Theories of pronominal strength (e.g., Cardinaletti & Starke 1999) lead one to expect that sign language, just like spoken language, can have morphologically distinct strong pronominals. We suggest that American Sign Language (ASL) and French Sign Language (LSF) might have such pronominals, characterized here by the fact that they may associate with only even in the absence of prosodically marked focus.
{"title":"Strong pronominals in ASL and LSF?","authors":"P. Schlenker","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00025.SCH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00025.SCH","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Theories of pronominal strength (e.g., Cardinaletti & Starke 1999)\u0000 lead one to expect that sign language, just like spoken language, can have morphologically distinct strong pronominals. We suggest\u0000 that American Sign Language (ASL) and French Sign Language (LSF) might have such pronominals, characterized here by the fact that\u0000 they may associate with only even in the absence of prosodically marked focus.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44870107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we examine agent backgrounding in Italian Sign Language (LIS). Specifically, we are interested in identifying and describing the strategies used by LIS signers to reduce referentiality. On the basis of low-referential contexts (cf. questionnaire in the Introduction chapter), we recorded target sentences containing potential markers of agent backgrounding and asked three LIS native signers to provide felicity judgments on them using a 7-point scale. We discuss agent-backgrounding strategies of different types: (i) manual, (ii) non-manual, and (iii) syntactic. Overall, our study shows that the combination of raised eyebrows and mouth-corners down associated with the existential quantifier someone and the sign person makes the agent-backgrounding reading more prominent. Other strategies that can be used in LIS to reduce referentiality are free relatives, perspective shift, and null subject. We also investigate in more detail the semantic status of someone, person, and the null subject through well-established tests from the literature.
{"title":"R-impersonal interpretation in Italian Sign Language (LIS)","authors":"L. Mantovan, C. Geraci","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00019.MAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00019.MAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, we examine agent backgrounding in Italian Sign Language (LIS). Specifically, we are interested in\u0000 identifying and describing the strategies used by LIS signers to reduce referentiality. On the basis of low-referential contexts\u0000 (cf. questionnaire in the Introduction chapter), we recorded target sentences containing potential markers of agent backgrounding\u0000 and asked three LIS native signers to provide felicity judgments on them using a 7-point scale. We discuss agent-backgrounding\u0000 strategies of different types: (i) manual, (ii) non-manual, and (iii) syntactic. Overall, our study shows that the combination of\u0000 raised eyebrows and mouth-corners down associated with the existential quantifier someone and the sign person\u0000 makes the agent-backgrounding reading more prominent. Other strategies that can be used in LIS to reduce referentiality are free\u0000 relatives, perspective shift, and null subject. We also investigate in more detail the semantic status of someone,\u0000 person, and the null subject through well-established tests from the literature.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46780001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines backgrounding strategies for human agents in Catalan Sign Language, that is, constructions featuring human agents that are non-referential. We identify and analyze four types of agent-backgrounding strategies: subjectless constructions, indefinite pronouns, the impersonal axis, and general nouns. Extending on previous work, we offer a description and a semantico-pragmatic analysis of each construction.
{"title":"Agent-backgrounding in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)","authors":"Gemma Barberà, P. C. Hofherr, J. Quer","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00023.BAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00023.BAR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines backgrounding strategies for human agents in Catalan Sign Language, that is, constructions\u0000 featuring human agents that are non-referential. We identify and analyze four types of agent-backgrounding strategies: subjectless\u0000 constructions, indefinite pronouns, the impersonal axis, and general nouns. Extending on previous work, we offer a description and\u0000 a semantico-pragmatic analysis of each construction.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44314523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meltem Kelepir, Asli Özkul, Elvan Tamyürek Özparlak
This paper investigates agent-backgrounding constructions in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). TİD displays many of the agent-backgrounding strategies reported in the literature that signed (and spoken) languages employ (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume). Use of non-specific indefinite pronominals is a major strategy, and this paper is the first study that identifies these forms in TİD. Moreover, we show that TİD has ways of marking clusivity distinctions of indefinite arguments, and has a special sign that derives exclusive indefinite pronominals, other. We argue that (i) whereas lateral-high R-locus is unambiguously associated with non-specificity, non-high (lateral and central) loci are underspecified in terms of specificity; (ii) the R-locus of indefinite arguments observed in agent-backgrounding contexts in TİD consists of two spatial features [+high] and [+lateral] which express non-specificity and exclusivity. This study further shows that clusivity, usually associated with personal pronouns, must be extended to indefinite pronouns.
