War & Society最新文献

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Memorialisation of the Turkish War of Independence: Monuments, narratives and commemoration at the battlegrounds of Dumlupınar 纪念土耳其独立战争：Dumlupınar战场上的纪念碑、叙事和纪念

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2087402

Ö. Aksoy, Gizem Kahraman

This article examines the memorialisation of the Battle of Dumlupınar (30 August 1922) in Kütahya, Turkey. Through an investigation of landmarks, literature and oral history, we explore the post-war imaginings and settings of this battle. We observe three major practices of war memorialisation in the battlegrounds of Dumlupınar: state, public and local. State and public practices are largely intertwined and embody themselves in the form of highly visible landmarks and regulated acts of commemoration. The local practices are subtler and represent counter narratives of war entangled with the conflict landscape, myths, and local politics. By looking into this dichotomy, this article scrutinises the present role of battlegrounds in the memorialisation of the Battle of Dumlupınar.

本文考察了1922年8月30日在土耳其库塔亚举行的杜姆卢普纳尔战役的纪念活动。通过对地标、文学和口述历史的调查，我们探索了这场战斗的战后想象和背景。我们在Dumlupınar战场上观察到三种主要的战争纪念方式：州、公共和地方。国家和公共实践在很大程度上相互交织，并以引人注目的地标和规范的纪念行为的形式体现出来。当地的做法更微妙，代表了与冲突景观、神话和当地政治纠缠在一起的战争反叙事。通过研究这种二分法，本文仔细研究了战场在纪念杜姆卢普纳尔战役中的当前作用。

引用次数: 0

Consequences of the Hsp110DE9 mutation in tumorigenesis and the 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy response in Msh2-deficient mice. Hsp110DE9突变对Msh2缺陷小鼠肿瘤发生和基于5-氟尿嘧啶的化疗反应的影响。

IF 8 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04293-3

Kathleen Noel, A 'dem Bokhari, Romane Bertrand, Florence Renaud, Pierre Bourgoin, Romain Cohen, Magali Svrcek, Anne-Christine Joly, Alex Duval, Ada Collura

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play oncogenic roles in human tumours. We reported a somatic inactivating mutation of HSP110 (HSP110DE9) in mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) cancers displaying microsatellite instability (MSI) but did not assess its impact. We evaluated the impact of the Hsp110DE9 mutation on tumour development and the chemotherapy response in a dMMR knock-in mouse model (Hsp110DE9^KIMsh2^KO mice). The effect of the Hsp110DE9 mutation on tumorigenesis and survival was evaluated in Msh2^KO mice that were null (Hsp110^wt), heterozygous (Hsp110DE9^KI/+), or homozygous (Hsp110DE9^KI/KI) for the Hsp110DE9 mutation by assessing tumoral syndrome (organomegaly index, tumour staging) and survival (Kaplan-Meier curves). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), which is the backbone of chemotherapy regimens in gastrointestinal cancers and is commonly used in other tumour types but is not effective against dMMR cells in vivo, was administered to Hsp110DE9^KI/KI, Hsp110DE9^KI/+, and Hsp110^wtMsh2^KO mice. Hsp110, Ki67 (proliferation marker) and activated caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) expression were assessed in normal and tumour tissue samples by western blotting, immunophenotyping and cell sorting. Hsp110^wt expression was drastically reduced or totally lost in tumours from Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+ and Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI mice. The Hsp110DE9 mutation did not affect overall survival or tumoral syndrome in Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+ and Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI mice but drastically improved the 5-FU response in all cohorts (Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI: P_5fu = 0.001; Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+: P_5fu = 0.005; Msh2^KOHsp110^wt: P_5fu = 0.335). Histopathological examination and cell sorting analyses confirmed major hypersensitization to 5-FU-induced death of both Hsp110DE9^KI/KI and Hsp110DE9^KI/+ dMMR cancer cells. This study highlights how dMMR tumour cells adapt to HSP110 inactivation but become hypersensitive to 5-FU, suggesting Hsp110DE9 as a predictive factor of 5-FU efficacy.

