This paper investigates whether EU redistributive policies improved the public attitude toward European integration, both in terms of public opinion and in terms of political preferences. We build a new dataset combining data from the European Social Survey, different data sources for political parties’ stances and transfer records from EU institutions. We focus on the regional Cohesion Policy, within which the Convergence Objective program offers a quasi-experimental framework that allows us to single out these effects by means of a regression discontinuity approach. Results show that EU transfers have mitigated the rise of Eurosceptic attitudes and reduced the political consensus for anti- EU parties in long-time recipient regions. We estimate that increasing the regional per capita EU transfers by 1000€ over the 2000-2014 period reduces the share of Eurosceptic individuals by about 8 percentage points and voters’ support for anti-EU parties by 10 percentage points. The effects are homogeneous across different socio-economic groups, including the most disadvantaged ones. Other attitudes that are often associated with Euroscepticism (i.e. anti-trade and anti-immigration stances) are not substantially affected by EU regional transfers.
{"title":"EU transfers and euroscepticism: can’t buy me love?","authors":"A. Borin, E. Macchi, Michele Mancini","doi":"10.1093/epolic/eiaa028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa028","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether EU redistributive policies improved the public attitude toward European integration, both in terms of public opinion and in terms of political preferences. We build a new dataset combining data from the European Social Survey, different data sources for political parties’ stances and transfer records from EU institutions. We focus on the regional Cohesion Policy, within which the Convergence Objective program offers a quasi-experimental framework that allows us to single out these effects by means of a regression discontinuity approach. Results show that EU transfers have mitigated the rise of Eurosceptic attitudes and reduced the political consensus for anti- EU parties in long-time recipient regions. We estimate that increasing the regional per capita EU transfers by 1000€ over the 2000-2014 period reduces the share of Eurosceptic individuals by about 8 percentage points and voters’ support for anti-EU parties by 10 percentage points. The effects are homogeneous across different socio-economic groups, including the most disadvantaged ones. Other attitudes that are often associated with Euroscepticism (i.e. anti-trade and anti-immigration stances) are not substantially affected by EU regional transfers.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epolic/eiaa028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46372196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is a detrimental persistent eating disorder that impacts millions of women, and imposes serious costs on the economy in terms of physical health, treatment costs, absence from work, and reduced human capital accumulation. One important issue in treating BN is that it is often undiagnosed, especially among disadvantaged girls. The failures to diagnose BN occur, in part, because many cases of BN are unobservable to others, and asking girls about their bingeing and purging behavior can be considered invasive. Using data on eating disorder behaviors from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, we show that information on a girl’s personality traits, along with information on her family’s socioeconomic status, can be used to impute the unobservable BN behavior. In particular, we find that personality traits are significant determinants of bulimic behavior, even after controlling for socioeconomic status. These results suggest a way to target those who are likely to suffer from BN based on identifiable personality traits. Given the costs involved in BN, and the number of individuals affected, our research suggests a practical direction for public health policy to reduce the number of undiagnosed cases.
{"title":"Health Outcomes, Personality Traits, And Eating Disorders","authors":"J. Ham, D. Iorio, Michelle Sovinsky","doi":"10.1093/epolic/eiaa029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa029","url":null,"abstract":"Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is a detrimental persistent eating disorder that impacts millions of women, and imposes serious costs on the economy in terms of physical health, treatment costs, absence from work, and reduced human capital accumulation. One important issue in treating BN is that it is often undiagnosed, especially among disadvantaged girls. The failures to diagnose BN occur, in part, because many cases of BN are unobservable to others, and asking girls about their bingeing and purging behavior can be considered invasive. Using data on eating disorder behaviors from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, we show that information on a girl’s personality traits, along with information on her family’s socioeconomic status, can be used to impute the unobservable BN behavior. In particular, we find that personality traits are significant determinants of bulimic behavior, even after controlling for socioeconomic status. These results suggest a way to target those who are likely to suffer from BN based on identifiable personality traits. Given the costs involved in BN, and the number of individuals affected, our research suggests a practical direction for public health policy to reduce the number of undiagnosed cases.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epolic/eiaa029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42606092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the impact of news content on individuals’ perceptions about corruption. To this purpose, we combine individuals’ beliefs about the likelihood that corruption events may occur in everyday life, as obtained from questions introduced in a large household survey, with their as-good-as-random exposure to corruption-related news on the date of the interview. Results show that a 1 SD increase in the number of corruption news items raises corruption perceptions by 3.5%. Consistently with a mechanism of persuasion, perceptions respond mainly to news not related to specific corruption events rather than to those reporting on arrests, investigations or convictions.