{"title":"Agent-backgrounding in Turkish Sign Language (TİD)","authors":"Meltem Kelepir, Asli Özkul, Elvan Tamyürek Özparlak","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00020.KEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00020.KEL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates agent-backgrounding constructions in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). TİD displays many of the\u0000 agent-backgrounding strategies reported in the literature that signed (and spoken) languages employ (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume). Use of non-specific indefinite pronominals is a major\u0000 strategy, and this paper is the first study that identifies these forms in TİD. Moreover, we show that TİD has ways of marking\u0000 clusivity distinctions of indefinite arguments, and has a special sign that derives exclusive indefinite pronominals,\u0000 other. We argue that (i) whereas lateral-high R-locus is unambiguously associated with non-specificity, non-high\u0000 (lateral and central) loci are underspecified in terms of specificity; (ii) the R-locus of indefinite arguments observed in\u0000 agent-backgrounding contexts in TİD consists of two spatial features [+high] and [+lateral] which express non-specificity and\u0000 exclusivity. This study further shows that clusivity, usually associated with personal pronouns, must be extended to indefinite\u0000 pronouns.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41701633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a semiotic study of the distribution of a type of size depiction in lexical signs in six sign languages. Recently, a growing number of studies are focusing on the distribution of two representation techniques, i.e. the use of entity handshapes and handling handshapes for the depiction of hand-held tools (e.g. Ortega et al. 2014). Padden et al. (2013) find that there is cross-linguistic variation in the use of this pair of representation techniques. This study looks at variation in a representation technique that has not been systematically studied before, i.e. the delimitation of a stretch of space to depict the size of a referent, or space-based distance for size depiction. It considers the question whether the cross-linguistic variation in the use of this representation technique is governed by language-specific patterning as well (cf. Padden et al. 2013). This study quantifies and compares the occurrence of space-based distance for size depiction in the lexicons of six sign languages, three of Western European origin, and three of West African origin. It finds that sign languages differ significantly from each other in their frequency of use of this depiction type. This result thus corroborates that the selection and distribution of representation techniques does not solely depend on features of the depicted image, but also on language-specific patterning in the distribution of representation techniques, and it adds another dimension of iconic depiction in which sign languages may vary from each other (in addition to the entity/handling handshape distinction). Moreover, the results appear to be areally defined, with the three European languages using this representation technique significantly more often than the three African languages.
本文从符号学的角度研究了六种手语词汇符号中一种尺寸描述的分布。最近，越来越多的研究集中在两种表示技术的分布上，即使用实体手型和处理手型来描述手持工具(例如Ortega et al. 2014)。Padden et al.(2013)发现在使用这对表示技术时存在跨语言差异。这项研究着眼于以前没有系统研究过的表示技术的变化，即划分一段空间来描绘一个参考物的大小，或者基于空间的距离来描述大小。它考虑的问题是，使用这种表示技术的跨语言差异是否也受特定语言模式的支配(参见Padden et al. 2013)。本研究量化并比较了六种手语词汇中基于空间距离的大小描述，三种来自西欧，三种来自西非。研究发现，手语在使用这种描述类型的频率上存在显著差异。因此，这一结果证实了表征技术的选择和分布不仅取决于所描绘图像的特征，还取决于表征技术分布中的语言特定模式，并且它增加了符号描述的另一个维度，其中手语可能彼此不同(除了实体/处理手形的区别)。此外，结果似乎是真正明确的，三种欧洲语言使用这种表示技术的频率明显高于三种非洲语言。
{"title":"Cross-linguistic variation in space-based distance for size depiction in the lexicons of six sign\u0000 languages","authors":"Victoria Nyst","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00024.NYS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00024.NYS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a semiotic study of the distribution of a type of size depiction in lexical signs in six sign\u0000 languages. Recently, a growing number of studies are focusing on the distribution of two representation techniques, i.e. the use\u0000 of entity handshapes and handling handshapes for the depiction of hand-held tools (e.g. Ortega\u0000 et al. 2014). Padden et al. (2013) find that there is cross-linguistic\u0000 variation in the use of this pair of representation techniques. This study looks at variation in a representation technique that\u0000 has not been systematically studied before, i.e. the delimitation of a stretch of space to depict the size of a referent, or\u0000 space-based distance for size depiction. It considers the question whether the cross-linguistic variation in\u0000 the use of this representation technique is governed by language-specific patterning as well (cf. Padden et al. 2013).