Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1906438
Matthew P. Johnson
The introduction of sport in captivity during the Second World War helped to transform the prisoner-of-war camp and the wider prison community into something more familiar. A significant aspect of this transformation was the physical recreation of playing fields in many camps. These fields had elements of familiarity which lessened the foreignness of the camp space. This article analyses how participation in sport helped New Zealand prisoners resist the strangeness of captivity. It also discusses how the men’s sporting experiences extended beyond the playing fields and allowed their loved ones back at home to know that they were all right.
{"title":"Recreating the playing fields: New Zealand prisoners of war and sport during the Second World War","authors":"Matthew P. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1906438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906438","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of sport in captivity during the Second World War helped to transform the prisoner-of-war camp and the wider prison community into something more familiar. A significant aspect of this transformation was the physical recreation of playing fields in many camps. These fields had elements of familiarity which lessened the foreignness of the camp space. This article analyses how participation in sport helped New Zealand prisoners resist the strangeness of captivity. It also discusses how the men’s sporting experiences extended beyond the playing fields and allowed their loved ones back at home to know that they were all right.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41734536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1906428
K. Friese
The history of the warship Zhenyuan/Chin’en 鎮遠 built in Germany for the Chinese navy and captured by the Japanese in 1895 during the First Sino-Japanese War is depicted in several different types of art works: not only multiple Japanese woodblock prints but also Chinese and Western illustrations show scenes involving this battleship. Combining these art works with historical accounts allows one to capture the significance of the ship as a symbol of national pride and identity of the different nations involved in its transnational history.
{"title":"The German-Chinese-Japanese Warship: Representations of National Identity and Cultural Significance of War in Art, c. 1885–1896","authors":"K. Friese","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1906428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906428","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the warship Zhenyuan/Chin’en 鎮遠 built in Germany for the Chinese navy and captured by the Japanese in 1895 during the First Sino-Japanese War is depicted in several different types of art works: not only multiple Japanese woodblock prints but also Chinese and Western illustrations show scenes involving this battleship. Combining these art works with historical accounts allows one to capture the significance of the ship as a symbol of national pride and identity of the different nations involved in its transnational history.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42501201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1906465
J. Steinberg
This article is a historiographic essay that examines some of the scholarly studies that have been published since the opening of the Russian archives and libraries to military historians of the Romanov period (1613–1917) of Russian history. While the basic narrative of Russian military history has not been significantly altered or transformed, gaining access to an enormous amount of new sources resulted in the development of a deeper, more nuanced understanding, of the rise and fall of the imperial Russian empire. Readers now can learn much more about traditional issues ranging from strategy, operations, tactics and logistics to the education, training, and financing of the army than was possible during the Soviet period.
{"title":"The military history of Romanov Russia","authors":"J. Steinberg","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1906465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906465","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a historiographic essay that examines some of the scholarly studies that have been published since the opening of the Russian archives and libraries to military historians of the Romanov period (1613–1917) of Russian history. While the basic narrative of Russian military history has not been significantly altered or transformed, gaining access to an enormous amount of new sources resulted in the development of a deeper, more nuanced understanding, of the rise and fall of the imperial Russian empire. Readers now can learn much more about traditional issues ranging from strategy, operations, tactics and logistics to the education, training, and financing of the army than was possible during the Soviet period.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41772675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1906452
Dieter Reinisch
Between 1973 and 1977, about 100 Provisional republican prisoners staged a series of violent prison protests and hunger strikes in the Republic of Ireland’s high-security prison, Portlaoise. Research on political imprisonment during the Northern Ireland conflict overwhelmingly focuses on the H-Blocks struggle. The Portlaoise Prison protests, thus, remain an under-researched area, largely ignored by academics, commentators, and the public. This article tells the story of these protests in Portlaoise by focussing on three periods: winter 1974/5, winter 1975/6, and spring 1977. The Portlaoise protests ended almost simultaneously with the start of the blanket- and no-wash-protests in the H-Blocks. This article is based on the testimonials of former Irish republican prisoners, statements of the republican movement, and interviews with former Portlaoise inmates.
