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A Framework for Social Science in Epidemics 流行病中的社会科学框架
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290102
S. Ripoll, Annie Wilkinson, Syed Ali Abbas, H. MacGregor, T. Hrynick, Megan M. Schmidt-Sane
In epidemic preparedness and response, it is now commonly accepted that insights from social science disciplines are important in shaping action. Unfortunately, the role of social science is often confined to risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) efforts. In this article, we propose an analytical framework that would allow researchers and practitioners from different disciplines to employ social science insights to enrich their understanding of epidemics and formulate more effective and sustainable responses. The framework goes beyond simply unpacking social, political, economic and cultural dimensions of context; it situates disease itself – as it is shaped by the contexts in which it circulates – and views it in dynamic relation to response. It also explores how different individuals, social groups and institutions shift their knowledge and practices during an epidemic through power-laden processes of dialogue and learning, or even through silencing and side-lining. It is our hope that this framework will enable responders to engage more deeply and systematically with the contexts of emergencies, so as to ensure activities are more adaptive to local dynamics.
在流行病防范和应对方面,现在人们普遍认为,来自社会科学学科的见解对于形成行动很重要。不幸的是,社会科学的作用往往局限于风险沟通和社区参与(RCCE)的努力。在本文中,我们提出了一个分析框架,使来自不同学科的研究人员和从业人员能够利用社会科学的见解来丰富他们对流行病的理解,并制定更有效和可持续的应对措施。该框架不仅仅是简单地揭示背景的社会、政治、经济和文化层面;它定位疾病本身——因为它是由疾病传播的环境所塑造的——并将其与反应联系起来看待。它还探讨了不同的个人、社会团体和机构如何在流行病期间通过充满权力的对话和学习过程,甚至通过沉默和边缘化,改变他们的知识和做法。我们希望,这一框架将使应急人员能够更深入、更系统地处理紧急情况,从而确保各项活动更能适应当地的动态。
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引用次数: 2
Embedded Social Science and the British Government COVID-19 Response 嵌入式社会科学与英国政府COVID-19应对
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290107
A. Tasker, L. Irvine
The complex and evolving nature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic poses significant challenges to national and international emergency preparedness and response. Governments must navigate streams of emerging data in real time, synthesising knowledge from diverse sources to inform policy. The UK government drew on experiences from earlier pandemics to bridge perceived gaps between social science research and policy through the secondment of early-career academics as embedded scientists. In this article, we present comparative ethnographic data describing embedded social scientists’ contributions to UK COVID-19 preparedness and response. We find that the liminal position, loose identities, and high degree of autonomy of embedded scientists allowed these individuals to navigate multiple networks to strengthen and legitimise the role of social science within policy debates.
严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型疫情的复杂性和演变性对国家和国际应急准备和响应提出了重大挑战。政府必须实时浏览新兴数据流,综合来自不同来源的知识,为政策提供信息。英国政府借鉴了早期流行病的经验,通过借调早期职业学者作为嵌入式科学家,弥合了社会科学研究和政策之间的差距。在这篇文章中,我们提供了比较人种学数据,描述了嵌入式社会科学家对英国新冠肺炎准备和应对的贡献。我们发现,嵌入式科学家的边缘地位、松散的身份和高度的自主权使这些人能够驾驭多个网络,以加强社会科学在政策辩论中的作用并使其合法化。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Leadership, Anthropology and Intercultural Communication for COVID-19 Response in the Rio Negro Indigenous Territory, Brazilian Amazonia 巴西亚马逊Rio Negro土著领地应对新冠肺炎的土著领导、人类学和跨文化交流
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290105
Danilo Paiva Ramos, A. Shankland, Domingos M. B. Barreto, Renato Athias
Around the world, Indigenous groups have been among the communities most severely affected by COVID-19, and the ability of health systems and social policy responses to support Indigenous responses to the pandemic has been affected by challenges of intercultural communication, sometimes compounded by racist and exclusionary social and political attitudes. The Brazilian Amazon has been a particularly extreme case. This article reflects on the experience of a group of Indigenous leaders and non-Indigenous anthropologists working to promote intercultural approaches to epidemic response in the Rio Negro region of Northwestern Amazonia. It brings together findings from in-person fieldwork on Indigenous responses to infectious disease outbreaks that affected the region before the COVID-19 pandemic and from remote research on COVID-19 response conducted in 2020 and 2021.