\u0000 This study quantifies and compares the occurrence of space-based distance for size depiction in\u0000 the lexicons of six sign languages, three of Western European origin, and three of West African origin. It finds that sign\u0000 languages differ significantly from each other in their frequency of use of this depiction type. This result thus corroborates\u0000 that the selection and distribution of representation techniques does not solely depend on features of the depicted image, but\u0000 also on language-specific patterning in the distribution of representation techniques, and it adds another dimension of iconic\u0000 depiction in which sign languages may vary from each other (in addition to the entity/handling handshape distinction). Moreover,\u0000 the results appear to be areally defined, with the three European languages using this representation technique significantly more\u0000 often than the three African languages.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46775568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contains the first description of impersonal reference in Russian Sign Language (RSL). Impersonal reference has been investigated using a variety of elicitation techniques. It has been found that RSL uses a variety of strategies, namely pro-drop, an indefinite pronoun someone, a plural pronoun ix pl, and probably a second-person pronoun ix 2 in impersonal contexts. The impersonal strategies in RSL follow the general typological tendencies previously identified for spoken languages (Gast & Van der Auwera 2013), and do not show obvious modality effects (such as described by Barberà & Quer 2013). Some impersonal strategies show evidence of influence of spoken/written Russian in the form of borrowing and/or code-switching.
本文首次对俄语手语中的人称指称进行了描述。非人格化参考已被调查使用各种引出技术。研究发现，在非人称语境中，RSL使用了多种策略，即pro-drop、不定代词someone、复数代词ix pl以及可能的第二人称代词ix 2。非人格语中的非人格语策略遵循了之前在口语中发现的一般类型倾向(Gast & Van der Auwera 2013)，并且没有表现出明显的情态效应(如barber & Quer 2013所描述的)。一些非人格化策略以借用和/或语码转换的形式显示了俄语口语/书面语的影响。
{"title":"Impersonal reference in Russian Sign Language (RSL)","authors":"V. Kimmelman","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00018.KIM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00018.KIM","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper contains the first description of impersonal reference in Russian Sign Language (RSL). Impersonal\u0000 reference has been investigated using a variety of elicitation techniques. It has been found that RSL uses a variety of\u0000 strategies, namely pro-drop, an indefinite pronoun someone, a plural pronoun ix\u0000 pl, and probably a\u0000 second-person pronoun ix\u0000 2 in impersonal contexts. The impersonal strategies in RSL follow the general\u0000 typological tendencies previously identified for spoken languages (Gast & Van der Auwera\u0000 2013), and do not show obvious modality effects (such as described by Barberà &\u0000 Quer 2013). Some impersonal strategies show evidence of influence of spoken/written Russian in the form of borrowing\u0000 and/or code-switching.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42946846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work of Gemma Barbera and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr on this special issue, as well as the workshops on Sign Languages and R-impersonals in Paris, February 2015, and Barcelona, June 2015, were funded by the ANR / DFG under grant ANR-11-FRAL-0011, Towards a typology of human impersonal pronouns (Typoimp) ANR/ DFG, awarded to Patricia Cabredo Hofherr, UMR 7023 (CNRS & Paris-8), and Volker Gast, Jena. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. This work has also been partially possible thanks to the SIGN-HUB project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 693349, to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2015-68594-P), and to the Government of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 698).
