Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046344
Mesut Uyar, S. Güvenç
Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation.
{"title":"A tale of two military missions: The Germans in the Ottoman Empire and the Americans in the Republic of Turkey","authors":"Mesut Uyar, S. Güvenç","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2046344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2046344","url":null,"abstract":"Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"85 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47663933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752
J. Gill
Despite the large literature on the Napoleonic wars, many key subjects remain unexplored in English language scholarship. This article reviews recent (approximately the past ten years) Anglophone military history scholarship addressing the European dimensions of the Napoleonic era to offer suggestions for future research.
{"title":"From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history","authors":"J. Gill","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the large literature on the Napoleonic wars, many key subjects remain unexplored in English language scholarship. This article reviews recent (approximately the past ten years) Anglophone military history scholarship addressing the European dimensions of the Napoleonic era to offer suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"69 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42734019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021751
H. D. Akarca
The Russian Caucasian army occupied a considerable territory of the Ottoman empire during the First World War from 1915 until the withdrawal of the Russian military forces in 1918, after Soviet Russia’s acceptance of the victory of the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. The Russian military, the Russian administration in the Caucasus, the Russian Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture had differing views on the future of the occupied territories regarding their annexation to the Russian empire. Officially the area was declared to be ‘Areas of Turkey Occupied in Accordance with the Law of War’, in which the Russian occupying powers had the right to implement all policies to ensure public order but also had to respect the laws in force in the country. Despite the lack of a policy of immediate annexation, several factors led to a quick transformation of Ottoman territory into a Russian territory. The Ottoman state had lost several important cities in the course of the Balkan wars in 1912–13 which also rapidly lost their Ottoman characteristics. The transformation of Ottoman cities in the Balkans was driven by nationalist policies and accompanied by ethnic cleansing of Muslim populations. The transformation that happened in the territory under the occupation of Russian Caucasian Army was an imperial transformation as will be analysed in this article, using a case study of the coastal Ottoman city of Trabzon.
{"title":"The Imperial Transformation of a Russian-Occupied Ottoman City during the First World War","authors":"H. D. Akarca","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021751","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian Caucasian army occupied a considerable territory of the Ottoman empire during the First World War from 1915 until the withdrawal of the Russian military forces in 1918, after Soviet Russia’s acceptance of the victory of the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. The Russian military, the Russian administration in the Caucasus, the Russian Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture had differing views on the future of the occupied territories regarding their annexation to the Russian empire. Officially the area was declared to be ‘Areas of Turkey Occupied in Accordance with the Law of War’, in which the Russian occupying powers had the right to implement all policies to ensure public order but also had to respect the laws in force in the country. Despite the lack of a policy of immediate annexation, several factors led to a quick transformation of Ottoman territory into a Russian territory. The Ottoman state had lost several important cities in the course of the Balkan wars in 1912–13 which also rapidly lost their Ottoman characteristics. The transformation of Ottoman cities in the Balkans was driven by nationalist policies and accompanied by ethnic cleansing of Muslim populations. The transformation that happened in the territory under the occupation of Russian Caucasian Army was an imperial transformation as will be analysed in this article, using a case study of the coastal Ottoman city of Trabzon.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"21 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47297156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021754
Kathryn Hurlock
During the Second World War, the disruption and shortages of wartime life had a significant impact on the ability of Catholics to engage with their usual practice of pilgrimage in many parts of Europe. Transport was difficult, accommodation and sustenance lacking, many sites inaccessible, and some pilgrims viewed with suspicion. Yet wartime pilgrimages were popular, as people prayed for peace, appealed for aid for their friends and family, sought spiritual support, maintained the bonds of the Catholic community, and even promoted political messages. Despite the widespread nature of these pilgrimages, they have only been considered in a local or national context. This article examines wartime pilgrimages across Europe for the first time to determine how and why they were affected by war, and how this reflected wider debates about the impact of war on religious belief and practice.
{"title":"Peace, Politics, and Piety: Catholic Pilgrimage in Wartime Europe, 1939–1945","authors":"Kathryn Hurlock","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021754","url":null,"abstract":"During the Second World War, the disruption and shortages of wartime life had a significant impact on the ability of Catholics to engage with their usual practice of pilgrimage in many parts of Europe. Transport was difficult, accommodation and sustenance lacking, many sites inaccessible, and some pilgrims viewed with suspicion. Yet wartime pilgrimages were popular, as people prayed for peace, appealed for aid for their friends and family, sought spiritual support, maintained the bonds of the Catholic community, and even promoted political messages. Despite the widespread nature of these pilgrimages, they have only been considered in a local or national context. This article examines wartime pilgrimages across Europe for the first time to determine how and why they were affected by war, and how this reflected wider debates about the impact of war on religious belief and practice.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"36 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021756
Bafumiki Mocheregwa
This article highlights some key aspects in the development of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF), in particular the politics surrounding its major arms purchases during the late Cold War period and afterwards. It argues that between 1980 and 1990 the BDF’s attempts to bolster its lethal capabilities in response to growing regional contentions were stifled by political pressure emanating from apartheid South Africa, the region’s superpower. During the 1980s, the South African government had ramped up its efforts to destabilise neighbouring countries that were sympathetic to the African National Congress (ANC) including Botswana. In light of this coercive environment, the BDF’s policy of procuring armaments was driven by the regional security context within the Cold War but was also complicated by the geopolitics of the continent. The article also explores the post-Cold War political dynamics following the independence of South West Africa (now Namibia) and the end of apartheid in South Africa. While these two key events and Botswana’s good diamond revenues favoured a more expansive procurement policy for the BDF, they presented new challenges to BDF efforts to develop certain lethal capabilities.
