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Pacifying the Pindaris: Warfare and state building by the British in India, 1750–1830 平定平达里人：1750-1830年英国在印度的战争与国家建设

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2117903

K. Roy

This article examines the rise and fall of the Pindaris in India between the mid eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The Pindaris started their career as military mercenaries of the Maratha chiefs. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, they became semi-autonomous non-state powers and threatened both their employers as well as the expanding British Empire in India. The Pindari threat became intense in Central and West India. As this article shows, in the first half of the nineteenth century, an amalgam of kinetic and non-kinetic measures helped the East India Company to suppress and pacify the Pindaris.

这篇文章考察了18世纪中期至19世纪初平达里人在印度的兴衰。平达里人的职业生涯始于马拉塔酋长的雇佣兵。在19世纪的前十年，他们成为了半自治的非国家大国，并威胁到他们的雇主以及在印度不断扩张的大英帝国。平达里的威胁在印度中部和西部变得更加强烈。正如这篇文章所显示的，在19世纪上半叶，动能和非动能措施的结合帮助东印度公司镇压和安抚了平达里人。

引用次数: 0

General Louis Botha’s Role in the South African War, 1899–1902 路易斯·博塔将军在南非战争中的作用，1899–1902

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2117906

F. Pretorius

This study investigates the role played by General Louis Botha in the South African War of 1899 to 1902 and assesses his military skills in his encounters with the British forces in both the set-piece battle phase in the first months of the war and the guerrilla phase in the last two years of the war. It also analyses his attitude to peace and his participation in the peace process since the successive British commanders-in-chief Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener had in this respect both direct and indirect contact with him as commandant-general of the South African Republic (the Transvaal) in the last two years of the war.

本研究调查了路易斯·博塔将军在1899年至1902年南非战争中所扮演的角色，并评估了他在战争头几个月的定位球战斗阶段和战争最后两年的游击战阶段与英国军队相遇时的军事技能。它还分析了他对和平的态度以及他对和平进程的参与，因为在战争的最后两年，历任英国总司令罗伯茨勋爵和基奇纳勋爵作为南非共和国（德兰士瓦）的指挥官与他在这方面有直接和间接的接触。

引用次数: 0

Sea routes, intelligence agents, and the social dynamics of the Sino-Korean maritime frontier during the Ming-Manchu conflict 明满冲突期间的海上航线、情报人员和中国-朝鲜海上边界的社会动态

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2087398

Jing Liu

This article examines the agency of local societies of the Sino-Korean maritime frontier in the circulation, utilisation, and management of intelligence that was intertwined with Chosŏn Korea’s subtle central-local relations in the international environment of northeast Asia during the Ming-Manchu conflict. It argues that the enhanced mobility of coastal populations in a highly pivotal sea space contributed to their multilateral espionage activity, within which their individual influence developed and deviated from state interests. This is exemplified by the wartime career of Ch'oe Hyoil, a Korean military man and intelligence agent residing on the Ŭiju coast, who shifted political identities and connected with multiple powers to acquire and transmit intelligence within the Ming-Manchu confrontation. His premediated escape to the sea in 1639 particularly illuminates the connectivity of coastal communities and the various roles of administrations at different levels in handing border espionage.

本文考察了明满冲突期间，中朝海上边界的地方社会在情报流通、利用和管理方面的作用，这些情报与朝鲜在东北亚国际环境中微妙的中央与地方关系交织在一起。它认为，沿海人口在高度关键的海洋空间中的流动性增强，促成了他们的多边间谍活动，在这些活动中，他们的个人影响力发展并偏离了国家利益。这一点可以从居住在Ŭiju海岸的朝鲜军人和情报人员Ch'oe Hyoil的战时职业生涯中得到证明，他改变了政治身份，与多个权力机构建立了联系，在明满对抗中获取和传输情报。1639年，他预谋逃往大海，特别阐明了沿海社区的连通性，以及各级政府在处理边境间谍活动中的各种作用。

引用次数: 0

International analysis of battlefield performance in the Austro-Prussian War, 1866–1870 1866-1870年奥普战争中战场表现的国际分析

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-07-21 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2087399

Mark Bennett

Following the startling Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, European observers sought to understand the war’s lessons and to apply them to future conflict. This article traces the way in which commentators in Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, and the various secondary states of Germany evaluated tactical developments resulting from the war. It highlights the transnational community of interest in military affairs, and how some imperfections in military learning from the war were nationally specific while others transcended borders. Understandings of the war’s battlefield implications were often slow to develop, and imperfectly anticipated conditions in the subsequent Franco-Prussian War.

