Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115565
Andrzej Sadecki
One of the salient features of the recent populist turn in Europe has been a redefinition of the European. Traditionally, (far) right-wing parties defined themselves as Eurosceptic and focused on national identity. Increasingly, however, they have referred to pan-European heritage, although against the mainstream conceptualization of it. The article looks at the case of Hungary and the image of Europe constructed by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whose rhetoric has become a key reference point for other European populist movements. The past decade his government has witnessed, on the one hand, a tendency to redefine what is European against the dominant and institutionalized interpretations, and, on the other, an attempt to single-out the concept of Central Europe as the locus for maintaining and nurturing European values in contrast to perceived Western decline. This paper examines this discourse through a close reading of major speeches delivered by Orbán on the anniversaries of historical events. Analysis of these speeches reveals the ideological foundations of his political project and presents historical and philosophical interpretations of the European political situation. It seeks to identify how Orbán’s discourse evolved across time, by putting the speeches about the past into the present political context.
{"title":"From defying to (re-)defining Europe in Viktor Orbán’s discourse about the past","authors":"Andrzej Sadecki","doi":"10.1177/00472441221115565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115565","url":null,"abstract":"One of the salient features of the recent populist turn in Europe has been a redefinition of the European. Traditionally, (far) right-wing parties defined themselves as Eurosceptic and focused on national identity. Increasingly, however, they have referred to pan-European heritage, although against the mainstream conceptualization of it. The article looks at the case of Hungary and the image of Europe constructed by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whose rhetoric has become a key reference point for other European populist movements. The past decade his government has witnessed, on the one hand, a tendency to redefine what is European against the dominant and institutionalized interpretations, and, on the other, an attempt to single-out the concept of Central Europe as the locus for maintaining and nurturing European values in contrast to perceived Western decline. This paper examines this discourse through a close reading of major speeches delivered by Orbán on the anniversaries of historical events. Analysis of these speeches reveals the ideological foundations of his political project and presents historical and philosophical interpretations of the European political situation. It seeks to identify how Orbán’s discourse evolved across time, by putting the speeches about the past into the present political context.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"255 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42428020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-26DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115611
M. van der Waal
During the early twentieth century, people across Europe were enticed by magic lantern slide shows about a wide range of topics and issues. This contribution examines magic lantern images depicting South Africa and conveyed to Dutch viewers. How did the slides shape an imaginary both of South Africa and of the viewers themselves? My analysis shows that the slides not only transmitted information about South Africa – its built infrastructure, nature, population and economic sectors (in particular, the agricultural sector) – but also conveyed a narrative that established specific social subjects hierarchized on the basis of race, ethnicity and class. A critical engagement with the imaginary carried across by this material heritage helps us to understand how it promoted a colonial, social subjectivity with which potential emigrants could identify: a rights-bearing, European citizen with the right to move to South Africa and establish a new life there. Prior to any actual emigration, then, subjects were inscribed in a history of structural and physical violence, racism, alleged White superiority, social injustices and social inequality.
{"title":"Enticed to settle elsewhere: Magic lantern slides and the transnational creation of European colonial citizens","authors":"M. van der Waal","doi":"10.1177/00472441221115611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115611","url":null,"abstract":"During the early twentieth century, people across Europe were enticed by magic lantern slide shows about a wide range of topics and issues. This contribution examines magic lantern images depicting South Africa and conveyed to Dutch viewers. How did the slides shape an imaginary both of South Africa and of the viewers themselves? My analysis shows that the slides not only transmitted information about South Africa – its built infrastructure, nature, population and economic sectors (in particular, the agricultural sector) – but also conveyed a narrative that established specific social subjects hierarchized on the basis of race, ethnicity and class. A critical engagement with the imaginary carried across by this material heritage helps us to understand how it promoted a colonial, social subjectivity with which potential emigrants could identify: a rights-bearing, European citizen with the right to move to South Africa and establish a new life there. Prior to any actual emigration, then, subjects were inscribed in a history of structural and physical violence, racism, alleged White superiority, social injustices and social inequality.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"289 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41613072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-23DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115569
K. Tuori
Before the Second World War, the concept of Europe was a secondary moniker in a nationalistic world, which made the post-war rise of Europe and European legal heritage as concepts remarkable development. The idea of European integration was in part a post-war reaction to the ultranationalism touted by totalitarian regimes such as Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy. In a few years after the war, there emerged a new theory which argued that Roman law provided the foundation for a common European legal heritage, as well as a basis for future integration. This contribution explores the emergence of this idea and traces its history from the 1930s to the present, equally by scholars working in Europe and those who were exiled in the United States, arguing that with the rise of human rights instruments it created a foundation for the European narrative of rights that was a key part of the legitimation of European integration. This article demonstrates how these narratives of Roman law legitimated changing conceptions of European self-understanding and self-definition by engaging in a type of heritage discourse where the past was seen as a framework for the future.
