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In this study, an analytical method was applied for the separation and determination of inorganic and organic arsenic species (As⁺³, As⁺⁵, AsB, MMA) in anchovy, haddock, mussels and prawns using HPLC coupled with ICP-MS. Efficient separation of the arsenic species on the HPLC-ICP-MS system was achieved using 50 mM (NH₄)₂CO₃ at pH 9.50 diluted in 1 % methanol and 0.50 mM EDTA as mobile phase. The arsenic species were extracted from the samples by means of ultrasonically assisted sample preparation. The LOD/LOQ values of the detection system were 0.07/0.22 ng/mL, 0.12/0.41 ng/mL, 0.06/0.22 ng/mL and 0.03/0.11 ng/mL for arsenobetaine (AsB), As⁺³, methylarsonic acid (MMA) and As⁺⁵, respectively. The relative standard deviations calculated for the lowest calibration standards ranged between 1.01 and 7.88 %, verifying good precision for replicate measurements. The accuracy of the method was validated by spike recovery experiments, with recorded recoveries in the range of 85-117 %.The total arsenic content of the extracts was determined by direct ICP-MS analysis. A certificated reference material (NIST-1573A) was analyzed for the total As concentration. The method was successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative determination of AsB, As⁺³, MMA and As⁺⁵ in the seafood samples ranging from 6.0 to 5700 ng/g. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for haddock and anchovies was low, whereas the carcinogenic risk for prawns was relatively high but below the threshold value, according to the risk assessment of the samples.

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy phosphate compound that provides most of the energy needed for the physiological activities of organisms. The abnormal fluctuation of intracellular ATP level is closely related to a variety of physiological diseases. So, the monitoring of ATP levels is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Herein, tetraphenylethylene and triphenylamine fluorophores were employed to synthesize six fluorescent probes with different structures, including TPE-P1, TPE-P2, TPE-P3, TPA-P4, TPA-P5 and TPA-P6. These probes all exhibited the advantages of long-wavelength emission, good biocompatibility and large Stokes shifts. Notably, the nitrogen-containing positively charged site and boric acid group of these probes could be used as ATP recognition groups. Then, the selectivity experiments indicated that TPA-P4 possessed good selectivity and higher fluorescence enhancement degree for ATP compared with the other probes, and was more suitable for detection of ATP. Further, TPA-P4 was successfully applied to the imaging detection of ATP in mitochondria. Importantly, TPA-P4 could also distinguish between normal liver cells (LO2) and liver cancer cells (HepG2) by imaging ATP, which may show great potential applications in tumor diagnosis. It had also been successfully applied to the detection of ATP levels during liver injury and inflammation, which is expected to provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the future.

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are widely used in diverse technological and scientific applications due to their unique optical and catalytic properties. These properties are strongly influenced by the size, shape, composition, and/or concentration of the NPs, which in turn depend on the synthesis conditions. Therefore, the development of simple, cost-effective, and reliable analytical methods for their characterization is essential. In this work, a fit-for-purpose analytical approach based on High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HR-CS GFAAS) was developed to monitor the progress of the photochemical synthesis of Au NPs under different irradiation times, and concentrations of the metal precursor and coating agent. The method enables the discrimination and simultaneous quantification of different Au species (Au (III) ions and Au NPs) and the estimation of NP size using only 20 μL of the synthesised suspension and in a single measurement run, reducing both time and energy consumption. The results obtained with the developed method were in good agreement with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy demonstrating the potential of the GFAAS for both monitoring AuNPs photochemical synthesis and characterization of Au NPs.

This study compares, for the firt time, the use of three different ethylene glycol-based extractant solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the determination of four bisphenols (i.e., BPF, BPA, BPAP, and BPAF) in edible oils by liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC-DAD). The extractants studied were: pure ethylene glycol (EG), a deep eutectic solvent or DES (i.e., chlorine chloride (ChCl) and EG, 1:2 M ratio), and a magnetic deep eutectic solvent or MDES (i.e., ChCl, EG and iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O), 1:4:1 M ratio). Two-step multivariate optimization was performed for EG and DES, while one-step optimization was applied for MDES. The optimal conditions for EG and DES were similar with 50 μL of extractant volume and 1 min of extraction time, except for centrifugation conditions which were 3 min and 370 g-force and 3 min and 832 g-force for EG and DES, respectively. The use of MDES required a higher volume of extractant (i.e., 75 μL) and a longer extraction time (i.e., 4.5 min). The most satisfactory results were achieved using EG, exhibiting adequate linearity (r ≥ 0.990), lower limits of detection (LODs) (i.e., 0.3 μg kg^-1), excellent repeatability (RSD ≤3.2 %) for all analytes and non-significant matrix effects in real edible oil samples (i.e., relative recovery values: 71-121 %). Therefore, pure ethylene glycol is the most suitable extractant when compared to ethylene glycol-based eutectic mixtures and their magnetic variant. This finding underscores the necessity for further exploration of the pure constituents of mixtures as potential extractants.