{"title":"The Botswana Defence Force’s Policy of Arms Procurement in the Late Cold War Period and beyond","authors":"Bafumiki Mocheregwa","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021756","url":null,"abstract":"This article highlights some key aspects in the development of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF), in particular the politics surrounding its major arms purchases during the late Cold War period and afterwards. It argues that between 1980 and 1990 the BDF’s attempts to bolster its lethal capabilities in response to growing regional contentions were stifled by political pressure emanating from apartheid South Africa, the region’s superpower. During the 1980s, the South African government had ramped up its efforts to destabilise neighbouring countries that were sympathetic to the African National Congress (ANC) including Botswana. In light of this coercive environment, the BDF’s policy of procuring armaments was driven by the regional security context within the Cold War but was also complicated by the geopolitics of the continent. The article also explores the post-Cold War political dynamics following the independence of South West Africa (now Namibia) and the end of apartheid in South Africa. While these two key events and Botswana’s good diamond revenues favoured a more expansive procurement policy for the BDF, they presented new challenges to BDF efforts to develop certain lethal capabilities.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"53 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42166936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753
Christopher Thomas Goodwin
Historians have dismantled the myth of the Wars of Liberation as a general, nationalist uprising of the German people against French invaders. Nevertheless, analyses still focus on a connection between a bellicose nationalism and the ‘positive’ emotions of military victory. This article shifts the focus toward the preceding military defeat, occupation, and catastrophe in Prussia. The theory of cultural trauma provides a means of uncovering the very real emotion of fear that drove debate within the public, military, and political spheres. Examining two main groups, nationalists and conservatives, this article argues that each group experienced defeat and occupation as a cultural trauma, but drew different lessons from the past and contrasting visions of the future to overcome trauma — though unexpectedly, military victory did not erase the trauma. This analysis has wider significance for the history of emotions and specifically for the study of the intersection of nationalism and emotion.
{"title":"Surviving Crisis: The Napoleonic Upheavals and the ‘Time of the French’ as Cultural Trauma in Prussia, 1806–1812","authors":"Christopher Thomas Goodwin","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2021753","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have dismantled the myth of the Wars of Liberation as a general, nationalist uprising of the German people against French invaders. Nevertheless, analyses still focus on a connection between a bellicose nationalism and the ‘positive’ emotions of military victory. This article shifts the focus toward the preceding military defeat, occupation, and catastrophe in Prussia. The theory of cultural trauma provides a means of uncovering the very real emotion of fear that drove debate within the public, military, and political spheres. Examining two main groups, nationalists and conservatives, this article argues that each group experienced defeat and occupation as a cultural trauma, but drew different lessons from the past and contrasting visions of the future to overcome trauma — though unexpectedly, military victory did not erase the trauma. This analysis has wider significance for the history of emotions and specifically for the study of the intersection of nationalism and emotion.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164
S. Walton
The origin of Britain’s annual Armistice Silence is often attributed to South Africa. This article considers the context of the Silence’s supposed origin: Cape Town, May – December 1918. Drawing on recent studies on war and sound history, it considers the Silence’s socio-cultural and affective dimensions, examining the collective statements and values embedded in the discourses about it, its urban staging and co-operative performance, and the instability of its meaning. The Silence was popular in Cape Town, with thousands of Capetonians observing the practice. Yet, the diversity of responses to the war in the city meant that those who participated in the Silence were not necessarily representative of the city as a whole. Nevertheless, it serves as an example of the importance of sound to defining and encouraging local and trans-Empire ideas of community and commemoration in the wartime, urban context.