热休克蛋白（HSPs）在人类肿瘤中起着致癌作用。我们曾报道在显示微卫星不稳定性（MSI）的错配修复缺陷（dMMR）癌症中出现了HSP110的体细胞失活突变（HSP110DE9），但并未评估其影响。我们评估了 Hsp110DE9 突变对肿瘤发生和 dMMR 基因敲入小鼠模型（Hsp110DE9KIMsh2KO 小鼠）化疗反应的影响。通过评估肿瘤综合征（器官肿大指数、肿瘤分期）和存活率（卡普兰-梅耶曲线），评估了Hsp110DE9突变对Msh2KO小鼠肿瘤发生和存活率的影响，这些Msh2KO小鼠分别为Hsp110wt无效、杂合子（Hsp110DE9KI/+）或Hsp110DE9突变同合子（Hsp110DE9KI/KI）。对 Hsp110DE9KI/KI、Hsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Hsp110wtMsh2KO 小鼠注射 5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），5-FU 是胃肠道癌症化疗方案的骨干，常用于其他类型的肿瘤，但在体内对 dMMR 细胞无效。通过 Western 印迹、免疫分型和细胞分拣技术评估了正常和肿瘤组织样本中 Hsp110、Ki67（增殖标记物）和活化的 caspase-3（凋亡标记物）的表达。在 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI 小鼠的肿瘤中，Hsp110wt 表达急剧下降或完全丧失。Hsp110DE9 基因突变不会影响 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI 小鼠的总生存期或肿瘤综合征，但会显著改善所有组群的 5-FU 反应（Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI：P5fu = 0.001；Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+：P5fu = 0.005；Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI：P5fu = 0.001）：P5fu = 0.005; Msh2KOHsp110wt：P5fu = 0.335）。组织病理学检查和细胞分拣分析证实，Hsp110DE9KI/KI 和 Hsp110DE9KI/+ dMMR 癌细胞对 5-FU 诱导的死亡有明显的过敏反应。这项研究强调了 dMMR 肿瘤细胞如何适应 HSP110 失活但对 5-FU 超敏的过程，表明 Hsp110DE9 是 5-FU 疗效的预测因素。

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引用次数: 0

Trenches on Latin American Screens and Football Fields: cultural and Sporting Life in Tacna and Arica (Chile) during the First World War 拉丁美洲屏幕和足球场上的沟渠：第一次世界大战期间塔克纳和阿里卡（智利）的文化和体育生活

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046346

Lucas Maubert

This article analyses how the inhabitants of Tacna and Arica, on the border between Chile and Peru, experienced the First World War (1914–1918), especially regarding culture and sports. Despite its remoteness from military operations, the competition between the belligerent nations affected the region, which impacted different areas, such as football and the cinema. An exhaustive review of the local press and regional documents from the Chilean government revealed how the local population faced events related to the war – neutrality, propaganda, censorship, pacifism – through war movies or football matches. Thus, this article seeks to contribute to the recent historiographical trends that emphasise this conflict’s global scope and its socio-cultural repercussions in Latin America.

本文分析了位于智利和秘鲁边境的塔克纳和阿里卡的居民如何经历第一次世界大战（1914–1918），特别是在文化和体育方面。尽管该地区远离军事行动，但交战国家之间的竞争影响了该地区，并影响了足球和电影等不同领域。对当地媒体和智利政府的地区文件进行了详尽的审查，揭示了当地民众如何通过战争电影或足球比赛来面对与战争有关的事件——中立、宣传、审查、和平主义。因此，本文试图为最近的历史趋势做出贡献，这些趋势强调了这场冲突的全球范围及其在拉丁美洲的社会文化影响。

引用次数: 2

‘Luchamos Por Honor’#: Augusto C. Sandino’s Pursuit of Honour “Luchamos Por Honor”#：奥古斯托·桑蒂诺对荣誉的追求