A novel carbon-based nanozyme has been designed and synthesized via upcycling expired pharmaceutical; gabapentin (GABA) into Fe, N, S-doped carbon dots within 3 min of microwave irradiation. The engineered nanozyme exhibits unique dual oxidase/peroxidase-mimicking activities. Thus, a dual-mode sensing microplate-based platform was introduced. The new nanozyme presents peroxidase-like properties that can catalyze H₂O₂ to produce ¹O₂ species, triggering long-lasting glow-type chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol. The oxidase-mimic activity of the nanozyme was evidenced using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as substrate in the absence of H₂O₂, which turned blue (oxTMB) in acidic pH (λ_max = 655 nm). This innovative dual-signal platform was utilized for the analysis of raloxifene (RLX), which is an estrogen receptor modulator used as an anticancer and anti-osteoporosis drug, in multiple matrices. RLX acts as an inhibitor of nanozyme action, resulting in quenching of the CL signal and fading of the oxTMB blue color. Consequently, the nano-sensing strategy showed excellent ultrasensitive linear ranges of 10.0-2000.0 and 10.0-200.0 ng mL^-1 with remarkably low detection limits of 3.03 and 3.30 ng mL^-1 for the CL and colorimetric methods, respectively. The designed nanosensor was successfully applied for RLX assay in various matrices, involving hospital effluent, tap and river waters, pharmaceuticals, and human urine, with excellent % recovery from 95.20 to 102.10 % in CL and 96.46-104.63 % in colorimetry. The dual-mode signal system performs self-inspection by comparing the detection outcomes of each mode; thus, it grants sensitivity, accuracy, and fidelity. Notably, this strategy eliminates the need for pyrolysis at high temperature, lengthy multistep, and high energy, which distinguishes it from traditional procedures for nanozyme synthesis. It offers an effective new avenue for furnishing sensing platforms from waste used for clinical diagnosis, environmental pollution control, and pharmaceutical monitoring.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections often remain asymptomatic yet can cause severe complications. Although nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) offer high sensitivity, they require expensive equipment unavailable in resource-limited settings. We developed the first application of catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) technology combined with fluorescence immunochromatography assay (FICA) and colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) for CT 16S rRNA detection. We optimized reaction conditions (temperature, pH, probe ratio, and concentration) to minimize background signals and ensure CHA reaction feasibility. Using RT-qPCR as reference standard, we evaluated 38 CT-positive and 62 CT-negative clinical vaginal swab specimens. CHA-FICA achieved a detection limit of 10 fM with 89.47 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity within 25 min. CHA-GICA reached a detection limit of 1 pM with 81.57 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity within 30 min. Both platforms showed excellent concordance with RT-qPCR results: CHA-FICA achieved 96 % accuracy (AUC = 0.988) and CHA-GICA 93 % accuracy (AUC = 0.979). The probes remained stable for up to 5 weeks at -20 °C. This cost-effective nucleic acid detection strategy is suitable for resource-limited settings, providing both theoretical insights and practical tools for early CT diagnosis.

Lead (II) and silver (I) contamination pose serious risks to environmental and human health, requiring efficient detection and remediation strategies. Herein, a functionally tunable molecule with four hydroxy groups and two triazole moieties is introduced. The incorporation of a dansyl fluorophore enabled selective detection, with limits of detection of 38.5 nM for silver ions and 57.7 nM for lead ions. Silver (I) detection was visually apparent through a brownish-yellow color change and a UV peak at 448 nm, ensuring clear visual and spectral differentiation from lead (II) ions. A paper-based sensing strip was developed for rapid, on-site detection, and positive quenching observed in real water samples including lake and tap water further supports its practical adaptability. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime studies confirmed static quenching, while molecular electrostatic potential mapping identified key metal-binding sites. Strong metal coordination by triazole and hydroxy groups facilitated the precipitation of toxic ions from water, serving as an effective removal agent for water decontamination. Beyond sensing, fine-tuning the molecular design by replacing the dansyl group with hydrogen enhanced water solubility, improving biological compatibility. Steady-state fluorescence and molecular docking studies with human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and ribonuclease A revealed strong binding affinities and favorable interaction energies, highlighting the biomedical relevance. This multifunctional platform offers a seamless bridge between environmental remediation and biological applications, demonstrating its broad potential.

The rising prevalence of heart failure (HF) and consequent clinical burden on global health care systems intensified the demand for decentralized, innovative, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Regular assessment of HF-related biomarkers, such as natriuretic peptides, electrolytes, and renal indicators, along with continuous physiological monitoring, is vital to reduce hospitalization and mortality rates. Patient-centered sensing technologies have the potential to revolutionize HF management by enabling better and more personalized prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. This review highlights recent advances in optical sensing technologies for the non-invasive, point-of-care monitoring of HF beyond clinical settings. A critical analysis is provided of key optical technologies - plasmonics, colorimetry, fluorescence, optical fibers, and photoplethysmography, focusing on their analytical performance and integration into personal use platforms. The purpose of this review is to present a synergistic, multiparametric framework for HF monitoring, demonstrating how diverse optical techniques can be integrated to enhance diagnostic value and support decentralized care. Furthermore, the combination of these methods and technologies with innovative and emerging systems such as microfluidics, dermal tattoos, patches, textiles, and smartphone-based interfaces is discussed in the context of enabling real-time, personalized HF management. Current limitations, technological readiness, and future directions for clinical translation are also addressed, offering insights into how optical analytics can reshape chronic disease monitoring beyond the hospital.