1866年，普鲁士在奥普战争中取得了惊人的胜利，欧洲观察家们试图了解这场战争的教训，并将其应用到未来的冲突中。这篇文章追溯了英国、法国、普鲁士、奥地利和德国各个次级州的评论员对战争造成的战术发展的评价。它突出了跨国社会对军事事务的兴趣，以及战争中军事学习的一些不完善之处是如何针对国家的，而另一些则超越了国界。对这场战争的战场影响的理解往往发展缓慢，并且无法完全预测随后的普法战争的情况。

引用次数: 0

Fulda Gap: A board game, West German society, and a battle that never happened, 1975–85 富尔达缺口:一个棋盘游戏，西德社会，和一场从未发生过的战斗，1975-85

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2087401

A. Seipp

This article explores the reception of the American-made board game Fulda Gap: The First Battle of the Next War in the Federal Republic of Germany in the early 1980s. The German peace movement used the game, which depicted conventional, chemical, and nuclear war on German territory, as a potent symbol of what they believed to be American and NATO disregard for German lives and sovereignty. The controversy over the game reflected the changing character of German-American relations during the ‘Second Cold War’ and increasing concerns among Germans about the possible consequences of superpower conflict in Central Europe.

本文探讨了20世纪80年代初美国制造的棋盘游戏《富尔达峡谷：下一次战争的第一场战役》在德意志联邦共和国的受欢迎程度。德国和平运动利用这个游戏，描绘了德国领土上的常规战争、化学战争和核战争，作为他们认为美国和北约无视德国生命和主权的有力象征。对该游戏的争议反映了“第二次冷战”期间德美关系的变化，以及德国人对中欧超级大国冲突可能带来的后果的日益担忧。

引用次数: 0

Memorialisation of the Turkish War of Independence: Monuments, narratives and commemoration at the battlegrounds of Dumlupınar 纪念土耳其独立战争：Dumlupınar战场上的纪念碑、叙事和纪念

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2087402

Ö. Aksoy, Gizem Kahraman

This article examines the memorialisation of the Battle of Dumlupınar (30 August 1922) in Kütahya, Turkey. Through an investigation of landmarks, literature and oral history, we explore the post-war imaginings and settings of this battle. We observe three major practices of war memorialisation in the battlegrounds of Dumlupınar: state, public and local. State and public practices are largely intertwined and embody themselves in the form of highly visible landmarks and regulated acts of commemoration. The local practices are subtler and represent counter narratives of war entangled with the conflict landscape, myths, and local politics. By looking into this dichotomy, this article scrutinises the present role of battlegrounds in the memorialisation of the Battle of Dumlupınar.

本文考察了1922年8月30日在土耳其库塔亚举行的杜姆卢普纳尔战役的纪念活动。通过对地标、文学和口述历史的调查，我们探索了这场战斗的战后想象和背景。我们在Dumlupınar战场上观察到三种主要的战争纪念方式：州、公共和地方。国家和公共实践在很大程度上相互交织，并以引人注目的地标和规范的纪念行为的形式体现出来。当地的做法更微妙，代表了与冲突景观、神话和当地政治纠缠在一起的战争反叙事。通过研究这种二分法，本文仔细研究了战场在纪念杜姆卢普纳尔战役中的当前作用。

引用次数: 0

Consequences of the Hsp110DE9 mutation in tumorigenesis and the 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy response in Msh2-deficient mice. Hsp110DE9突变对Msh2缺陷小鼠肿瘤发生和基于5-氟尿嘧啶的化疗反应的影响。

IF 8 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04293-3

Kathleen Noel, A 'dem Bokhari, Romane Bertrand, Florence Renaud, Pierre Bourgoin, Romain Cohen, Magali Svrcek, Anne-Christine Joly, Alex Duval, Ada Collura