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046348

Laurence M. Nelson

Augusto César Sandino has presented challenges to historians seeking to define the first Sandinista movement. Many interpretations of his political and spiritual beliefs have sharpened our understanding of his actions, but a facet of his rhetoric remains only peripherally illuminated. When Sandino’s pursuit of honour is examined in the context of Nicaraguan political culture and the traditions of caudillo-led armies, the importance of Sandino’s public image comes into focus. Sandino’s movement shared many features of caudillo-led rebellions. This enigmatic guerrilla cultivated a narrative around himself as a ‘culture hero’ to speak to the commonly held beliefs of the Nicaraguan people. By demonstrating his adherence to culturally relevant masculine leadership virtues, Sandino cultivated an ideology with himself as the central figure. Sandino developed patron-client relationships, which served as a central feature of his army’s fabric and made him the central figure of the movement. To garner support, Sandino frequently appealed to his fellow countrymen and potential supporters abroad by comparing his personal virtue with the depravity of his adversaries. Sandino, like typical caudillos, became the embodiment of his movement in the relationships he developed and the rhetoric he propagated. He sought honour and legitimacy because the pre-existing dialectic of the Nicaraguan socio-political power structure glorified those attributes as the qualifications for leadership in place of a political message. This article connects the growing literature on the role of honour in Latin American politics to the rebel movements of the early twentieth century.

奥古斯托·奇萨·桑地诺向试图定义第一次桑地诺运动的历史学家提出了挑战。对他的政治和精神信仰的许多解释加深了我们对他的行为的理解，但他的言论的一个方面仍然只是外围的阐释。当桑迪诺对荣誉的追求被置于尼加拉瓜政治文化和考迪罗领导的军队传统的背景下审视时，桑迪诺公众形象的重要性就显现出来了。桑迪诺的运动与考迪罗领导的叛乱有许多相似之处。这位神秘的游击队员将自己塑造成“文化英雄”，以表达尼加拉瓜人民普遍持有的信仰。通过展示他对与文化相关的男性领导美德的坚持，桑迪诺培养了一种以自己为中心人物的意识形态。桑迪诺发展了主顾关系，这是他的军队结构的核心特征，使他成为这场运动的核心人物。为了获得支持，桑迪诺经常呼吁他的同胞和国外潜在的支持者，将他的个人美德与他的对手的堕落进行比较。桑迪诺，像典型的考迪洛一样，在他发展的关系和他传播的言论中成为了他的运动的化身。他寻求荣誉和合法性，因为尼加拉瓜社会政治权力结构先前存在的辩证法美化了这些属性，将其作为领导的资格，而不是政治信息。这篇文章将越来越多的关于荣誉在拉丁美洲政治中的作用的文献与二十世纪初的反叛运动联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Activities of Borno Traditional Political and Religious Leaders in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 1967–1970年尼日利亚内战中博尔诺传统政治和宗教领袖的活动

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046351

Abdullahi Garba, Shettima Bukar Kullima, Garba Ibrahim

This article examines the activities of Borno traditional political and religious leaders in the Nigerian Civil War, with specific reference to the role of the Shehu of Borno and other chiefs, Muslim and Christian leaders. Traditional political leaders are the custodians of culture and traditions in Borno. They galvanised support for the war by mobilising society to contribute to the war effort. This article adopts a qualitative method, using oral sources from interviews conducted with surviving members of the traditional political and religious institutions. Traditional political leaders also commissioned religious leaders to pray for a successful end to the civil war, the unity of Nigeria and to preach the legality of enlisting into the military profession.

本文考察了博尔诺传统政治和宗教领袖在尼日利亚内战中的活动，特别提到了博尔诺的Shehu和其他酋长、穆斯林和基督教领袖的作用。传统政治领导人是博尔诺文化和传统的守护者。他们通过动员社会为战争做出贡献来激发对战争的支持。本文采用了定性的方法，使用了对传统政治和宗教机构幸存成员进行采访的口头资料。传统政治领导人还委托宗教领袖为内战的成功结束、尼日利亚的团结祈祷，并宣传入伍的合法性。

引用次数: 0

A tale of two military missions: The Germans in the Ottoman Empire and the Americans in the Republic of Turkey 两个军事任务的故事：奥斯曼帝国的德国人和土耳其共和国的美国人

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046344

Mesut Uyar, S. Güvenç

Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation.