{"title":"‘The Soul of the City’? Sound Performances and Community in Cape Town’s Two Minutes of Silence During the First World War","authors":"S. Walton","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969164","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of Britain’s annual Armistice Silence is often attributed to South Africa. This article considers the context of the Silence’s supposed origin: Cape Town, May – December 1918. Drawing on recent studies on war and sound history, it considers the Silence’s socio-cultural and affective dimensions, examining the collective statements and values embedded in the discourses about it, its urban staging and co-operative performance, and the instability of its meaning. The Silence was popular in Cape Town, with thousands of Capetonians observing the practice. Yet, the diversity of responses to the war in the city meant that those who participated in the Silence were not necessarily representative of the city as a whole. Nevertheless, it serves as an example of the importance of sound to defining and encouraging local and trans-Empire ideas of community and commemoration in the wartime, urban context.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"243 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44784300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172
Jasmine Wood
This article explores the importance of masculinity in the rehabilitation experience of members of the Royal Air Force who were facially disfigured during the Second World War. Other historical work has highlighted the significance of masculinity in the rehabilitation of other groups of disabled veterans, but the experience of the facially disfigured is somewhat neglected. This article investigates the methods employed at Rooksdown House and East Grinstead Hospital where men suffering from burns injuries and disfigurements were both physically and psychologically rehabilitated. It explores the key themes of hospital environment, occupational therapy and relationships. In using oral histories and memoirs this article argues that masculinity and sexuality were key aspects of servicemen’s identity that had to be restored through rehabilitation to ensure their successful reintegration into society.
{"title":"‘Lashings of Grog and Girls’: Masculinity and Sexuality in the Rehabilitation of Facially Disfigured Servicemen in the Second World War","authors":"Jasmine Wood","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the importance of masculinity in the rehabilitation experience of members of the Royal Air Force who were facially disfigured during the Second World War. Other historical work has highlighted the significance of masculinity in the rehabilitation of other groups of disabled veterans, but the experience of the facially disfigured is somewhat neglected. This article investigates the methods employed at Rooksdown House and East Grinstead Hospital where men suffering from burns injuries and disfigurements were both physically and psychologically rehabilitated. It explores the key themes of hospital environment, occupational therapy and relationships. In using oral histories and memoirs this article argues that masculinity and sexuality were key aspects of servicemen’s identity that had to be restored through rehabilitation to ensure their successful reintegration into society.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"296 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170
Thomas Heyen-Dubé
The case of Robert Gordon-Canning highlights the crucial role of culture, both national and institutional, on the development of doctrine by the British Union of Fascists in the interwar period. This article aims to explore in depth the career of Gordon-Canning and present the cultural factors that pushed him to adopt apocalyptic visions of war. These visions of war became the mainstay of foreign and defence polices of the BUF, due to Gordon-Canning’s influential position within the movement.
罗伯特·戈登·坎宁（Robert Gordon Canning）的案例突出了国家和制度文化在两次世界大战期间英国法西斯联盟学说发展中的关键作用。本文旨在深入探讨高登·坎宁的职业生涯，并揭示促使他采用世界末日战争观的文化因素。由于Gordon Canning在运动中的影响力，这些战争愿景成为了BUF外交和国防政策的支柱。
{"title":"Fascism, War and the British Officer Class: The Case of Robert Gordon-Canning","authors":"Thomas Heyen-Dubé","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170","url":null,"abstract":"The case of Robert Gordon-Canning highlights the crucial role of culture, both national and institutional, on the development of doctrine by the British Union of Fascists in the interwar period. This article aims to explore in depth the career of Gordon-Canning and present the cultural factors that pushed him to adopt apocalyptic visions of war. These visions of war became the mainstay of foreign and defence polices of the BUF, due to Gordon-Canning’s influential position within the movement.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"260 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41667210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-27DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165
Foster Chamberlin
The coup attempt of July 1936 that began the Spanish Civil War differed from its predecessors in that the rebel officers sought to remake both the Spanish state and society. The roots of this new brand of military interventionism have been traced to Spain’s colonial wars in Morocco, but this article argues that they extended further back to the rebel officers’ training at Spain’s Infantry Academy, where, in the wake of defeat in the Spanish-American War, Regenerationist reformers within the academy recast the moral training that cadets received so that they felt it was the army’s duty to lead a transformation of Spanish society to return it to the imagined glories of Spain’s past. 1
{"title":"The Roots of the July 1936 Coup: The Rebirth of Military Interventionism in the Spanish Infantry Academy, 1893–19271","authors":"Foster Chamberlin","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165","url":null,"abstract":"The coup attempt of July 1936 that began the Spanish Civil War differed from its predecessors in that the rebel officers sought to remake both the Spanish state and society. The roots of this new brand of military interventionism have been traced to Spain’s colonial wars in Morocco, but this article argues that they extended further back to the rebel officers’ training at Spain’s Infantry Academy, where, in the wake of defeat in the Spanish-American War, Regenerationist reformers within the academy recast the moral training that cadets received so that they felt it was the army’s duty to lead a transformation of Spanish society to return it to the imagined glories of Spain’s past. 1","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"279 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44193390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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