{"title":"The invention of the European legal tradition and the narrative of rights","authors":"K. Tuori","doi":"10.1177/00472441221115569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115569","url":null,"abstract":"Before the Second World War, the concept of Europe was a secondary moniker in a nationalistic world, which made the post-war rise of Europe and European legal heritage as concepts remarkable development. The idea of European integration was in part a post-war reaction to the ultranationalism touted by totalitarian regimes such as Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy. In a few years after the war, there emerged a new theory which argued that Roman law provided the foundation for a common European legal heritage, as well as a basis for future integration. This contribution explores the emergence of this idea and traces its history from the 1930s to the present, equally by scholars working in Europe and those who were exiled in the United States, arguing that with the rise of human rights instruments it created a foundation for the European narrative of rights that was a key part of the legitimation of European integration. This article demonstrates how these narratives of Roman law legitimated changing conceptions of European self-understanding and self-definition by engaging in a type of heritage discourse where the past was seen as a framework for the future.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"204 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49090193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115571
Tuuli Lähdesmäki
In its political discourse, the European Union balances Christian heritage, the secularization of European societies, liberal values and Europe’s culturally and religiously diverse contemporary reality. This article explores how the European Union narrates the story of Europe and the role of Christianity in this narrative. This exploration is based on two qualitative case studies focusing on key heritage and history initiatives of the European Commission and the European Parliament: the European Heritage Label and the House of European History. The article argues that issues related to Christianity become easier to handle for the European Union when they are dealt with as memory, tradition and cultural heritage – and thus linked to the history of Europe.
{"title":"The role of Christianity in the European Union’s heritage and history initiatives","authors":"Tuuli Lähdesmäki","doi":"10.1177/00472441221115571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115571","url":null,"abstract":"In its political discourse, the European Union balances Christian heritage, the secularization of European societies, liberal values and Europe’s culturally and religiously diverse contemporary reality. This article explores how the European Union narrates the story of Europe and the role of Christianity in this narrative. This exploration is based on two qualitative case studies focusing on key heritage and history initiatives of the European Commission and the European Parliament: the European Heritage Label and the House of European History. The article argues that issues related to Christianity become easier to handle for the European Union when they are dealt with as memory, tradition and cultural heritage – and thus linked to the history of Europe.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"170 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48200538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115570
Laura van den Bergh
The ambitious 11fountains project was a flagship feature of the programme that won Leeuwarden (Netherlands) the title of European Capital of Culture for 2018. Eleven international artists were invited to design fountains for 11 towns in the province of Friesland. Feeling side-lined in the project, local Frisians responded by erecting their own fountain, which was decorated with 230 stylised penises and concealed a toilet. Drawing on theories of heritage and community formation to frame this fountain as a case study, I develop a concept of ‘community-building heritage’. Community-building heritage is participatory, dependent on citizen contributions and explicitly aims to mobilise and connect individual contributors in a community. Understanding community-building heritage as an act of cultural self-signification, I argue that its facilitation within the European Capital of Culture initiative, either in official programming or as counter-initiative, may contribute to a more bottom-up and constructivist approach towards community constitution within European Union cultural policies.
{"title":"Little willies as community-building heritage: A bottom-up approach to the European Capital of Culture initiative","authors":"Laura van den Bergh","doi":"10.1177/00472441221115570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115570","url":null,"abstract":"The ambitious 11fountains project was a flagship feature of the programme that won Leeuwarden (Netherlands) the title of European Capital of Culture for 2018. Eleven international artists were invited to design fountains for 11 towns in the province of Friesland. Feeling side-lined in the project, local Frisians responded by erecting their own fountain, which was decorated with 230 stylised penises and concealed a toilet. Drawing on theories of heritage and community formation to frame this fountain as a case study, I develop a concept of ‘community-building heritage’. Community-building heritage is participatory, dependent on citizen contributions and explicitly aims to mobilise and connect individual contributors in a community. Understanding community-building heritage as an act of cultural self-signification, I argue that its facilitation within the European Capital of Culture initiative, either in official programming or as counter-initiative, may contribute to a more bottom-up and constructivist approach towards community constitution within European Union cultural policies.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"314 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44809168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1177/00472441221115560
J. Blokker
The role of architectural heritage in the discourse and practice of the populist far right is examined, referring to examples in Germany and focusing on the Alternative für Deutschland. The findings reveal that the Alternative für Deutschland appropriates historic buildings and sites in a number of ways, including visual and oral rhetoric and embodied performance, and instrumentalizes them to specific ends. Built heritage in particular serves to naturalize and therefore to legitimize and authorize populist positions by anchoring them not only in time but also at places, thus reinforcing populism’s exclusionary logic along territorial lines – including those describing the space of ‘European civilization’. This implies challenges for heritage professionals and institutions, as actors such as the Alternative für Deutschland attempt to map the notion of a national or a civilizational ‘Heartland’ onto existing heritage objects and sites or else engage in ‘making’ heritage in the urban environment.