在世界各地,土著群体一直是受新冠肺炎影响最严重的社区之一,卫生系统和社会政策应对措施支持土著应对疫情的能力受到不同文化间沟通挑战的影响,有时还受到种族主义和排斥性社会和政治态度的影响。巴西亚马逊是一个特别极端的案例。本文回顾了一群土著领导人和非土著人类学家在亚马逊西北部的里奥内格罗地区致力于推广跨文化应对流行病的方法的经验。它汇集了新冠肺炎大流行前影响该地区的土著应对传染病疫情的住院实地调查结果,以及2020年和2021年进行的新冠肺炎应对远程研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
Anthropological Responses to COVID-19 in the Philippines 菲律宾对COVID-19的人类学反应
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290104
G. Lasco
This article reflects on the roles anthropologists have played in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, and identifies the challenges – from the methodological to the political – they faced in fulfilling these roles. Drawing on the author’s personal and professional experiences in the country, as well as on interviews with other anthropologists, this article identifies three major roles for anthropologists: conducting ethnographic research; bearing witness to the pandemic through first-person accounts; and engaging various publics. All these activities have contributed to a greater recognition of the role of the social sciences in health crises, even as anthropologists struggle to gain the same legitimacy as their clinical and public health counterparts. The article concludes by making recommendations that can better prepare local anthropologists in responding to future health crises.
本文回顾了人类学家在应对菲律宾新冠肺炎疫情中所扮演的角色,并确定了他们在履行这些角色时所面临的挑战——从方法论到政治学。根据作者在该国的个人和职业经历,以及对其他人类学家的采访,本文确定了人类学家的三个主要角色:进行民族志研究;通过第一人称账户见证疫情;以及吸引各种公众。所有这些活动都有助于更好地认识到社会科学在健康危机中的作用,尽管人类学家正在努力获得与临床和公共卫生同行相同的合法性。文章最后提出了一些建议,可以更好地为当地人类学家应对未来的健康危机做好准备。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Broader Impacts of COVID-19 on Women and Girls in the DRC through Integrated Outbreak Analytics to Reinforce Evidence for Rapid Operational Decision-Making 通过综合疫情分析了解COVID-19对刚果民主共和国妇女和女童的更广泛影响,为快速业务决策提供证据
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290106
Simone Carter, Izzy Scott Moncrieff, P. Akilimali, D. Kazadi, K. Grépin
Whilst men and boys account for more COVID-19 cases and deaths, the secondary impacts of the outbreak on women and girls in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are cross-cutting and far-reaching. School closures put girls at increased risk of adolescent pregnancy, sexual violence and early marriage; more women working in the informal sector have lost jobs and been affected by closures of markets and borders; and frequent restrictions on sexual and reproductive healthcare have impacted access to services for women. Lessons learnt from previous health crises can help to highlight the extent of these issues. However, a lack of sex disaggregated data around COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the DRC means that it is impossible to fully measure and understand the impact of the outbreak on women and girls or develop and implement appropriate interventions. This article presents a metasynthesis of existing and ongoing analyses to highlight the broader impacts of COVID-19 on women and girls in the country.
虽然男性和男孩占COVID-19病例和死亡人数的比例更高,但疫情对刚果民主共和国妇女和女孩的次要影响是跨领域和深远的。学校关闭使女孩面临更大的少女怀孕、性暴力和早婚风险;在非正规部门工作的更多妇女失去了工作,并受到市场和边境关闭的影响;对性保健和生殖保健的频繁限制影响了妇女获得服务的机会。从以往卫生危机中吸取的教训有助于突出这些问题的严重程度。然而,刚果民主共和国缺乏关于COVID-19发病率和死亡率的按性别分列的数据,这意味着不可能充分衡量和了解疫情对妇女和女孩的影响,也不可能制定和实施适当的干预措施。本文综合分析了现有和正在进行的分析,强调了COVID-19对该国妇女和女童的更广泛影响。
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引用次数: 2
Introduction to the Special Issue 特刊简介
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290101
Megan M. Schmidt-Sane, Catherine A. Grant, S. Ripoll, T. Hrynick, Syed Ali Abbas
This special issue of Anthropology in Action presents a collection of articles that reflect on and analyse the role of social science in epidemic response. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed deep social and economic inequalities within and across countries which produce unequal COVID-19 outcomes. Researchers have long noted the connections between socioeconomic inequalities and infections, and there is growing recognition that epidemics are also social and political events (Bardosh et al. 2020). Anthropological and other social science research has contributed to epidemic response, through attention to cultural and politico-economic context, reframing community ‘resistance’, bolstering community engagement in preparedness and response, and informing response activities, including risk communication (Abramowitz 2017; Bardosh et al. 2020). Despite this, much of the work has been ad hoc and not systematically integrated into the systems of epidemic response, with the exception of the Centres d’Analyses des Sciences Sociales (CASS) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This special issue is timely, in that it builds on foundational work in social science and epidemic response, draws on tensions and experience from recent epidemics including COVID-19 and Ebola, and charts a way forward at both a theoretical and a practical level.