{"title":"The Fight for Political Status in Portlaoise Prison, 1973–7: Prologue to the H-Blocks Struggle","authors":"Dieter Reinisch","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1906452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906452","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1973 and 1977, about 100 Provisional republican prisoners staged a series of violent prison protests and hunger strikes in the Republic of Ireland’s high-security prison, Portlaoise. Research on political imprisonment during the Northern Ireland conflict overwhelmingly focuses on the H-Blocks struggle. The Portlaoise Prison protests, thus, remain an under-researched area, largely ignored by academics, commentators, and the public. This article tells the story of these protests in Portlaoise by focussing on three periods: winter 1974/5, winter 1975/6, and spring 1977. The Portlaoise protests ended almost simultaneously with the start of the blanket- and no-wash-protests in the H-Blocks. This article is based on the testimonials of former Irish republican prisoners, statements of the republican movement, and interviews with former Portlaoise inmates.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1906452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41790161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1860320
R. Torres-Sánchez
The mobilisation of resources for warfare has traditionally been analysed as an economic and logistic problem. There are, however, other factors like politics or ideology that might also determine the contractor state’s level of efficiency. Drawing on an investigation of how Spain solved its eighteenth-century shipbuilding timber supply needs, we look at how a given mercantilist-leaning political outlook affected the provision of material, with the government turning solely to national production and suppliers. The aim of this article is to analyse the timber supply policy and, therein, the uneasy alliance of a mercantilist ideology with administrative pragmatism. We conclude from this that the Spanish state’s mercantilist ideas ran like a thread through its supply policies; at the same time, paradoxically, the state was the party responsible for most breaches of this policy. These breaches were usually caused by a growing awareness of the advantage of bringing in foreign contractors. The study of the supply of shipbuilding timber shows that foreign contractors, Dutch and merchants from the Baltic, offered not only lower prices but also greater distribution efficiency, while also helping the state to strengthen its sovereignty and authority. The collaboration between the state and the contractors turned mercantilist ideas, in actual practice, into a mere Utopia.
{"title":"Mercantilist Ideology versus Administrative Pragmatism: The Supply of Shipbuilding Timber in Eighteenth-Century Spain","authors":"R. Torres-Sánchez","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1860320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860320","url":null,"abstract":"The mobilisation of resources for warfare has traditionally been analysed as an economic and logistic problem. There are, however, other factors like politics or ideology that might also determine the contractor state’s level of efficiency. Drawing on an investigation of how Spain solved its eighteenth-century shipbuilding timber supply needs, we look at how a given mercantilist-leaning political outlook affected the provision of material, with the government turning solely to national production and suppliers. The aim of this article is to analyse the timber supply policy and, therein, the uneasy alliance of a mercantilist ideology with administrative pragmatism. We conclude from this that the Spanish state’s mercantilist ideas ran like a thread through its supply policies; at the same time, paradoxically, the state was the party responsible for most breaches of this policy. These breaches were usually caused by a growing awareness of the advantage of bringing in foreign contractors. The study of the supply of shipbuilding timber shows that foreign contractors, Dutch and merchants from the Baltic, offered not only lower prices but also greater distribution efficiency, while also helping the state to strengthen its sovereignty and authority. The collaboration between the state and the contractors turned mercantilist ideas, in actual practice, into a mere Utopia.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42930557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1860321
Iván Valdez-Bubnov
The purpose of this article is to understand a specific variant of the Spanish shipbuilding policies in Asia during the early Modern period: the attempts to transfer the shipbuilding industry from the Philippines, where it was based since almost the beginning of the Spanish occupation of that Archipelago, to different foreign maritime regions in the Southern Pacific. Important studies on the Spanish presence in the Philippines have mentioned a few of these episodes, but their significance for the Spanish shipbuilding industry in that region, and for the Spanish Pacific system as a whole, remains undiscussed. It demonstrates that the motivation behind these policies did not obey a single cause, but rather reflected specific strategic mercantile and military contexts, among which State-intervention, private interest, and violent social unrest played a prominent role. This interpretation is based on existing historiography and the examination of first-hand sources still unused to this day.