参照德国的例子，重点研究了建筑遗产在民粹主义极右翼的话语和实践中的作用，并关注了德国的另类选择。研究结果表明，德国另类选择党以多种方式侵占历史建筑和遗址，包括视觉和口头修辞以及具体表演，并将其工具化以达到特定目的。建筑遗产尤其有助于使民粹主义立场自然化，从而使其合法化和授权，不仅在时间上，而且在地点上，从而强化民粹主义沿着领土线的排斥逻辑——包括那些描述“欧洲文明”空间的逻辑。这意味着遗产专业人员和机构面临挑战，因为德国另类选择组织（Alternative für Deutschland）等行为者试图将国家或文明“心脏地带”的概念映射到现有的遗产对象和遗址上，或者在城市环境中“制作”遗产。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00472441221091614e
A. Wood
subject matter and poetics/dramaturgy, and sees him as his theatrical forbear (literally at the Berliner Ensemble). Müller picks up similar issues and reworks some aspects of focus and form (e.g. the use of the Lehrstück) with reference to the political situations facing him in the GDR in the 1950s and 1960s, moves away from them in the 1970s but returns to Brecht’s ‘methods’ in the 70s/80s: key factors include the use of non-Aristotelian dramaturgy and anti-illusionism; emphasis on structural conflict as opposed to individual psychology, through types rather than ‘characters’, the search for ‘an aesthetic of impact’ and the goal of a political theatre which presents social circumstances as modifiable. Norman Rössler’s ‘Thinking Brecht in(to) the University’ clarifies that this is not about ‘using a Brecht text’, but rather ‘seeks to intervene, dialecticize and apply Brechtian thought to the disciplinary-capitalized university and its architectonics of specialization . . .’. The essay offers some stimulating thoughts on ‘theatricalizing’ space and teaching– learning relationships, as well as deriving an interactive and semiotic approach from some short Brecht texts on radio production. There are many other useful pieces in this collection, which also has a good Bibliography.
{"title":"Book Reviews: Jan Matti Dollbaum, Morvan Lallouet and Ben Noble: Navalny: Putin’s Nemesis, Russia’s Future?","authors":"A. Wood","doi":"10.1177/00472441221091614e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221091614e","url":null,"abstract":"subject matter and poetics/dramaturgy, and sees him as his theatrical forbear (literally at the Berliner Ensemble). Müller picks up similar issues and reworks some aspects of focus and form (e.g. the use of the Lehrstück) with reference to the political situations facing him in the GDR in the 1950s and 1960s, moves away from them in the 1970s but returns to Brecht’s ‘methods’ in the 70s/80s: key factors include the use of non-Aristotelian dramaturgy and anti-illusionism; emphasis on structural conflict as opposed to individual psychology, through types rather than ‘characters’, the search for ‘an aesthetic of impact’ and the goal of a political theatre which presents social circumstances as modifiable. Norman Rössler’s ‘Thinking Brecht in(to) the University’ clarifies that this is not about ‘using a Brecht text’, but rather ‘seeks to intervene, dialecticize and apply Brechtian thought to the disciplinary-capitalized university and its architectonics of specialization . . .’. The essay offers some stimulating thoughts on ‘theatricalizing’ space and teaching– learning relationships, as well as deriving an interactive and semiotic approach from some short Brecht texts on radio production. There are many other useful pieces in this collection, which also has a good Bibliography.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"153 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43510581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00472441221091614d
Ralph Yarrow
Thus, Stewart amply demonstrates how Hegel ‘cast a long shadow’ (pp. 64, 244, 282) on philosophy in the nineteenth century, and this book confirms his view that the history of philosophy in the nineteenth century is characterized not much by a radical break as by various attempts to come to terms with some of the key analyses of Hegel (p. 203) – attempts that continued well into the twentieth century and, indeed, continue into our own (pp. 294–301); Hegel’s shadow is very long. Stewart envisages that his book might be used as a companion or textbook in classes on philosophy or the history of ideas, and it could very well serve this useful function. But there is another significant point: apart from Hegel himself, none of the figures discussed here was a university philosopher (or, if they were, it was not for long; p. 293). (Tellingly, in Eduard Gaertner’s painting of Unter den Linden (1873) that graces the dust jacket of this book, the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great and the Staatsoper are clearly in view, but the Humboldt University on the other side is largely occluded . . . ). In fact, Stewart suggests that there is ‘something powerful in the idea that something important was lost in the practice of philosophy once it became institutionalized’, speculating that ‘the true spirit of philosophy can only exist outside these structures in the spirit of free inquiry’ (p. 281). There is a lesson here for us all.
