Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150473
B. Bailey
My charge – to trace the changing master narrative of ‘ race ’ in US military history over the past forty years – proved confounding. I could easily find the most proxim-ate end of the narrative. Studies of race, or of groups defined through racial or ethnic identity, are currently trending in military history. A study of race and the US military in the Second World War received the 2022 distinguished book award from the Society for Military History: Thomas A. Guglielmo ’ s deeply researched and insightful work, Divisions: A New History of Racism and Resistance in America ’ s World War II Military . 2 And I can list a double handful of scholars, myself included, who are writing on the topic right now. Looking back to the distant past of my own graduate school years – at the University of Chicago from 1980 to 1986
{"title":"Race and the History of the Modern US Military 1","authors":"B. Bailey","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2150473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2150473","url":null,"abstract":"My charge – to trace the changing master narrative of ‘ race ’ in US military history over the past forty years – proved confounding. I could easily find the most proxim-ate end of the narrative. Studies of race, or of groups defined through racial or ethnic identity, are currently trending in military history. A study of race and the US military in the Second World War received the 2022 distinguished book award from the Society for Military History: Thomas A. Guglielmo ’ s deeply researched and insightful work, Divisions: A New History of Racism and Resistance in America ’ s World War II Military . 2 And I can list a double handful of scholars, myself included, who are writing on the topic right now. Looking back to the distant past of my own graduate school years – at the University of Chicago from 1980 to 1986","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"12 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47440886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150477
Michelle R. Moyd
Practically it may be said to include all campaigns other than those where both the opposing sides consist of regular troops. It comprises the expeditions against savages and semi-civilised races by disciplined soldiers, it comprises campaigns undertaken to suppress rebellions and guerrilla warfare in all parts of the world where organized armies are struggling against opponents who will not meet them in the open field … 11
{"title":"African Military Historiography","authors":"Michelle R. Moyd","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2150477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2150477","url":null,"abstract":"Practically it may be said to include all campaigns other than those where both the opposing sides consist of regular troops. It comprises the expeditions against savages and semi-civilised races by disciplined soldiers, it comprises campaigns undertaken to suppress rebellions and guerrilla warfare in all parts of the world where organized armies are struggling against opponents who will not meet them in the open field … 11","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"34 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49428155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150479
A. Seipp
On 8 May 2020, a sombre commemoration took place in the heart of Berlin. It marked the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe. The day was supposed to be an occasion to gather leaders of some of the principal combatants of that struggle, but Covid-19 meant that there would be no crowds and no foreign dignitaries. Instead, the political leadership of the Federal Republic of Germany gathered for a quiet wreath-laying at the austereNeue Wache on the Unter den Linden, in front of K€athe Kollwitz’s Piet a. The German Federal President, Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 1956), gave a speech that emphasised the multiple transformations of Europe since 1945. Reflecting on the slow but steady progress that the successor generations made, he reminded the small audience that:
2020年5月8日，在柏林市中心举行了一场沉痛的纪念活动。它标志着第二次世界大战在欧洲结束75周年。这一天本应是一些主要战斗人员的领导人聚集在一起的机会，但新冠肺炎意味着不会有人群和外国政要。取而代之的是，德意志联邦共和国的政治领导人聚集在林下广场(under den den)的朴素广场，在科尔维茨美术馆(Kollwitz’s Piet a)前安静地敬献了花圈。德国联邦总统弗兰克-瓦尔特施泰因迈尔(Frank-Walter Steinmeier, 1956年出生)发表了演讲，强调了1945年以来欧洲的多次变革。回顾后继几代人取得的缓慢但稳定的进步，他提醒人数不多的听众:
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Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150483
K. D. Vuic
The study of twentieth century US military history has changed dramatically in the last forty years, in no small measure due to the increasing number of historians who approach the field through a focus on war and society and gender history. Once considered ‘ new ’ , these fields are now older than many practising historians and have become common specialisations among them. Whether or not the study of wars, societies, and gender have dismantled any perceived standard narrative of military history, however, might depend on whom you ask. This essay examines how the intertwined fields of war and society and gender history have challenged conventional military history narratives at the individual, institutional, and structural levels. While drawing primarily on recent works about the twentieth century United States, many of the topics, methods, and questions of these approaches also characterise the history of other time periods and other regions of the world. 1 Historians of wars and societies and of gender argue that it is impossible to separate the experiences and institutions of military and wartime service, or even the framing and conduct of war itself, from the societies that mobilise and deploy armed forces. Military histories, they insist, are also histories of gender, of race, class, religion, sex, and region. Nothing about militaries or wars is univer-sal or natural; no decision is made free of social and cultural context. These historians understand the relationship between societies, militaries, and conflict as determinative, inseparable, and mutually constructive. In the context of the United States in particular, they see military and wartime needs as fundamental to all foreign and domestic policies. War and society and gender history, as dedicated historical fields, emerged from the same historiographical developments and are in many ways inseparable. Both
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Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150484
P. Wilson
This article offers a short, critical survey of the 'grand' or 'master' narratives produced since the 1950s by those discussing the history of war in early modern Europe. It examines in turn the War and Society approach, the concept of a Military Revolution, narratives linking political and social impacts, the more recent models of Fiscal Military and Contractor States, and the debates around the nature of military change. It concludes that grand narratives are always flawed, but we need them to relate or compare what would otherwise be a bewildering array of disconnected stories.