{"title":"Trade, war and industrial policy in Southeast Asia: Spanish shipbuilding outside the Philippine Islands (1619–1753)","authors":"Iván Valdez-Bubnov","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1860321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860321","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to understand a specific variant of the Spanish shipbuilding policies in Asia during the early Modern period: the attempts to transfer the shipbuilding industry from the Philippines, where it was based since almost the beginning of the Spanish occupation of that Archipelago, to different foreign maritime regions in the Southern Pacific. Important studies on the Spanish presence in the Philippines have mentioned a few of these episodes, but their significance for the Spanish shipbuilding industry in that region, and for the Spanish Pacific system as a whole, remains undiscussed. It demonstrates that the motivation behind these policies did not obey a single cause, but rather reflected specific strategic mercantile and military contexts, among which State-intervention, private interest, and violent social unrest played a prominent role. This interpretation is based on existing historiography and the examination of first-hand sources still unused to this day.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44767595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1860319
Sergio Solbes Ferri, Eduard Martí Fraga
Great progress has been made over the last decade in knowledge of the various systems of military supply used by the different European states in the 18th century. There is thus a clear institutional differentiation between the model of relations with the private market established by the British parliamentary monarchy or the Dutch republic and the model characteristic of absolute monarchies, such as those in France or Spain. This article undertakes an initial assessment of the Spanish trend of asiento general as the preferred option for procurement, clearly connected to the French case. Without ruling out the influence of political organisation, we aim to refine the institutional approach, endeavouring to locate other factors of an economic, administrative or social nature which likewise appear to be determinants of the model of military supply. These arguments are related to the encouragement of national industry and the administrative modernisation of the state, which can end up leading to the desire to separate the military organisation from this type of business.
{"title":"Military Supply without the Military? Supplying the Spanish Army in the 18th Century","authors":"Sergio Solbes Ferri, Eduard Martí Fraga","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1860319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860319","url":null,"abstract":"Great progress has been made over the last decade in knowledge of the various systems of military supply used by the different European states in the 18th century. There is thus a clear institutional differentiation between the model of relations with the private market established by the British parliamentary monarchy or the Dutch republic and the model characteristic of absolute monarchies, such as those in France or Spain. This article undertakes an initial assessment of the Spanish trend of asiento general as the preferred option for procurement, clearly connected to the French case. Without ruling out the influence of political organisation, we aim to refine the institutional approach, endeavouring to locate other factors of an economic, administrative or social nature which likewise appear to be determinants of the model of military supply. These arguments are related to the encouragement of national industry and the administrative modernisation of the state, which can end up leading to the desire to separate the military organisation from this type of business.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47023254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1860318
P. Brandon, S. Ferri, Iván Valdez-Bubnov
The subject of this special issue is the relationship between the material demands of warfare and the political and administrative development of the Spanish imperial system during the long eighteenth century. Its purpose is to provide a transnational and comparative perspective on the methods employed by the Spanish monarchy to mobilise resources for war, emphasising the international, imperial and inter-regional connections that underpinned Spain’s military and naval efforts. These methods implied specific types of involvement between the crown and the regional productive elites and were directly related to the capacity of the latter to mobilise resources and administer production processes. They were varied, ranging from total state administration of capital, labour and productive processes to an almost complete and relatively independent involvement of the empire’s entrepreneurial elites, in Europe, America and Asia. The introduction by the guest editors positions the four contributions to this special issue within the wider context of the historiography on the mobilisation of resources for war. In recent years, scholars in this field have started to shift their attention from a primary focus on the development of ‘fiscal-military’ and ‘fiscal-naval’ arrangements that provided the financial backbone of states’ warring activities, to the wider economic and social networks involved in supplying, recruiting, building and maintaining armies and navies. As the introduction argues, these networks, underpinning the emergence of European national states, were always inherently transnational.
{"title":"Introduction: Mobilising Resources for the Army and Navy in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Empire: Comparative, Transnational and Imperial Dimensions","authors":"P. Brandon, S. Ferri, Iván Valdez-Bubnov","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1860318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860318","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this special issue is the relationship between the material demands of warfare and the political and administrative development of the Spanish imperial system during the long eighteenth century. Its purpose is to provide a transnational and comparative perspective on the methods employed by the Spanish monarchy to mobilise resources for war, emphasising the international, imperial and inter-regional connections that underpinned Spain’s military and naval efforts. These methods implied specific types of involvement between the crown and the regional productive elites and were directly related to the capacity of the latter to mobilise resources and administer production processes. They were varied, ranging from total state administration of capital, labour and productive processes to an almost complete and relatively independent involvement of the empire’s entrepreneurial elites, in Europe, America and Asia. The introduction by the guest editors positions the four contributions to this special issue within the wider context of the historiography on the mobilisation of resources for war. In recent years, scholars in this field have started to shift their attention from a primary focus on the development of ‘fiscal-military’ and ‘fiscal-naval’ arrangements that provided the financial backbone of states’ warring activities, to the wider economic and social networks involved in supplying, recruiting, building and maintaining armies and navies. As the introduction argues, these networks, underpinning the emergence of European national states, were always inherently transnational.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44345386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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