War & Society最新文献

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‘Lashings of Grog and Girls’: Masculinity and Sexuality in the Rehabilitation of Facially Disfigured Servicemen in the Second World War “对Grog和Girls的鞭笞”：第二次世界大战中面部畸形军人康复中的男性化和性

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969172

Jasmine Wood

This article explores the importance of masculinity in the rehabilitation experience of members of the Royal Air Force who were facially disfigured during the Second World War. Other historical work has highlighted the significance of masculinity in the rehabilitation of other groups of disabled veterans, but the experience of the facially disfigured is somewhat neglected. This article investigates the methods employed at Rooksdown House and East Grinstead Hospital where men suffering from burns injuries and disfigurements were both physically and psychologically rehabilitated. It explores the key themes of hospital environment, occupational therapy and relationships. In using oral histories and memoirs this article argues that masculinity and sexuality were key aspects of servicemen’s identity that had to be restored through rehabilitation to ensure their successful reintegration into society.

本文探讨了男性气质在第二次世界大战期间面部毁容的英国皇家空军成员康复经历中的重要性。其他历史著作也强调了男性气质在其他残疾退伍军人群体康复中的重要性，但面部毁容者的经历在某种程度上被忽视了。本文调查了Rooksdown House和East Grinstead医院采用的方法，在这些医院，烧伤和毁容的男性都得到了身体和心理上的康复。它探讨了医院环境、职业治疗和关系等关键主题。通过使用口述历史和回忆录，本文认为，男性气质和性取向是军人身份的关键方面，必须通过康复来恢复，以确保他们成功地重新融入社会。

引用次数: 0

Fascism, War and the British Officer Class: The Case of Robert Gordon-Canning 法西斯主义、战争与英国军官阶级——以罗伯特·戈登·坎宁为例

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969170

Thomas Heyen-Dubé

The case of Robert Gordon-Canning highlights the crucial role of culture, both national and institutional, on the development of doctrine by the British Union of Fascists in the interwar period. This article aims to explore in depth the career of Gordon-Canning and present the cultural factors that pushed him to adopt apocalyptic visions of war. These visions of war became the mainstay of foreign and defence polices of the BUF, due to Gordon-Canning’s influential position within the movement.

罗伯特·戈登·坎宁（Robert Gordon Canning）的案例突出了国家和制度文化在两次世界大战期间英国法西斯联盟学说发展中的关键作用。本文旨在深入探讨高登·坎宁的职业生涯，并揭示促使他采用世界末日战争观的文化因素。由于Gordon Canning在运动中的影响力，这些战争愿景成为了BUF外交和国防政策的支柱。

引用次数: 1

The Roots of the July 1936 Coup: The Rebirth of Military Interventionism in the Spanish Infantry Academy, 1893–19271 1936年7月政变的根源:军事干涉主义在西班牙步兵学院的重生，1893-19271

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-08-27 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969165

Foster Chamberlin

The coup attempt of July 1936 that began the Spanish Civil War differed from its predecessors in that the rebel officers sought to remake both the Spanish state and society. The roots of this new brand of military interventionism have been traced to Spain’s colonial wars in Morocco, but this article argues that they extended further back to the rebel officers’ training at Spain’s Infantry Academy, where, in the wake of defeat in the Spanish-American War, Regenerationist reformers within the academy recast the moral training that cadets received so that they felt it was the army’s duty to lead a transformation of Spanish society to return it to the imagined glories of Spain’s past. 1

1936年7月的政变引发了西班牙内战，与之前的政变不同的是，反叛军官试图重塑西班牙的国家和社会。这种新型军事干预主义的根源可以追溯到西班牙在摩洛哥的殖民战争，但本文认为，它们可以进一步追溯到西班牙步兵学院的叛军军官训练，在美西战争失败后，学院内的复兴主义改革者重新定义了学员接受的道德训练，使他们觉得军队有责任领导西班牙社会的变革，使其恢复到西班牙过去想象中的辉煌。1

引用次数: 0

Unpublished Research on the Nigerian Civil War in the Nigerian Defence Academy and Other Nigerian Universities 尼日利亚国防学院和其他尼日利亚大学关于尼日利亚内战的未发表研究

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1969173

Akin Alao, Ozinna Tochukwu Ntukogu, Otuu Vincent Uhere

Most of the literature on the Nigerian Civil War is overwhelmingly on the cause or causes, effects and outcome of the war. There are few accounts of battle operations at important theatres of war. The Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) has taken a lead in historicising and documenting this missing operational aspect of the war. Academic research elsewhere in Nigeria has concentrated on other aspects of the war. Since important findings lie hidden and fallow in unpublished theses and dissertations in various universities of Nigeria; they remain unnoticed and unharnessed. Studies at NDA, which focus mainly on the operations of both armies, contain specific operational details about the war not available in earlier works. Such studies are deepening understanding of the military engagements of the thirty-month long civil war.