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Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150475
D. Graff
Asia, the largest of the continents, is not only vast in physical extent but also amazingly diverse, embracing cultures as different as those of China, India, Japan, and Iran, as well as the nations of Southeast Asia and (in part) the Arab world. As large as it looms for geographers, however, Asia has long been a sort of terra incognita for military historians writing in English and other Western languages. Most of what has been written focuses on just a few episodes defined primarily as conflicts between European or American protagonists and Asiatic opponents, from the Persian invasion of Greece, the Crusades, and the Mongol forays into eastern Europe to the building of the British Raj in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the recent interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan. The focus is usually on the Western side in the conflict, with Asians appearing most often in the role of the exotic Oriental ‘other’. The violence of Asians against other Asians, which accounts for the overwhelming majority of the continent’s martial past, has received much less attention. Apart from the obvious difficulty of mastering the languages and understanding the cultures, the relative neglect of Asian warfare may also be attributed to the persistence of impressions formed during the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, when western militaries, endowed with all the advantages flowing from the industrial revolution and the social and political dynamism that accompanied it, ran roughshod over the forces of Asian states and empires. One of the legacies of the colonial era was that most Asian peoples were perceived as weak and militarily ineffectual, and their ways of war, consequently, were not considered worthy of serious study. This contemptuous attitude permeates the older literature touching on Asian military history. It can be seen, for example, in the 1924 edition of Sir Charles Oman’s classic survey of medieval warfare, in which that eminent British military historian casually dismissed the notion that the Chinese could possibly have been the inventors of gunpowder, and in Barbara Tuchman’s willingness to repeat – in her influential bestseller Stilwell and the American Experience in China – the old chestnut that Chinese warlord armies of the early twentieth century had the habit of suspending their battles to put up umbr-
亚洲是世界上最大的大洲，它不仅幅员辽阔，而且多样性惊人，包括中国、印度、日本和伊朗，以及东南亚国家和(部分)阿拉伯世界的不同文化。然而，尽管亚洲对地理学家来说是一个巨大的隐现，但对于用英语和其他西方语言写作的军事历史学家来说，亚洲长期以来一直是一块未知的领域。所写的大部分内容主要集中在欧洲或美国主角与亚洲对手之间的冲突，从波斯人入侵希腊、十字军东征、蒙古人入侵东欧到英国在印度建立统治、中国的义和团运动、朝鲜战争、越南战争，以及最近对伊拉克和阿富汗的干预。在这场冲突中，焦点通常集中在西方方面，而亚洲人最常扮演的角色是充满异国情调的东方“他者”。亚洲人对其他亚洲人的暴力，在过去的军事冲突中占了绝大多数，却很少受到关注。除了掌握语言和了解文化的明显困难之外，对亚洲战争的相对忽视也可能归因于19世纪和20世纪上半叶形成的持续印象，当时西方军队拥有工业革命带来的所有优势以及随之而来的社会和政治活力，对亚洲国家和帝国的军队粗暴对待。殖民时代的遗产之一是，大多数亚洲人民被认为是软弱的，军事上无能为力，因此，他们的战争方式被认为不值得认真研究。这种轻蔑的态度弥漫在有关亚洲军事史的旧文献中。例如，在1924年版的查尔斯·阿曼爵士(Sir Charles Oman)关于中世纪战争的经典综述中，我们可以看到，这位著名的英国军事历史学家随意驳斥了中国人可能是火药发明者的说法，芭芭拉·塔奇曼愿意在她颇具影响力的畅销书《史迪威与美国在中国的经历》中重复一个老生常谈:20世纪初的中国军阀军队习惯于暂停战斗，以备不时之需要
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Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2023.2150476
Brian McAllister Linn
In the last four decades many of the scholarly norms in American military history have changed beyond recognition. Much of this is due to the contributions of what was then termed the ‘new military history’ and is today referred to as ‘war and society’. Military history is the study of war and the institutions that wage it. Its traditional approach has been narrative and its focus on operations, political-military relations, technology, strategy, the armed forces, and leadership. The new military history/war and society, influenced by interdisciplinary theory, explored such diverse topics as race and gender, the social impact of war, the environment, and culture. Although some believed, and continue to maintain the fields constitute separate, even hostile sub-disciplines, the broad tent of the Society for Military History, the major professional organisation, reflects the consensus and cooperation among most practitioners. Within the community the labels have become largely self-identifiers, providing insight into areas of interest, methodology, and audience rather than the academic version of the Crips and Bloods. My own career reflects this, for in the process of detailing the history of the US Army I would end up writing two books that might be classified as traditional operational history, two that could be termed war and society, and a fifth that is a hybrid. Given my conviction that conflict between military history and war and society, if there ever was one, is moot, this essay will not be yet another attempt to parse out their commonalities and divergencies. Rather, my intention is to examine the evolution of three master narratives: the American Way of War, Huntington’s military professionalism, and counterinsurgency (COIN). They were chosen because each meets three criteria. The first is that they have continued to generate both academic and military interest. Second, all were appropriated, redefined, and politicised by American military intellectuals. Finally, and more idiosyncratic, I was introduced to these particular topics over forty years ago – almost concurrently