土耳其曾在1913年和1947年分别请求德国和美国派出规模庞大、影响力巨大的军事顾问使团，以应对俄罗斯的威胁。尽管这些任务的目的是重振一支过时的武装力量，以便尽快打一场现代战争，但实际上，土耳其领导人将这两项任务视为建立全面军事联盟对抗俄罗斯的第一步。1914年第一次世界大战和1950年朝鲜战争的爆发，为促使德国和美国同意土耳其长期军事联盟的愿望提供了机会。军事特派团必须改变自己，承担原先设想的任务以外的任务。在这两种情况下，滚雪球式的增长过程都在相对较短的时间内开始。数千名军事人员的流入，其中大多数独立于特派团指挥部，追求不同的目标，造成了分裂，有时甚至是无政府状态。这两个特派团的经历有许多相似之处。由于他们的语言和文化准备不足，他们都遭受了无知，不敏感和文化偏见。

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引用次数: 2

From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history 从伟大的船长到普通的士兵:拿破仑军事史上的研究机会

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752

J. Gill

Despite the large literature on the Napoleonic wars, many key subjects remain unexplored in English language scholarship. This article reviews recent (approximately the past ten years) Anglophone military history scholarship addressing the European dimensions of the Napoleonic era to offer suggestions for future research.

尽管有大量关于拿破仑战争的文献，但在英语学术中，许多关键学科仍未得到探索。本文回顾了最近（大约在过去十年中）针对拿破仑时代欧洲层面的英语军事史学术，为未来的研究提供建议。

引用次数: 0

The Imperial Transformation of a Russian-Occupied Ottoman City during the First World War 第一次世界大战期间俄罗斯占领的奥斯曼帝国城市的帝国转型

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021751

H. D. Akarca

The Russian Caucasian army occupied a considerable territory of the Ottoman empire during the First World War from 1915 until the withdrawal of the Russian military forces in 1918, after Soviet Russia’s acceptance of the victory of the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. The Russian military, the Russian administration in the Caucasus, the Russian Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture had differing views on the future of the occupied territories regarding their annexation to the Russian empire. Officially the area was declared to be ‘Areas of Turkey Occupied in Accordance with the Law of War’, in which the Russian occupying powers had the right to implement all policies to ensure public order but also had to respect the laws in force in the country. Despite the lack of a policy of immediate annexation, several factors led to a quick transformation of Ottoman territory into a Russian territory. The Ottoman state had lost several important cities in the course of the Balkan wars in 1912–13 which also rapidly lost their Ottoman characteristics. The transformation of Ottoman cities in the Balkans was driven by nationalist policies and accompanied by ethnic cleansing of Muslim populations. The transformation that happened in the territory under the occupation of Russian Caucasian Army was an imperial transformation as will be analysed in this article, using a case study of the coastal Ottoman city of Trabzon.

1915年第一次世界大战期间，俄罗斯高加索军队占领了奥斯曼帝国的大片领土，直到1918年苏俄接受同盟国在布列斯特-里托夫斯克的胜利后，俄罗斯军队撤出。俄罗斯军方、高加索地区的俄罗斯政府、俄罗斯外交部和农业部对被占领领土的未来有不同的看法，这些领土被俄罗斯帝国吞并。官方宣布该地区为“根据战争法占领的土耳其地区”，俄罗斯占领国有权执行所有政策以确保公共秩序，但也必须尊重该国的现行法律。尽管缺乏立即吞并的政策，几个因素导致了奥斯曼帝国领土迅速转变为俄罗斯领土。在1912年至1913年的巴尔干战争中，奥斯曼帝国失去了几个重要的城市，这些城市也迅速失去了他们的奥斯曼特色。在民族主义政策的推动下，巴尔干地区奥斯曼城市的转型伴随着对穆斯林人口的种族清洗。在俄罗斯高加索军队占领下的领土上发生的转变是一种帝国的转变，本文将使用奥斯曼沿海城市特拉布宗的案例研究来分析。