大多数关于尼日利亚内战的文献绝大多数都是关于战争的起因，影响和结果。很少有关于重要战场作战行动的记载。尼日利亚国防学院(NDA)率先将战争中这一缺失的作战方面历史化并记录下来。尼日利亚其他地方的学术研究集中在战争的其他方面。因为重要的发现隐藏在尼日利亚各大学未发表的论文中;他们不被注意，也不受控制。NDA的研究主要集中在两军的作战上，包含了早期作品中没有的关于战争的具体作战细节。这些研究加深了对长达30个月的内战的军事交战的理解。

引用次数: 0

‘Backstabbed by a Friend and Saved by an Enemy’: Narratives of War: The Gulf War in Saudi Oral Histories “被朋友背着，被敌人救了”：战争叙事：沙特口述历史中的海湾战争

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942628

Carmen Winkel

The Gulf War (1990–1991) had a transformative effect on Saudi Arabia and its society. The war brought major ideological changes and allowed its citizens for the first time to voice critique and concern about economic and social problems. Many studies have highlighted the diverse reactions and dilemmas of Saudi people from the crumbling notion of Arab unity to the emergence of the United States to stop the looming invasion of the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Although there is a plethora of studies about the Gulf War, none of them has investigated how ordinary Saudi citizens experienced the war with all its implications. The paper describes what narratives were used by interviewees in oral history interviews when talking about the war and its effect on their lives, families, and worldview.

海湾战争（1990-1991）对沙特阿拉伯及其社会产生了变革性影响。这场战争带来了重大的意识形态变革，使其公民首次表达了对经济和社会问题的批评和担忧。许多研究强调了沙特人民的不同反应和困境，从阿拉伯团结的崩溃观念到美国的出现，以阻止伊拉克领导人萨达姆·侯赛因即将到来的入侵。尽管有大量关于海湾战争的研究，但没有一项研究调查过普通沙特公民是如何经历这场战争的。本文描述了受访者在口述历史采访中谈论战争及其对他们生活、家庭和世界观的影响时使用的叙事。

引用次数: 1

Prisoners of War to Partisans: Australian Experiences in Italy during the Second World War 从战俘到游击队:第二次世界大战期间澳大利亚人在意大利的经历

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942627

P. Monteath, Katrina Kittel

After the Armistice of September 1943, a large proportion of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) in Italy were released from captivity. This article considers the relatively small number of those men who made their way into the Italian resistance as partisans, drawing in particular on examples of Australian POWs who were in work camps in Piedmont at the time of the Armistice. In doing so it considers not only the circumstances and motivations guiding the POWs to become partisans, but also the factors which persuaded Italian communities and partisan groups to accept Allied POWs among them. The argument draws on Eric Hobsbawm’s notion of ‘social banditry’ to explain the conversion from POW to partisan, while also contending that the phenomenon was complex, dynamic, and best understood from Allied and Italian perspectives.

1943年9月停战后，在意大利的盟军战俘中有很大一部分被释放。这篇文章认为，进入意大利抵抗运动的人数相对较少的人是游击队员，特别是以停战时在皮埃蒙特劳改营的澳大利亚战俘为例。在这样做的过程中，它不仅考虑了引导战俘成为游击队员的环境和动机，还考虑了说服意大利社区和党派团体接受盟军战俘的因素。这一论点借鉴了埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆的“社会土匪”概念来解释从战俘向党派的转变，同时也认为这种现象是复杂的、动态的，最好从盟军和意大利的角度来理解。

引用次数: 0

Huguenots, Jacobites, Prisoners and the Challenge of Military Remittances in Early Modern Warfare. 胡格诺派教徒、詹姆斯派教徒、囚犯和近代早期战争中军事汇款的挑战。

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-06-23 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942626

Aaron Graham

Early modern states faced numerous challenges in supporting their prisoners of war, not least the problems of remitting them money for their subsistence, which had to pass across hostile borders. Examining how the British state achieved this in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) shows the limits of modern scholarship on state formation and its focus on administrative reform and domestic resource mobilisation. The projection of power continued to rely on international Huguenot and even Jacobite financial networks, held together by personal trust and private interests, sometimes even while they were working for the enemy. Success was achieved because British officials were able to tap into these networks through hubs such as London, Amsterdam, Paris and Madrid, and use them to maintain the flow of money abroad.

