Ehud Olmert, In Person [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth Books, 2018), 896 pp. Hardback, $42.00.Avi Gil, The Peres Formula: Diary of a Confidant [in Hebrew] (Modi’in: Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir, 2018), 368 pp. Hardback, $28.00.Ehud Barak, My Country, My Life: Fighting for Israel, Searching for Peace (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018), 496 pp. Hardback, $29.99.Anshel Pfeffer, Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu (London: Hurst, 2018), 432 pp. Hardback, $36.95. Kindle, $19.99.
{"title":"A (Bit Disappointing) Portrait of Israeli Leaders in the Twenty-First Century","authors":"Avi Shilon","doi":"10.3167/isr.2019.340208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/isr.2019.340208","url":null,"abstract":"Ehud Olmert, In Person [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth Books, 2018), 896 pp. Hardback, $42.00.Avi Gil, The Peres Formula: Diary of a Confidant [in Hebrew] (Modi’in: Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir, 2018), 368 pp. Hardback, $28.00.Ehud Barak, My Country, My Life: Fighting for Israel, Searching for Peace (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018), 496 pp. Hardback, $29.99.Anshel Pfeffer, Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu (London: Hurst, 2018), 432 pp. Hardback, $36.95. Kindle, $19.99.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86967403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why is Israel world-renowned as the ‘start-up nation’ and a leading source of technological innovation? While existing scholarship focuses on the importance of skill development during Israel Defense Forces (IDF) service, we argue that the key role of the Academic Reserve has been overlooked. Established in the 1950s as part of David Ben-Gurion’s vision for a scientifically and technologically advanced defense force, the Academic Reserve is a special program in which the IDF sends selected high school graduates to earn academic degrees before they complete an extended term of military service. After finishing their service, most participants go on to contribute to Israel’s successful high-tech industry. By focusing on the role of the Academic Reserve, we provide a broader understanding of Israel’s ongoing technological success.
{"title":"The Academic Reserve","authors":"Gil Baram, I. Ben-Israel","doi":"10.3167/isr.2019.340205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/isr.2019.340205","url":null,"abstract":"Why is Israel world-renowned as the ‘start-up nation’ and a leading source of technological innovation? While existing scholarship focuses on the importance of skill development during Israel Defense Forces (IDF) service, we argue that the key role of the Academic Reserve has been overlooked. Established in the 1950s as part of David Ben-Gurion’s vision for a scientifically and technologically advanced defense force, the Academic Reserve is a special program in which the IDF sends selected high school graduates to earn academic degrees before they complete an extended term of military service. After finishing their service, most participants go on to contribute to Israel’s successful high-tech industry. By focusing on the role of the Academic Reserve, we provide a broader understanding of Israel’s ongoing technological success.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76462815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the securitization of delegitimization as a national security threat in Israel. The article contains three elements. First, theoretically, it analyzes legitimacy as a national security asset and delegitimization as a risk to ontological security. Second, it traces the Israeli response to delegitimization, providing an empirically rich account of this approach. Finally, it seeks to provide an assessment, albeit preliminary, of the effectiveness of the Israeli response. It concludes by discussing policy implications, emphasizing the benefits and counterproductive outcomes of an otherwise successful securitization process. Although Israel has had success curbing delegitimization with regard to political elites at the state level, it continues to lose ground with both the grassroots and Western liberal audiences.
{"title":"Delegitimization as a National Security Threat","authors":"Ronnie Olesker","doi":"10.3167/isr.2019.340203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/isr.2019.340203","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the securitization of delegitimization as a national security threat in Israel. The article contains three elements. First, theoretically, it analyzes legitimacy as a national security asset and delegitimization as a risk to ontological security. Second, it traces the Israeli response to delegitimization, providing an empirically rich account of this approach. Finally, it seeks to provide an assessment, albeit preliminary, of the effectiveness of the Israeli response. It concludes by discussing policy implications, emphasizing the benefits and counterproductive outcomes of an otherwise successful securitization process. Although Israel has had success curbing delegitimization with regard to political elites at the state level, it continues to lose ground with both the grassroots and Western liberal audiences.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85976161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article unveils a virtually unknown chapter in the history of judicial diversity in Israel. During its first 20 years of existence, between 1948 and 1968, only three Arab judges were appointed. Then, within two years, between 1968 and 1969, Israel appointed three additional Arab judges. Two interconnected changes account for this small increase in judicial diversity. First, in the 1960s, the Arab legal elite began to exert pressure on Israeli officials to appoint Arab judges. Second, perhaps partly due to this pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee made having a diverse judiciary a top priority. This historical example teaches us that without outside pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee does not look on diversity as an important consideration, using the merit system of appointment as an excuse for its failure. Indeed, up to the present day, the Israeli judiciary has relatively few Arab judges.