这期《人类学在行动》特刊提供了一系列文章,反思和分析社会科学在流行病应对中的作用。新冠肺炎大流行暴露了各国内部和各国之间严重的社会和经济不平等,导致了不平等的新冠肺炎结果。研究人员长期以来一直注意到社会经济不平等与感染之间的联系,人们越来越认识到流行病也是社会和政治事件(Bardosh等人,2020)。人类学和其他社会科学研究通过关注文化和政治经济背景,重塑社区“抵抗力”,加强社区参与准备和应对,并为应对活动提供信息,包括风险沟通,为疫情应对做出了贡献(Abramowitz 2017;Bardosh等人2020)。尽管如此,除刚果民主共和国的社会科学分析中心外,大部分工作都是临时性的,没有系统地纳入流行病应对系统。这期特刊是及时的,因为它建立在社会科学和流行病应对的基础工作之上,借鉴了包括新冠肺炎和埃博拉在内的最近流行病的紧张局势和经验,并在理论和实践层面指明了前进的道路。
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引用次数: 1
Negotiating the Role of Anthropological Evidence in Medical Research during Health Emergencies 论突发卫生事件中人类学证据在医学研究中的作用
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2022.290103
L. Enria, S. Lees
The 2014–2016 West African Ebola outbreak is often cited as a watershed moment for the social science of epidemics. Anthropologists played a key role in clarifying the social, economic and political dimensions of the epidemic, highlighting both how outbreak control measures were disrupting social practices and how they could be adapted to reflect local realities and experiences. Whilst undoubtedly significant, this narrative of anthropology’s successful integration risks obscuring the fraught position of the anthropologist within the Ebola response. Taking debates about public anthropology and the balance of action and critique as a starting point, we offer reflexive considerations from our work in the Ebola vaccine trials in Sierra Leone. We look at the involvement of social scientists in HIV clinical trials, which led to the inclusion of a social science component in the Ebola trials, through to the everyday discussions on how to integrate ethnographic insights into the running of operations. In so doing, we highlight the importance of foregrounding participants’ and communities’ voices, and confront what gets lost in translation. Keeping this tension in focus, we consider the consequences of this complex position for the possibility of a ‘critically embedded’ anthropology of clinical research in health emergencies.
2014-2016年西非埃博拉疫情经常被认为是流行病社会科学的分水岭。人类学家在澄清疫情的社会、经济和政治层面方面发挥了关键作用,强调疫情控制措施如何扰乱社会实践,以及如何调整这些措施以反映当地的现实和经验。尽管这无疑意义重大,但这种人类学成功融合的叙事有可能掩盖人类学家在埃博拉疫情应对中令人担忧的地位。以关于公共人类学以及行动与批评的平衡的辩论为出发点,我们从我们在塞拉利昂埃博拉疫苗试验中的工作中提供了反射性的考虑。我们观察了社会科学家参与艾滋病毒临床试验的情况,这导致埃博拉试验中包含了社会科学部分,以及如何将人种学见解融入手术的日常讨论。在这样做的过程中,我们强调了突出参与者和社区声音的重要性,并直面翻译中丢失的东西。为了关注这种紧张关系,我们考虑了这种复杂立场对卫生紧急情况下临床研究人类学“批判性嵌入”的可能性的影响。
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引用次数: 1
‘What Makes It Nice Is Also What Makes It Difficult’ “让事情变得美好的也是让事情变得困难的”
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2021.280304
In health care the appropriation of new technology to assist and improve the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients can be challenging. Based on observations and interviews with nurses and midwives during the early implementation process of a new interactive and technologically improved patient room, this article examines how health care professionals make sense of their work in the new patient room as it becomes enacted in their everyday work practice. We find that the technologically improved room is met with some resistance by the nurses and midwives. We argue that by exploring appropriation of technology as a social process of sense-making (Weick 1995), it can be revealed how meanings assigned to the new room influences actions and interactions with it.