早期的现代国家在支持他们的战俘方面面临着许多挑战，尤其是向他们汇钱以维持生计的问题，这些钱必须越过敌对的边界。考察英国在西班牙王位继承战争(1702- 1713)中是如何实现这一目标的，可以发现现代学术在国家形成及其对行政改革和国内资源动员的关注方面的局限性。权力的投射继续依赖于胡格诺派甚至詹姆斯派的国际金融网络，这些网络由个人信任和私人利益维系在一起，有时甚至是在他们为敌人工作的时候。之所以取得成功，是因为英国官员能够通过伦敦、阿姆斯特丹、巴黎和马德里等中心进入这些网络，并利用它们维持资金的海外流动。

引用次数: 1

Ojukwu’s Biafra: Relief Corridor, Arms Smuggling, and Broken Diplomacy in the Nigerian Civil War Ojukwu的Biafra：尼日利亚内战中的救济走廊、军火走私和支离破碎的外交

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1942625

T. Bello

This article examines the rationale behind, or motivation, for the Biafran head of government, General Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu’s sustained objection both to proposed mercy corridor and daylight relief flights into Biafra by the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) despite the prevalent starvation in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Ojukwu’s public justification for his objection to the proposals was that there was a possibility that the Nigerian forces could poison the food and medicine destined to Biafra. He also argued that agreement to daylight flights could expose Biafra to bombardment by Nigerian forces. Surprisingly, some scholars have either ignored this aspect of the conflict or accepted Ojukwu’s claims in their analysis of the relief debates. Using mainly archival sources and interviews, this paper argues that while it may be possible for Biafra’s infrastructure to be attacked by federal forces, Ojukwu’s main reason of objection to the proposals was to keep open the lines through which Biafra was receiving its arms and ammunition from external sources.

这篇文章探讨了比亚夫拉政府首脑Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu将军持续反对红十字国际委员会（ICRC）提议的仁慈走廊和进入比亚夫拉市的日间救援航班的理由或动机，尽管尼日利亚内战期间比亚夫拉普遍存在饥饿。Ojukwu反对这些提议的公开理由是，尼日利亚军队有可能对运往比亚夫拉的食品和药品下毒。他还辩称，同意白天飞行可能会使比亚夫拉面临尼日利亚军队的轰炸。令人惊讶的是，一些学者在分析救济辩论时，要么忽略了冲突的这一方面，要么接受了Ojukwu的主张。本文主要利用档案来源和采访，认为虽然比亚夫拉的基础设施可能受到联邦部队的袭击，但奥朱克武反对这些提议的主要原因是保持比亚夫拉从外部来源接收武器弹药的线路畅通。

引用次数: 0

High Politics in a Small Country: Belgian-Russian Military Relations in War and Revolution 小国的高级政治:战争与革命中的比利时-俄国军事关系

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-06-20 DOI: 10.52500/UNAZ4484

W. Coudenys

引用次数: 0

‘Like the Wild Beast after the Taste of Blood’: War, Hunting, and Racialised Discourse in Southern Africa in the 19th Century 《就像嗜血后的野兽》:19世纪南部非洲的战争、狩猎和种族化话语

IF 0.4 3区历史学

War & Society

Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1906408

D. Webb

Historians of colonial conquest have explored the emergence of various manifestations of racialised discourse about Africans during the numerous colonial wars in Southern Africa. To a slightly lesser extent they have also examined the impact of colonial conquest on the environment. The interconnectedness of the two has been less fully examined. One of the consequences of colonial expansion in what is now South Africa’s Eastern Cape province was the emergence of a distinctive military discourse on Africans in general and the Xhosa in particular. Another was the destruction of large mammals previously endemic to the area. Hunting was part of the dominant masculine military ethos and the colonial record is replete with numerous examples of the close connection between colonial wars and hunting. The same record also contains accounts blaming indigenous people for the decline in wild animals – often simultaneously detailing the mass slaughter of animals by the narrators. This article argues that military attitudes to fauna and to indigenous people were interconnected and fed into a racialised discourse that had an impact beyond the military.

殖民征服的历史学家探索了在南部非洲的无数殖民战争中，关于非洲人的种族主义言论的各种表现形式的出现。在稍小的程度上，他们还研究了殖民征服对环境的影响。两者之间的相互联系还没有得到充分的研究。在现在的南非东开普省，殖民扩张的后果之一是出现了一种针对非洲人，特别是科萨人的独特军事言论。另一个原因是该地区以前特有的大型哺乳动物遭到破坏。狩猎是占主导地位的男性军事精神的一部分，殖民地的记录中充满了殖民战争和狩猎之间密切联系的许多例子。同一份记录也包含了将野生动物数量减少归咎于土著人的描述——通常同时详细描述了叙述者对动物的大规模屠杀。这篇文章认为，军队对动物和土著人民的态度是相互关联的，并被灌输到一种种族化的话语中，这种话语的影响超出了军队。

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