Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753
Christopher Thomas Goodwin
Historians have dismantled the myth of the Wars of Liberation as a general, nationalist uprising of the German people against French invaders. Nevertheless, analyses still focus on a connection between a bellicose nationalism and the ‘positive’ emotions of military victory. This article shifts the focus toward the preceding military defeat, occupation, and catastrophe in Prussia. The theory of cultural trauma provides a means of uncovering the very real emotion of fear that drove debate within the public, military, and political spheres. Examining two main groups, nationalists and conservatives, this article argues that each group experienced defeat and occupation as a cultural trauma, but drew different lessons from the past and contrasting visions of the future to overcome trauma — though unexpectedly, military victory did not erase the trauma. This analysis has wider significance for the history of emotions and specifically for the study of the intersection of nationalism and emotion.
{"title":"Surviving Crisis: The Napoleonic Upheavals and the ‘Time of the French’ as Cultural Trauma in Prussia, 1806–1812","authors":"Christopher Thomas Goodwin","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have dismantled the myth of the Wars of Liberation as a general, nationalist uprising of the German people against French invaders. Nevertheless, analyses still focus on a connection between a bellicose nationalism and the ‘positive’ emotions of military victory. This article shifts the focus toward the preceding military defeat, occupation, and catastrophe in Prussia. The theory of cultural trauma provides a means of uncovering the very real emotion of fear that drove debate within the public, military, and political spheres. Examining two main groups, nationalists and conservatives, this article argues that each group experienced defeat and occupation as a cultural trauma, but drew different lessons from the past and contrasting visions of the future to overcome trauma — though unexpectedly, military victory did not erase the trauma. This analysis has wider significance for the history of emotions and specifically for the study of the intersection of nationalism and emotion.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164
S. Walton
The origin of Britain’s annual Armistice Silence is often attributed to South Africa. This article considers the context of the Silence’s supposed origin: Cape Town, May – December 1918. Drawing on recent studies on war and sound history, it considers the Silence’s socio-cultural and affective dimensions, examining the collective statements and values embedded in the discourses about it, its urban staging and co-operative performance, and the instability of its meaning. The Silence was popular in Cape Town, with thousands of Capetonians observing the practice. Yet, the diversity of responses to the war in the city meant that those who participated in the Silence were not necessarily representative of the city as a whole. Nevertheless, it serves as an example of the importance of sound to defining and encouraging local and trans-Empire ideas of community and commemoration in the wartime, urban context.
{"title":"‘The Soul of the City’? Sound Performances and Community in Cape Town’s Two Minutes of Silence During the First World War","authors":"S. Walton","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of Britain’s annual Armistice Silence is often attributed to South Africa. This article considers the context of the Silence’s supposed origin: Cape Town, May – December 1918. Drawing on recent studies on war and sound history, it considers the Silence’s socio-cultural and affective dimensions, examining the collective statements and values embedded in the discourses about it, its urban staging and co-operative performance, and the instability of its meaning. The Silence was popular in Cape Town, with thousands of Capetonians observing the practice. Yet, the diversity of responses to the war in the city meant that those who participated in the Silence were not necessarily representative of the city as a whole. Nevertheless, it serves as an example of the importance of sound to defining and encouraging local and trans-Empire ideas of community and commemoration in the wartime, urban context.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"243 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44784300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172
Jasmine Wood
This article explores the importance of masculinity in the rehabilitation experience of members of the Royal Air Force who were facially disfigured during the Second World War. Other historical work has highlighted the significance of masculinity in the rehabilitation of other groups of disabled veterans, but the experience of the facially disfigured is somewhat neglected. This article investigates the methods employed at Rooksdown House and East Grinstead Hospital where men suffering from burns injuries and disfigurements were both physically and psychologically rehabilitated. It explores the key themes of hospital environment, occupational therapy and relationships. In using oral histories and memoirs this article argues that masculinity and sexuality were key aspects of servicemen’s identity that had to be restored through rehabilitation to ensure their successful reintegration into society.
{"title":"‘Lashings of Grog and Girls’: Masculinity and Sexuality in the Rehabilitation of Facially Disfigured Servicemen in the Second World War","authors":"Jasmine Wood","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the importance of masculinity in the rehabilitation experience of members of the Royal Air Force who were facially disfigured during the Second World War. Other historical work has highlighted the significance of masculinity in the rehabilitation of other groups of disabled veterans, but the experience of the facially disfigured is somewhat neglected. This article investigates the methods employed at Rooksdown House and East Grinstead Hospital where men suffering from burns injuries and disfigurements were both physically and psychologically rehabilitated. It explores the key themes of hospital environment, occupational therapy and relationships. In using oral histories and memoirs this article argues that masculinity and sexuality were key aspects of servicemen’s identity that had to be restored through rehabilitation to ensure their successful reintegration into society.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"296 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170
Thomas Heyen-Dubé
The case of Robert Gordon-Canning highlights the crucial role of culture, both national and institutional, on the development of doctrine by the British Union of Fascists in the interwar period. This article aims to explore in depth the career of Gordon-Canning and present the cultural factors that pushed him to adopt apocalyptic visions of war. These visions of war became the mainstay of foreign and defence polices of the BUF, due to Gordon-Canning’s influential position within the movement.