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play oncogenic roles in human tumours. We reported a somatic inactivating mutation of HSP110 (HSP110DE9) in mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) cancers displaying microsatellite instability (MSI) but did not assess its impact. We evaluated the impact of the Hsp110DE9 mutation on tumour development and the chemotherapy response in a dMMR knock-in mouse model (Hsp110DE9^KIMsh2^KO mice). The effect of the Hsp110DE9 mutation on tumorigenesis and survival was evaluated in Msh2^KO mice that were null (Hsp110^wt), heterozygous (Hsp110DE9^KI/+), or homozygous (Hsp110DE9^KI/KI) for the Hsp110DE9 mutation by assessing tumoral syndrome (organomegaly index, tumour staging) and survival (Kaplan-Meier curves). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), which is the backbone of chemotherapy regimens in gastrointestinal cancers and is commonly used in other tumour types but is not effective against dMMR cells in vivo, was administered to Hsp110DE9^KI/KI, Hsp110DE9^KI/+, and Hsp110^wtMsh2^KO mice. Hsp110, Ki67 (proliferation marker) and activated caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) expression were assessed in normal and tumour tissue samples by western blotting, immunophenotyping and cell sorting. Hsp110^wt expression was drastically reduced or totally lost in tumours from Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+ and Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI mice. The Hsp110DE9 mutation did not affect overall survival or tumoral syndrome in Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+ and Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI mice but drastically improved the 5-FU response in all cohorts (Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/KI: P_5fu = 0.001; Msh2^KOHsp110DE9^KI/+: P_5fu = 0.005; Msh2^KOHsp110^wt: P_5fu = 0.335). Histopathological examination and cell sorting analyses confirmed major hypersensitization to 5-FU-induced death of both Hsp110DE9^KI/KI and Hsp110DE9^KI/+ dMMR cancer cells. This study highlights how dMMR tumour cells adapt to HSP110 inactivation but become hypersensitive to 5-FU, suggesting Hsp110DE9 as a predictive factor of 5-FU efficacy.

热休克蛋白（HSPs）在人类肿瘤中起着致癌作用。我们曾报道在显示微卫星不稳定性（MSI）的错配修复缺陷（dMMR）癌症中出现了HSP110的体细胞失活突变（HSP110DE9），但并未评估其影响。我们评估了 Hsp110DE9 突变对肿瘤发生和 dMMR 基因敲入小鼠模型（Hsp110DE9KIMsh2KO 小鼠）化疗反应的影响。通过评估肿瘤综合征（器官肿大指数、肿瘤分期）和存活率（卡普兰-梅耶曲线），评估了Hsp110DE9突变对Msh2KO小鼠肿瘤发生和存活率的影响，这些Msh2KO小鼠分别为Hsp110wt无效、杂合子（Hsp110DE9KI/+）或Hsp110DE9突变同合子（Hsp110DE9KI/KI）。对 Hsp110DE9KI/KI、Hsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Hsp110wtMsh2KO 小鼠注射 5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），5-FU 是胃肠道癌症化疗方案的骨干，常用于其他类型的肿瘤，但在体内对 dMMR 细胞无效。通过 Western 印迹、免疫分型和细胞分拣技术评估了正常和肿瘤组织样本中 Hsp110、Ki67（增殖标记物）和活化的 caspase-3（凋亡标记物）的表达。在 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI 小鼠的肿瘤中，Hsp110wt 表达急剧下降或完全丧失。Hsp110DE9 基因突变不会影响 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+ 和 Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI 小鼠的总生存期或肿瘤综合征，但会显著改善所有组群的 5-FU 反应（Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI：P5fu = 0.001；Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/+：P5fu = 0.005；Msh2KOHsp110DE9KI/KI：P5fu = 0.001）：P5fu = 0.005; Msh2KOHsp110wt：P5fu = 0.335）。组织病理学检查和细胞分拣分析证实，Hsp110DE9KI/KI 和 Hsp110DE9KI/+ dMMR 癌细胞对 5-FU 诱导的死亡有明显的过敏反应。这项研究强调了 dMMR 肿瘤细胞如何适应 HSP110 失活但对 5-FU 超敏的过程，表明 Hsp110DE9 是 5-FU 疗效的预测因素。

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引用次数: 0

Trenches on Latin American Screens and Football Fields: cultural and Sporting Life in Tacna and Arica (Chile) during the First World War 拉丁美洲屏幕和足球场上的沟渠：第一次世界大战期间塔克纳和阿里卡（智利）的文化和体育生活

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046346

Lucas Maubert

This article analyses how the inhabitants of Tacna and Arica, on the border between Chile and Peru, experienced the First World War (1914–1918), especially regarding culture and sports. Despite its remoteness from military operations, the competition between the belligerent nations affected the region, which impacted different areas, such as football and the cinema. An exhaustive review of the local press and regional documents from the Chilean government revealed how the local population faced events related to the war – neutrality, propaganda, censorship, pacifism – through war movies or football matches. Thus, this article seeks to contribute to the recent historiographical trends that emphasise this conflict’s global scope and its socio-cultural repercussions in Latin America.