因此，Stewart充分展示了黑格尔如何在19世纪的哲学上“投下长长的阴影”（第64244282页），这本书证实了他的观点，即十九世纪哲学史的特点与其说是彻底的突破，不如说是各种尝试接受黑格尔的一些关键分析（第203页）——这些尝试一直延续到二十世纪，实际上也一直延续到我们自己（第294–301页）；黑格尔的影子很长。斯图尔特设想，他的书可以作为哲学或思想史课程的配套教材或教科书，它可以很好地发挥这一有用的作用。但还有另一个重要的观点：除了黑格尔本人之外，这里讨论的人物都不是大学哲学家（或者，如果他们是，那也不长；第293页）。（值得注意的是，爱德华·盖特纳（Eduard Gaertner）的《Unter den Linden》（1873）画作为本书的防尘套增色不少，弗雷德里克大帝（Frederick the Great）和国家歌剧院（Staatsoper）的骑马雕像清晰可见，但另一边的洪堡大学（Humboldt University）在很大程度上被遮挡了…）。事实上，Stewart认为，“重要的东西一旦制度化，就会在哲学实践中丢失，这种想法中有一些强大的东西”，并推测“真正的哲学精神只能以自由探究的精神存在于这些结构之外”（第281页）。这里给我们大家上了一课。
{"title":"Book Reviews: Stephen Brockmann (ed.): Bertolt Brecht in Context","authors":"Ralph Yarrow","doi":"10.1177/00472441221091614d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221091614d","url":null,"abstract":"Thus, Stewart amply demonstrates how Hegel ‘cast a long shadow’ (pp. 64, 244, 282) on philosophy in the nineteenth century, and this book confirms his view that the history of philosophy in the nineteenth century is characterized not much by a radical break as by various attempts to come to terms with some of the key analyses of Hegel (p. 203) – attempts that continued well into the twentieth century and, indeed, continue into our own (pp. 294–301); Hegel’s shadow is very long. Stewart envisages that his book might be used as a companion or textbook in classes on philosophy or the history of ideas, and it could very well serve this useful function. But there is another significant point: apart from Hegel himself, none of the figures discussed here was a university philosopher (or, if they were, it was not for long; p. 293). (Tellingly, in Eduard Gaertner’s painting of Unter den Linden (1873) that graces the dust jacket of this book, the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great and the Staatsoper are clearly in view, but the Humboldt University on the other side is largely occluded . . . ). In fact, Stewart suggests that there is ‘something powerful in the idea that something important was lost in the practice of philosophy once it became institutionalized’, speculating that ‘the true spirit of philosophy can only exist outside these structures in the spirit of free inquiry’ (p. 281). There is a lesson here for us all.","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"150 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47636332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00472441221091614g
J. Preece
{"title":"Book Reviews: Andrew Hussey: Speaking East: The Strange and Enchanted Life of Isodore Isou","authors":"J. Preece","doi":"10.1177/00472441221091614g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221091614g","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43875,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES","volume":"52 1","pages":"157 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48620269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00472441221091614c
P. Bishop
The remarkable lectures that Hegel gave in Berlin in the 1820s generated an exciting and stimulating intellectual atmosphere that lasted for decades. From the 1830s, many students flocked to Berlin to study with people who had studied with Hegel, and both his original students, such as Feuerbach and Bauer, and later arrivals including Kierkegaard, Engels, Bakunin and Marx, evolved into leading nineteenth-century thinkers. Jon Stewart’s panoramic study of Hegel’s deep influence upon the nineteenth century in turn reveals what that century contributed to the wider history of philosophy. It shows how Hegel’s notions of “alienation” and “recognition” became the central motifs for the era’s thinking; how these concepts spilled over into other fields – like religion, politics, literature, and drama; and how they created a cultural phenomenon so rich and pervasive that it can truly be called “Hegel’s century.” This book is required reading for historians of ideas as well as of philosophy.
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