{"title":"Appointing Arab Judges to the Courts in Israel, 1948–1969","authors":"G. Lurie","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340104","url":null,"abstract":"This article unveils a virtually unknown chapter in the history\u0000of judicial diversity in Israel. During its first 20 years of existence,\u0000between 1948 and 1968, only three Arab judges were appointed. Then,\u0000within two years, between 1968 and 1969, Israel appointed three additional\u0000Arab judges. Two interconnected changes account for this small\u0000increase in judicial diversity. First, in the 1960s, the Arab legal elite began\u0000to exert pressure on Israeli officials to appoint Arab judges. Second, perhaps\u0000partly due to this pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee made\u0000having a diverse judiciary a top priority. This historical example teaches\u0000us that without outside pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee does\u0000not look on diversity as an important consideration, using the merit system\u0000of appointment as an excuse for its failure. Indeed, up to the present\u0000day, the Israeli judiciary has relatively few Arab judges.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75897149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past two decades, Israeli Orthodox Jewish women filmmakers have used film to speak in a public voice about various subjects that were previously taboo. Although there are aspects of Orthodoxy to which these filmmakers object, they do so as ‘devoted resisters’. Rather than expressing heretical opposition, the women stay committed to Orthodoxy precisely because they are able to use filmmaking to resist. In their negotiations of voice used to ‘justify’ their decision to become filmmakers, the women position themselves as ‘accidental’ filmmakers, thereby remaining within Orthodoxy while critiquing it through their films. Cultural resistance in this case is not carried out as defiance to Orthodox Judaism but rather out of a relationship with it, featuring a form of resistance that insists upon devotion to multiple commitments.
{"title":"Staying and Critiquing","authors":"Valeria Seigelsheifer, Tova Hartman","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340107","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, Israeli Orthodox Jewish women\u0000filmmakers have used film to speak in a public voice about various subjects\u0000that were previously taboo. Although there are aspects of Orthodoxy\u0000to which these filmmakers object, they do so as ‘devoted resisters’. Rather\u0000than expressing heretical opposition, the women stay committed to Orthodoxy\u0000precisely because they are able to use filmmaking to resist. In their\u0000negotiations of voice used to ‘justify’ their decision to become filmmakers,\u0000the women position themselves as ‘accidental’ filmmakers, thereby\u0000remaining within Orthodoxy while critiquing it through their films. Cultural\u0000resistance in this case is not carried out as defiance to Orthodox Judaism\u0000but rather out of a relationship with it, featuring a form of resistance\u0000that insists upon devotion to multiple commitments.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86471435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The notion of having an Arab university in the State of Israel is exceedingly controversial, but also of great value and political and cultural significance. Can such a dream become a reality in a state that defines itself as Jewish, as well as democratic? This article discusses the vision of establishing an Arab university, including the previous attempts to establish one, the barriers and obstacles encountered, the reality of inequality of academic rights, and how this dream might actually be brought to fruition. The creation of an Arab university could represent an important step in serving the needs of Israel’s Arab citizens, promoting their status in the state, and protecting their identity, culture, and even existence.
{"title":"An Arab University in the State of Israel","authors":"Nohad ‘Ali, Rima’a Da’as","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340105","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of having an Arab university in the State of Israel\u0000is exceedingly controversial, but also of great value and political and cultural\u0000significance. Can such a dream become a reality in a state that defines\u0000itself as Jewish, as well as democratic? This article discusses the vision of\u0000establishing an Arab university, including the previous attempts to establish\u0000one, the barriers and obstacles encountered, the reality of inequality\u0000of academic rights, and how this dream might actually be brought to fruition.\u0000The creation of an Arab university could represent an important step\u0000in serving the needs of Israel’s Arab citizens, promoting their status in the\u0000state, and protecting their identity, culture, and even existence.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87101225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Oslo peace process has effectively stalled and failed. In this article I show that by positioning the Oslo process and any political and civic forces involved with it as tainted by irrational and emotional weakness, neo-conservative figures and institutions within Israel have successfully argued for a hyper-masculinized Israeli security paradigm. In this configuration, the process of cooperation and the acknowledgement of Palestinian claims are viewed as weak and reprehensible, while aggressive military strategies, deterrence, and the demand for unequivocal Palestinian acceptance of Israel’s terms are perceived as rational and responsible actions that protect Israeli interests. By conflating security with the state, Israeli political leaders perpetuate the conflict rather than resolve it.
{"title":"The Status Quo and the Feminization of Political Alternatives","authors":"Noa Balf","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340103","url":null,"abstract":"The Oslo peace process has effectively stalled and failed. In\u0000this article I show that by positioning the Oslo process and any political\u0000and civic forces involved with it as tainted by irrational and emotional\u0000weakness, neo-conservative figures and institutions within Israel have\u0000successfully argued for a hyper-masculinized Israeli security paradigm. In\u0000this configuration, the process of cooperation and the acknowledgement of\u0000Palestinian claims are viewed as weak and reprehensible, while aggressive\u0000military strategies, deterrence, and the demand for unequivocal Palestinian\u0000acceptance of Israel’s terms are perceived as rational and responsible\u0000actions that protect Israeli interests. By conflating security with the state,\u0000Israeli political leaders perpetuate the conflict rather than resolve it.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90248335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The failure to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict for many years has often been attributed in significant part to the absence of trust in the sincerity of the other side and, more specifically, to the recalcitrant nature of the opponent. Analyses of past proposals and actual negotiations have pointed out missed opportunities, possibly the result of misperceptions or misunderstandings. Recent archival research, publications, and interviews regarding the Israeli protagonists reveal that actual deception, as distinct from ‘misperception’, may have been at play. The article examines this phenomenon as it has appeared since 1967 in six instances of Israeli government dealings with its own public and with the US or the international community, even in recent months, due primarily to an unwillingness to withdraw from the Occupied Territories or agree to enter serious negotiations for ending the conflict with the Palestinians.