本文分析了位于智利和秘鲁边境的塔克纳和阿里卡的居民如何经历第一次世界大战（1914–1918），特别是在文化和体育方面。尽管该地区远离军事行动，但交战国家之间的竞争影响了该地区，并影响了足球和电影等不同领域。对当地媒体和智利政府的地区文件进行了详尽的审查，揭示了当地民众如何通过战争电影或足球比赛来面对与战争有关的事件——中立、宣传、审查、和平主义。因此，本文试图为最近的历史趋势做出贡献，这些趋势强调了这场冲突的全球范围及其在拉丁美洲的社会文化影响。

引用次数: 2

‘Luchamos Por Honor’#: Augusto C. Sandino’s Pursuit of Honour “Luchamos Por Honor”#：奥古斯托·桑蒂诺对荣誉的追求

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046348

Laurence M. Nelson

Augusto César Sandino has presented challenges to historians seeking to define the first Sandinista movement. Many interpretations of his political and spiritual beliefs have sharpened our understanding of his actions, but a facet of his rhetoric remains only peripherally illuminated. When Sandino’s pursuit of honour is examined in the context of Nicaraguan political culture and the traditions of caudillo-led armies, the importance of Sandino’s public image comes into focus. Sandino’s movement shared many features of caudillo-led rebellions. This enigmatic guerrilla cultivated a narrative around himself as a ‘culture hero’ to speak to the commonly held beliefs of the Nicaraguan people. By demonstrating his adherence to culturally relevant masculine leadership virtues, Sandino cultivated an ideology with himself as the central figure. Sandino developed patron-client relationships, which served as a central feature of his army’s fabric and made him the central figure of the movement. To garner support, Sandino frequently appealed to his fellow countrymen and potential supporters abroad by comparing his personal virtue with the depravity of his adversaries. Sandino, like typical caudillos, became the embodiment of his movement in the relationships he developed and the rhetoric he propagated. He sought honour and legitimacy because the pre-existing dialectic of the Nicaraguan socio-political power structure glorified those attributes as the qualifications for leadership in place of a political message. This article connects the growing literature on the role of honour in Latin American politics to the rebel movements of the early twentieth century.

奥古斯托·奇萨·桑地诺向试图定义第一次桑地诺运动的历史学家提出了挑战。对他的政治和精神信仰的许多解释加深了我们对他的行为的理解，但他的言论的一个方面仍然只是外围的阐释。当桑迪诺对荣誉的追求被置于尼加拉瓜政治文化和考迪罗领导的军队传统的背景下审视时，桑迪诺公众形象的重要性就显现出来了。桑迪诺的运动与考迪罗领导的叛乱有许多相似之处。这位神秘的游击队员将自己塑造成“文化英雄”，以表达尼加拉瓜人民普遍持有的信仰。通过展示他对与文化相关的男性领导美德的坚持，桑迪诺培养了一种以自己为中心人物的意识形态。桑迪诺发展了主顾关系，这是他的军队结构的核心特征，使他成为这场运动的核心人物。为了获得支持，桑迪诺经常呼吁他的同胞和国外潜在的支持者，将他的个人美德与他的对手的堕落进行比较。桑迪诺，像典型的考迪洛一样，在他发展的关系和他传播的言论中成为了他的运动的化身。他寻求荣誉和合法性，因为尼加拉瓜社会政治权力结构先前存在的辩证法美化了这些属性，将其作为领导的资格，而不是政治信息。这篇文章将越来越多的关于荣誉在拉丁美洲政治中的作用的文献与二十世纪初的反叛运动联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Activities of Borno Traditional Political and Religious Leaders in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 1967–1970年尼日利亚内战中博尔诺传统政治和宗教领袖的活动

IF 0.4 3区历史学 Q2 HISTORY

War & Society

Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2022.2046351

Abdullahi Garba, Shettima Bukar Kullima, Garba Ibrahim

This article examines the activities of Borno traditional political and religious leaders in the Nigerian Civil War, with specific reference to the role of the Shehu of Borno and other chiefs, Muslim and Christian leaders. Traditional political leaders are the custodians of culture and traditions in Borno. They galvanised support for the war by mobilising society to contribute to the war effort. This article adopts a qualitative method, using oral sources from interviews conducted with surviving members of the traditional political and religious institutions. Traditional political leaders also commissioned religious leaders to pray for a successful end to the civil war, the unity of Nigeria and to preach the legality of enlisting into the military profession.

本文考察了博尔诺传统政治和宗教领袖在尼日利亚内战中的活动，特别提到了博尔诺的Shehu和其他酋长、穆斯林和基督教领袖的作用。传统政治领导人是博尔诺文化和传统的守护者。他们通过动员社会为战争做出贡献来激发对战争的支持。本文采用了定性的方法，使用了对传统政治和宗教机构幸存成员进行采访的口头资料。传统政治领导人还委托宗教领袖为内战的成功结束、尼日利亚的团结祈祷，并宣传入伍的合法性。

引用次数: 0

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