罗伯特·戈登·坎宁（Robert Gordon Canning）的案例突出了国家和制度文化在两次世界大战期间英国法西斯联盟学说发展中的关键作用。本文旨在深入探讨高登·坎宁的职业生涯，并揭示促使他采用世界末日战争观的文化因素。由于Gordon Canning在运动中的影响力，这些战争愿景成为了BUF外交和国防政策的支柱。
{"title":"Fascism, War and the British Officer Class: The Case of Robert Gordon-Canning","authors":"Thomas Heyen-Dubé","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170","url":null,"abstract":"The case of Robert Gordon-Canning highlights the crucial role of culture, both national and institutional, on the development of doctrine by the British Union of Fascists in the interwar period. This article aims to explore in depth the career of Gordon-Canning and present the cultural factors that pushed him to adopt apocalyptic visions of war. These visions of war became the mainstay of foreign and defence polices of the BUF, due to Gordon-Canning’s influential position within the movement.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"260 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41667210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-27DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165
Foster Chamberlin
The coup attempt of July 1936 that began the Spanish Civil War differed from its predecessors in that the rebel officers sought to remake both the Spanish state and society. The roots of this new brand of military interventionism have been traced to Spain’s colonial wars in Morocco, but this article argues that they extended further back to the rebel officers’ training at Spain’s Infantry Academy, where, in the wake of defeat in the Spanish-American War, Regenerationist reformers within the academy recast the moral training that cadets received so that they felt it was the army’s duty to lead a transformation of Spanish society to return it to the imagined glories of Spain’s past. 1
{"title":"The Roots of the July 1936 Coup: The Rebirth of Military Interventionism in the Spanish Infantry Academy, 1893–19271","authors":"Foster Chamberlin","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165","url":null,"abstract":"The coup attempt of July 1936 that began the Spanish Civil War differed from its predecessors in that the rebel officers sought to remake both the Spanish state and society. The roots of this new brand of military interventionism have been traced to Spain’s colonial wars in Morocco, but this article argues that they extended further back to the rebel officers’ training at Spain’s Infantry Academy, where, in the wake of defeat in the Spanish-American War, Regenerationist reformers within the academy recast the moral training that cadets received so that they felt it was the army’s duty to lead a transformation of Spanish society to return it to the imagined glories of Spain’s past. 1","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"279 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44193390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969173
Akin Alao, Ozinna Tochukwu Ntukogu, Otuu Vincent Uhere
Most of the literature on the Nigerian Civil War is overwhelmingly on the cause or causes, effects and outcome of the war. There are few accounts of battle operations at important theatres of war. The Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) has taken a lead in historicising and documenting this missing operational aspect of the war. Academic research elsewhere in Nigeria has concentrated on other aspects of the war. Since important findings lie hidden and fallow in unpublished theses and dissertations in various universities of Nigeria; they remain unnoticed and unharnessed. Studies at NDA, which focus mainly on the operations of both armies, contain specific operational details about the war not available in earlier works. Such studies are deepening understanding of the military engagements of the thirty-month long civil war.
{"title":"Unpublished Research on the Nigerian Civil War in the Nigerian Defence Academy and Other Nigerian Universities","authors":"Akin Alao, Ozinna Tochukwu Ntukogu, Otuu Vincent Uhere","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969173","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the literature on the Nigerian Civil War is overwhelmingly on the cause or causes, effects and outcome of the war. There are few accounts of battle operations at important theatres of war. The Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) has taken a lead in historicising and documenting this missing operational aspect of the war. Academic research elsewhere in Nigeria has concentrated on other aspects of the war. Since important findings lie hidden and fallow in unpublished theses and dissertations in various universities of Nigeria; they remain unnoticed and unharnessed. Studies at NDA, which focus mainly on the operations of both armies, contain specific operational details about the war not available in earlier works. Such studies are deepening understanding of the military engagements of the thirty-month long civil war.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"315 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47986556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942628
Carmen Winkel
The Gulf War (1990–1991) had a transformative effect on Saudi Arabia and its society. The war brought major ideological changes and allowed its citizens for the first time to voice critique and concern about economic and social problems. Many studies have highlighted the diverse reactions and dilemmas of Saudi people from the crumbling notion of Arab unity to the emergence of the United States to stop the looming invasion of the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Although there is a plethora of studies about the Gulf War, none of them has investigated how ordinary Saudi citizens experienced the war with all its implications. The paper describes what narratives were used by interviewees in oral history interviews when talking about the war and its effect on their lives, families, and worldview.