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Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2117907
M. Cabrera
The First World War brought a propaganda battle of enormous proportions to Spain. The conflict mobilised a popular debate in the country, and the belligerent powers deployed persuasive campaigns that included films as an instrument of control. Cinema put aside its traditional role of entertainment and turned war material into an ideological weapon. Despite the French monopoly of the Spanish film industry and the limitations imposed by the Spanish Government, Great Britain unleashed film campaigns that spread throughout Spain through private and diplomatic showings. This article examines the British film industry in Spain, analysing its operation and progressive improvement during the First World War.
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Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908
R. Nachtigal
Since the centenary of the beginning of the First World War, many historical studies on Eastern Europe during the war and its aftermath have been published, by eastern European authors as well as in the west. This article provides an overview of recent Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, German and English contributions and sets out trends and various approaches. It generally covers publications between 2014 and early 2022 and takes a closer look at material in German and Slavic languages. It includes descriptive historiography as well as documentary material. Collections of articles are touched upon, but single articles from collections or journals are mentioned only occasionally. Given the abundance of contributions and the restricted space to present them here, this review only examines the war years until the October Revolution in Russia, up to the end of 1917.
{"title":"Current Historiography on Eastern Europe during the First World War: A Review*","authors":"R. Nachtigal","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908","url":null,"abstract":"Since the centenary of the beginning of the First World War, many historical studies on Eastern Europe during the war and its aftermath have been published, by eastern European authors as well as in the west. This article provides an overview of recent Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, German and English contributions and sets out trends and various approaches. It generally covers publications between 2014 and early 2022 and takes a closer look at material in German and Slavic languages. It includes descriptive historiography as well as documentary material. Collections of articles are touched upon, but single articles from collections or journals are mentioned only occasionally. Given the abundance of contributions and the restricted space to present them here, this review only examines the war years until the October Revolution in Russia, up to the end of 1917.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"323 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43286622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-05DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2117900
S. Isaac
In 1141, Queen Matilda III of England and the Empress Matilda were active military commanders in the field against one another, often facing the same risks as their armies. Besides being worthy of attention as one of the rare moments when two women campaigned directly against each another, the conflict also has the advantage of having left enough documents from the women themselves to allow their voices to be heard alongside the gendered narrative of medieval chroniclers. What emerges here is a campaign history that confirms how both medieval men and women accepted the generalship of women, that shows how each woman was prepared by prior experience to manage complex administrations, and how, in the crisis moments of war, they navigated the pressures of medieval warfare.
{"title":"Women in Command: The Matildine War of 1141","authors":"S. Isaac","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2117900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2117900","url":null,"abstract":"In 1141, Queen Matilda III of England and the Empress Matilda were active military commanders in the field against one another, often facing the same risks as their armies. Besides being worthy of attention as one of the rare moments when two women campaigned directly against each another, the conflict also has the advantage of having left enough documents from the women themselves to allow their voices to be heard alongside the gendered narrative of medieval chroniclers. What emerges here is a campaign history that confirms how both medieval men and women accepted the generalship of women, that shows how each woman was prepared by prior experience to manage complex administrations, and how, in the crisis moments of war, they navigated the pressures of medieval warfare.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"247 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47730174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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