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引用次数: 0

Peace, Politics, and Piety: Catholic Pilgrimage in Wartime Europe, 1939–1945 和平、政治与虔诚：1939-1945年欧洲战时的天主教朝圣

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021754

Kathryn Hurlock

During the Second World War, the disruption and shortages of wartime life had a significant impact on the ability of Catholics to engage with their usual practice of pilgrimage in many parts of Europe. Transport was difficult, accommodation and sustenance lacking, many sites inaccessible, and some pilgrims viewed with suspicion. Yet wartime pilgrimages were popular, as people prayed for peace, appealed for aid for their friends and family, sought spiritual support, maintained the bonds of the Catholic community, and even promoted political messages. Despite the widespread nature of these pilgrimages, they have only been considered in a local or national context. This article examines wartime pilgrimages across Europe for the first time to determine how and why they were affected by war, and how this reflected wider debates about the impact of war on religious belief and practice.

第二次世界大战期间，战时生活的中断和短缺对天主教徒在欧洲许多地区进行朝圣的能力产生了重大影响。交通困难，缺乏住宿和食物，许多地方无法进入，一些朝圣者对此持怀疑态度。然而，战时朝圣很受欢迎，人们祈祷和平，呼吁为朋友和家人提供援助，寻求精神支持，维护天主教社区的纽带，甚至宣传政治信息。尽管这些朝圣活动具有广泛的性质，但它们只是在地方或国家背景下被考虑的。这篇文章首次考察了欧洲各地的战时朝圣活动，以确定它们如何以及为什么受到战争的影响，以及这如何反映出关于战争对宗教信仰和实践影响的更广泛辩论。

引用次数: 0

The Botswana Defence Force’s Policy of Arms Procurement in the Late Cold War Period and beyond 冷战后期及以后博茨瓦纳国防军的武器采购政策

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2021756

Bafumiki Mocheregwa

This article highlights some key aspects in the development of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF), in particular the politics surrounding its major arms purchases during the late Cold War period and afterwards. It argues that between 1980 and 1990 the BDF’s attempts to bolster its lethal capabilities in response to growing regional contentions were stifled by political pressure emanating from apartheid South Africa, the region’s superpower. During the 1980s, the South African government had ramped up its efforts to destabilise neighbouring countries that were sympathetic to the African National Congress (ANC) including Botswana. In light of this coercive environment, the BDF’s policy of procuring armaments was driven by the regional security context within the Cold War but was also complicated by the geopolitics of the continent. The article also explores the post-Cold War political dynamics following the independence of South West Africa (now Namibia) and the end of apartheid in South Africa. While these two key events and Botswana’s good diamond revenues favoured a more expansive procurement policy for the BDF, they presented new challenges to BDF efforts to develop certain lethal capabilities.

本文强调了博茨瓦纳国防军发展的一些关键方面，特别是冷战后期及其后围绕其重大武器采购的政治。它认为，在1980年至1990年间，BDF试图增强其致命能力，以应对日益激烈的地区争端，但却被该地区超级大国南非种族隔离带来的政治压力所扼杀。20世纪80年代，南非政府加大了破坏包括博茨瓦纳在内的同情非洲人国民大会的邻国稳定的力度。鉴于这种胁迫性环境，BDF的军备采购政策是由冷战时期的地区安全背景推动的，但也因非洲大陆的地缘政治而变得复杂。文章还探讨了西南非洲（现纳米比亚）独立和南非种族隔离结束后冷战后的政治动态。虽然这两个关键事件和博茨瓦纳良好的钻石收入有利于BDF制定更广泛的采购政策，但它们对BDF发展某些致命能力的努力提出了新的挑战。

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