在医疗保健领域,利用新技术来帮助和改善患者的诊断、治疗和护理可能具有挑战性。基于对护士和助产士在新的交互式和技术改进的病房早期实施过程中的观察和采访,本文探讨了医疗保健专业人员如何在日常工作实践中理解他们在新病房的工作。我们发现,经过技术改进的房间遭到了护士和助产士的一些抵制。我们认为,通过探索技术的挪用作为一种意义制造的社会过程(Weick 1995),可以揭示赋予新房间的意义是如何影响行动和与之的互动的。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the Edges of the Screen 超越屏幕的边缘
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2021.280301
This article, co-written by a visual anthropologist (Alyssa Grossman), and a visual artist (Selena Kimball), takes the form of a collaborative and self-reflexive conversation. In it we explore how particular types of screen-mediated interactions during the COVID-19 lockdown are reconfiguring our own experiences of environmental and spatial intimacy, both within our academic research and studio practice and in broader processes of emotional, intellectual, and creative exchange. Looking through the cross-disciplinary lenses of our own longstanding friendship and collaborative working relationship, we discuss how these changed bodily perceptions of shared environments and the human interactions within them are giving rise to personal longings for the ‘spaces between’ ourselves and our surroundings, extending beyond the edges of the screen.
这篇文章由视觉人类学家(艾丽莎·格罗斯曼饰)和视觉艺术家(赛琳娜·金博尔饰)共同撰写,采用了一种合作和自我反射的对话形式。在这本书中,我们探讨了在新冠肺炎封锁期间,特定类型的屏幕互动如何在我们的学术研究和工作室实践中,以及在更广泛的情感、智力和创造性交流过程中,重新配置我们自己的环境和空间亲密体验。透过我们长期友谊和合作工作关系的跨学科视角,我们讨论了这些改变的身体对共享环境的感知以及其中的人类互动是如何产生个人对我们自己和周围环境之间的“空间”的渴望,这种渴望延伸到屏幕的边缘之外。
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引用次数: 0
Book Reviews 书评
IF 1.4 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/aia.2021.280305
Huang CHIN-SHING
Taken for Granted: The Remarkable Power of the Unremarkable Eviatar Zerubavel. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018, ISBN: 978-0-691-17736-6. 160 pp. £16.99.Civil–Military Entanglements: Anthropological Perspectives Birgitte Refslund Sørensen and Eyal Ben-Ari (eds.), Oxford: Berghahn, 2019, ISBN: 978-1-78920-195-6, 324 pp., Hb £99.00. Motor Vehicles, The Environment, and the Human Condition: Driving to Extinction Hans A. Baer, La nham: Lexington, 2019, ISBN 978-1-7936-0488-0, 258 pp., Hb: £65.00.Harassed: Gender, Bodies, and Ethnographic Research Rebecca Hanson and Patricia Richards, Oakland: University of California Press, 2019, ISBN: 978-0-5202-990-47, 230 pp., Pb. £25Tourism and Brexit: Travel, Borders and Identity Hazel Andrews (ed.), Bristol: Channel View Publications, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-84541-790-1. 244 pp.
理所当然:不可标记的埃维亚塔尔·泽鲁巴维尔的非凡力量。牛津:普林斯顿大学出版社,2018,国际标准书号:978-0-691-17736-6。160页,16.99英镑。《军民纠缠:人类学视角》,Birgitte Refslund Sørensen和Eyal Ben Ari(编辑),牛津:Berghahn,2019,ISBN:978-1-78920-195-6324页,Hb 99.00英镑。《机动车辆、环境与人类状况:走向灭绝》Hans A.Baer,《拉纳姆:列克星敦》,2019年,ISBN 978-1-7936-0488-0,258页,Hb:65.00英镑。25英镑旅游与英国脱欧:旅游、边界与身份Hazel Andrews(编辑),布里斯托尔:Channel View Publications,2021,ISBN:978-1-84541-790-1。244页。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Anthropology in Action-Journal for Applied Anthropology in Policy and Practice
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