performing their duty of care and managing their emotions over the long-term, the Korean healthcare workers also have to negotiate between providing compassionate care and coping with "compassion fatigue" in healthcare settings by performing racialized gender in a recurring manner. Their emotional labor is thereby undertaken in intersection with gender, and race/ethnicity; factors which are entangled and mutually reinforced in the performativity of gender and race/ethnicity within the context of nursing care by the "guest workers."
{"title":"Samaritans from the East: Emotion and Korean Nurses in Germany","authors":"Yonson Ahn","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In line with the increasing significance of the role of transnational migration in healthcare provision—especially in the West—slightly over 11,000 nurses and nurse assistants from South Korea moved as \"guest workers\" (Gastarbeiter) to the former West Germany mainly between the 1960s and the 1970s. This study explores the role of emotions in the professional practice of nursing care. Particular attention is paid to gendered and racialized aspects of the emotional labor carried out by the Korean migrant healthcare workers based on their experiences at work. The way in which the stereotypical image of Asian/Korean femininity has been shaped into care work will be examined. Another focus is the way in which the Korean female healthcare practitioners manage their emotions and act as compassionate nurses in care delivery. They perform or manage their emotions to demonstrate a sense of compassion and empathy in nursing practices. In the process of performing their duty of care and managing their emotions over the long-term, the Korean healthcare workers also have to negotiate between providing compassionate care and coping with \"compassion fatigue\" in healthcare settings by performing racialized gender in a recurring manner. Their emotional labor is thereby undertaken in intersection with gender, and race/ethnicity; factors which are entangled and mutually reinforced in the performativity of gender and race/ethnicity within the context of nursing care by the \"guest workers.\"","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"2005 1","pages":"35 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86932142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dying for Rights: Putting North Korea's Human Rights Abuses on the Record by Sandra Fahy (review)","authors":"Sung-Yoon Lee","doi":"10.1353/ks.2021.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2021.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43382,"journal":{"name":"Korean Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"221 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78622889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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