{"title":"‘Backstabbed by a Friend and Saved by an Enemy’: Narratives of War: The Gulf War in Saudi Oral Histories","authors":"Carmen Winkel","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1942628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942628","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf War (1990–1991) had a transformative effect on Saudi Arabia and its society. The war brought major ideological changes and allowed its citizens for the first time to voice critique and concern about economic and social problems. Many studies have highlighted the diverse reactions and dilemmas of Saudi people from the crumbling notion of Arab unity to the emergence of the United States to stop the looming invasion of the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Although there is a plethora of studies about the Gulf War, none of them has investigated how ordinary Saudi citizens experienced the war with all its implications. The paper describes what narratives were used by interviewees in oral history interviews when talking about the war and its effect on their lives, families, and worldview.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"225 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627
P. Monteath, Katrina Kittel
After the Armistice of September 1943, a large proportion of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) in Italy were released from captivity. This article considers the relatively small number of those men who made their way into the Italian resistance as partisans, drawing in particular on examples of Australian POWs who were in work camps in Piedmont at the time of the Armistice. In doing so it considers not only the circumstances and motivations guiding the POWs to become partisans, but also the factors which persuaded Italian communities and partisan groups to accept Allied POWs among them. The argument draws on Eric Hobsbawm’s notion of ‘social banditry’ to explain the conversion from POW to partisan, while also contending that the phenomenon was complex, dynamic, and best understood from Allied and Italian perspectives.
{"title":"Prisoners of War to Partisans: Australian Experiences in Italy during the Second World War","authors":"P. Monteath, Katrina Kittel","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627","url":null,"abstract":"After the Armistice of September 1943, a large proportion of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) in Italy were released from captivity. This article considers the relatively small number of those men who made their way into the Italian resistance as partisans, drawing in particular on examples of Australian POWs who were in work camps in Piedmont at the time of the Armistice. In doing so it considers not only the circumstances and motivations guiding the POWs to become partisans, but also the factors which persuaded Italian communities and partisan groups to accept Allied POWs among them. The argument draws on Eric Hobsbawm’s notion of ‘social banditry’ to explain the conversion from POW to partisan, while also contending that the phenomenon was complex, dynamic, and best understood from Allied and Italian perspectives.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"188 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41558105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23eCollection Date: 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942626
Aaron Graham
Early modern states faced numerous challenges in supporting their prisoners of war, not least the problems of remitting them money for their subsistence, which had to pass across hostile borders. Examining how the British state achieved this in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) shows the limits of modern scholarship on state formation and its focus on administrative reform and domestic resource mobilisation. The projection of power continued to rely on international Huguenot and even Jacobite financial networks, held together by personal trust and private interests, sometimes even while they were working for the enemy. Success was achieved because British officials were able to tap into these networks through hubs such as London, Amsterdam, Paris and Madrid, and use them to maintain the flow of money abroad.
{"title":"Huguenots, Jacobites, Prisoners and the Challenge of Military Remittances in Early Modern Warfare.","authors":"Aaron Graham","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1942626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early modern states faced numerous challenges in supporting their prisoners of war, not least the problems of remitting them money for their subsistence, which had to pass across hostile borders. Examining how the British state achieved this in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) shows the limits of modern scholarship on state formation and its focus on administrative reform and domestic resource mobilisation. The projection of power continued to rely on international Huguenot and even Jacobite financial networks, held together by personal trust and private interests, sometimes even while they were working for the enemy. Success was achieved because British officials were able to tap into these networks through hubs such as London, Amsterdam, Paris and Madrid, and use them to maintain the flow of money abroad.</p>","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 3","pages":"171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942626","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39333856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942625
T. Bello
This article examines the rationale behind, or motivation, for the Biafran head of government, General Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu’s sustained objection both to proposed mercy corridor and daylight relief flights into Biafra by the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) despite the prevalent starvation in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Ojukwu’s public justification for his objection to the proposals was that there was a possibility that the Nigerian forces could poison the food and medicine destined to Biafra. He also argued that agreement to daylight flights could expose Biafra to bombardment by Nigerian forces. Surprisingly, some scholars have either ignored this aspect of the conflict or accepted Ojukwu’s claims in their analysis of the relief debates. Using mainly archival sources and interviews, this paper argues that while it may be possible for Biafra’s infrastructure to be attacked by federal forces, Ojukwu’s main reason of objection to the proposals was to keep open the lines through which Biafra was receiving its arms and ammunition from external sources.
{"title":"Ojukwu’s Biafra: Relief Corridor, Arms Smuggling, and Broken Diplomacy in the Nigerian Civil War","authors":"T. Bello","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1942625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942625","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the rationale behind, or motivation, for the Biafran head of government, General Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu’s sustained objection both to proposed mercy corridor and daylight relief flights into Biafra by the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) despite the prevalent starvation in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Ojukwu’s public justification for his objection to the proposals was that there was a possibility that the Nigerian forces could poison the food and medicine destined to Biafra. He also argued that agreement to daylight flights could expose Biafra to bombardment by Nigerian forces. Surprisingly, some scholars have either ignored this aspect of the conflict or accepted Ojukwu’s claims in their analysis of the relief debates. Using mainly archival sources and interviews, this paper argues that while it may be possible for Biafra’s infrastructure to be attacked by federal forces, Ojukwu’s main reason of objection to the proposals was to keep open the lines through which Biafra was receiving its arms and ammunition from external sources.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"206 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1942625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44334327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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