{"title":"Impersonal human reference in Sign Languages","authors":"Gemma Barberà, P. C. Hofherr","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00017.BAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00017.BAR","url":null,"abstract":"The work of Gemma Barbera and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr on this special issue, as well as the workshops on Sign Languages and R-impersonals in Paris, February 2015, and Barcelona, June 2015, were funded by the ANR / DFG under grant ANR-11-FRAL-0011, Towards a typology of human impersonal pronouns (Typoimp) ANR/ DFG, awarded to Patricia Cabredo Hofherr, UMR 7023 (CNRS & Paris-8), and Volker Gast, Jena. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. This work has also been partially possible thanks to the SIGN-HUB project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 693349, to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2015-68594-P), and to the Government of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 698).","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46071744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper offers a first systematic approach to the expression of impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF). It extends and deepens a prior study carried out by the authors on the basis of a large scale discourse corpus. The description proposed here is based primarily on data elicited through a specialised questionnaire on impersonal human reference (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume), initially developed for spoken languages and adapted for sign languages. The strategies revealed are compared with those discussed in our prior study. We begin with a brief review of the literature on impersonal human reference in spoken and sign languages, and a presentation of our theoretical framework for the analysis of LSF. We then elaborate on our methodology and the issues raised by the elicitation protocol adopted, from initial stages of its preparation to the representation of our data. We finally present and discuss the main strategies we highlighted for the expression of impersonal reference in LSF.
{"title":"Impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF)","authors":"Brigitte Garcia, Marie-Anne Sallandre, Marie-Thérèse L'Huillier","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00022.GAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00022.GAR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present paper offers a first systematic approach to the expression of impersonal human reference in French\u0000 Sign Language (LSF). It extends and deepens a prior study carried out by the authors on the basis of a large scale discourse\u0000 corpus. The description proposed here is based primarily on data elicited through a specialised questionnaire on impersonal human\u0000 reference (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume), initially developed for spoken\u0000 languages and adapted for sign languages. The strategies revealed are compared with those discussed in our prior study. We begin\u0000 with a brief review of the literature on impersonal human reference in spoken and sign languages, and a presentation of our\u0000 theoretical framework for the analysis of LSF. We then elaborate on our methodology and the issues raised by the elicitation\u0000 protocol adopted, from initial stages of its preparation to the representation of our data. We finally present and discuss the\u0000 main strategies we highlighted for the expression of impersonal reference in LSF.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47261776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses R-impersonals in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL). As evidenced in our questionnaire and conversation data, R-impersonals in HKSL typically make use of null forms, the non-specific indefinite determiner (i.e., onedet-path (someone)/onedet-path (anyone)), distinguished by non-manual markers), and, occasionally, the Chinese character sign human/person. HKSL does not show impersonal uses of personal pronouns (e.g., they, you) which are commonly found in spoken languages. The nominal strategies are determined by the contexts and the referential properties of the impersonal referents, and they differ in the use of space in representing the impersonal referents in subsequent discourse. R-impersonal referents encoded by onedet-path (someone)/onedet-path (anyone) are associated with an area of the upper part of the ipsilateral side of the signing space, but they can still be assigned to a specific locus if the subsequent discourse requires locative information. Impersonal referents introduced by null forms or the Chinese character sign human/person are typically not spatially anchored.
{"title":"R-impersonals in Hong Kong Sign Language","authors":"Felix Sze, G. Tang","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00021.SZE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00021.SZE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper discusses R-impersonals in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL). As evidenced in our questionnaire and\u0000 conversation data, R-impersonals in HKSL typically make use of null forms, the non-specific indefinite determiner (i.e.,\u0000 onedet-path\u0000 (someone)/onedet-path\u0000 (anyone)), distinguished by non-manual markers),\u0000 and, occasionally, the Chinese character sign human/person. HKSL does not show impersonal uses of personal pronouns\u0000 (e.g., they, you) which are commonly found in spoken languages. The nominal strategies are determined by the\u0000 contexts and the referential properties of the impersonal referents, and they differ in the use of space in representing the\u0000 impersonal referents in subsequent discourse. R-impersonal referents encoded by onedet-path\u0000 \u0000 (someone)/onedet-path\u0000 (anyone) are associated with an area of the upper part of the ipsilateral side\u0000 of the signing space, but they can still be assigned to a specific locus if the subsequent discourse requires locative\u0000 information. Impersonal referents introduced by null forms or the Chinese character sign human/person are typically not\u0000 spatially anchored.","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48156833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Universal quantification in the nominal domain in American Sign Language (The University of Texas at Austin, 2017)","authors":"E. I. Liskova","doi":"10.1075/SLL.00026.LIS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SLL.00026.LIS","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43398,"journal":{"name":"Sign Language & Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44615372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：