{"title":"Deception and Israeli Peacemaking since 1967","authors":"G. Golan","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340102","url":null,"abstract":"The failure to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict for many years\u0000has often been attributed in significant part to the absence of trust in the\u0000sincerity of the other side and, more specifically, to the recalcitrant nature\u0000of the opponent. Analyses of past proposals and actual negotiations have\u0000pointed out missed opportunities, possibly the result of misperceptions\u0000or misunderstandings. Recent archival research, publications, and interviews\u0000regarding the Israeli protagonists reveal that actual deception, as\u0000distinct from ‘misperception’, may have been at play. The article examines\u0000this phenomenon as it has appeared since 1967 in six instances of Israeli\u0000government dealings with its own public and with the US or the international\u0000community, even in recent months, due primarily to an unwillingness\u0000to withdraw from the Occupied Territories or agree to enter serious\u0000negotiations for ending the conflict with the Palestinians.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78822691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this ethnographic essay, I reflect on the origins and present condition of the new (post-2010) Israeli diaspora in Berlin. Based on 10 months of participant observation, I map out the main sub-streams of this emigration; elicit the economic, professional, and political reasons for leaving Israel; and explore these émigrés’ initial encounter with German society. My observations suggest that many Israeli residents of Berlin (mostly secular) rediscover their Jewishness along diasporic lines and forge ties with the local religious and community organizations. Being a small minority in the German-speaking milieu, Israelis invest in building their own Hebrew-based community networks, including media outlets and cultural and educational institutions. Lastly, I explore these émigrés’ ties with Israel and conclude that many Israelis in Berlin are sojourners rather than immigrants and that Berlin is but one phase in their life journey.
{"title":"The Israeli Diaspora in Berlin","authors":"L. Remennick","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340106","url":null,"abstract":"In this ethnographic essay, I reflect on the origins and present\u0000condition of the new (post-2010) Israeli diaspora in Berlin. Based on\u000010 months of participant observation, I map out the main sub-streams of\u0000this emigration; elicit the economic, professional, and political reasons\u0000for leaving Israel; and explore these émigrés’ initial encounter with\u0000German society. My observations suggest that many Israeli residents of\u0000Berlin (mostly secular) rediscover their Jewishness along diasporic lines\u0000and forge ties with the local religious and community organizations.\u0000Being a small minority in the German-speaking milieu, Israelis invest\u0000in building their own Hebrew-based community networks, including\u0000media outlets and cultural and educational institutions. Lastly, I explore\u0000these émigrés’ ties with Israel and conclude that many Israelis in Berlin\u0000are sojourners rather than immigrants and that Berlin is but one phase\u0000in their life journey.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91378696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While scholars study residential segregation dynamics in order to understand minorities’ assimilation into mainstream society, less is known about these mechanisms in ethno-national migration contexts. This article examines Israel’s demographic dynamics from 1961 to 2008 in order to evaluate and provide a framework for the process of spatial assimilation of Mizrahim and Ashkenazim in the context of segregation from the Palestinian citizens of Israel. By using the Theil index (H), I assess the level of segregation in different geographic layers and then explore how internal migration has reduced spatial distance within the Jewish society. The analysis demonstrates that despite the disadvantaged position of Mizrahim as of 1961, levels of residential segregation had decreased by 1983. Also, boundaries changed from a variance between Mizrahim and Ashkenazim into a variance among Mizrahim only, with those who relocated as the most spatially assimilated group and those who remained as the most segregated one.
{"title":"Residential Segregation in Israel, 1961–2008","authors":"Noga Keidar","doi":"10.3167/ISR.2019.340108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ISR.2019.340108","url":null,"abstract":"While scholars study residential segregation dynamics in\u0000order to understand minorities’ assimilation into mainstream society,\u0000less is known about these mechanisms in ethno-national migration contexts.\u0000This article examines Israel’s demographic dynamics from 1961 to\u00002008 in order to evaluate and provide a framework for the process of spatial\u0000assimilation of Mizrahim and Ashkenazim in the context of segregation\u0000from the Palestinian citizens of Israel. By using the Theil index (H),\u0000I assess the level of segregation in different geographic layers and then\u0000explore how internal migration has reduced spatial distance within the\u0000Jewish society. The analysis demonstrates that despite the disadvantaged\u0000position of Mizrahim as of 1961, levels of residential segregation had\u0000decreased by 1983. Also, boundaries changed from a variance between\u0000Mizrahim and Ashkenazim into a variance among Mizrahim only, with\u0000those who relocated as the most spatially assimilated group and those\u0000who remained as the most segregated one.","PeriodicalId":43582,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies Review","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75740872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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