{"title":"Persuadable perceptions: the effect of media content on beliefs about corruption","authors":"L. Rizzica, Marco Tonello","doi":"10.1093/epolic/eiaa026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We study the impact of news content on individuals’ perceptions about corruption. To this purpose, we combine individuals’ beliefs about the likelihood that corruption events may occur in everyday life, as obtained from questions introduced in a large household survey, with their as-good-as-random exposure to corruption-related news on the date of the interview. Results show that a 1 SD increase in the number of corruption news items raises corruption perceptions by 3.5%. Consistently with a mechanism of persuasion, perceptions respond mainly to news not related to specific corruption events rather than to those reporting on arrests, investigations or convictions.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epolic/eiaa026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47282260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pension reforms rising minimum retirement age force some senior workers to retire later than originally expected. We evaluate the impact of a 2011 Italian reform, implemented during a recession, on youth and prime age employment. Our research design is based on difference-in-differences, and exploits the variations in the intensity of the treatment across local labor markets due to differences in the age structure of the population. We estimate that, for any 1,000 local senior workers locked into employment by the reform, local youth and prime age employment declined by 273 (-0.86%) and 199 (-0.12%) workers, and senior employment increased by 833 (+2.70%) individuals. The estimated reduction in youth employment is broadly similar to the one induced by earlier reforms, implemented when the economy was growing. We estimate that an important part of the total employment change induced by the 2011 reform is due to higher firm turnover.
{"title":"Does A Higher Retirement Age Reduce Youth Employment?","authors":"Marco Bertoni, G. Brunello","doi":"10.1093/epolic/eiaa022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pension reforms rising minimum retirement age force some senior workers to retire later than originally expected. We evaluate the impact of a 2011 Italian reform, implemented during a recession, on youth and prime age employment. Our research design is based on difference-in-differences, and exploits the variations in the intensity of the treatment across local labor markets due to differences in the age structure of the population. We estimate that, for any 1,000 local senior workers locked into employment by the reform, local youth and prime age employment declined by 273 (-0.86%) and 199 (-0.12%) workers, and senior employment increased by 833 (+2.70%) individuals. The estimated reduction in youth employment is broadly similar to the one induced by earlier reforms, implemented when the economy was growing. We estimate that an important part of the total employment change induced by the 2011 reform is due to higher firm turnover.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epolic/eiaa022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42165087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates why controls on capital inflows have a bad name by tracing how capital controls have been used and perceived since the laissez-faire era of the classical gold standard. While advanced economies often employed capital controls to tame inflows during the last century, we conjecture that several factors undermined their subsequent use—most notably, a “guilt by association” with controls on capital outflows, which have typically been employed by autocratic regimes or those with failed macroeconomic policies. We formalize the idea of a possible guilt by association between inflow controls and outflow controls in a signaling model and provide some empirics consistent with it.
{"title":"What’s in a Name? That Which We Call Capital Controls","authors":"A. Ghosh, Jun Il Kim, M. Qureshi","doi":"10.1093/epolic/eiaa009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates why controls on capital inflows have a bad name by tracing how capital controls have been used and perceived since the laissez-faire era of the classical gold standard. While advanced economies often employed capital controls to tame inflows during the last century, we conjecture that several factors undermined their subsequent use—most notably, a “guilt by association” with controls on capital outflows, which have typically been employed by autocratic regimes or those with failed macroeconomic policies. We formalize the idea of a possible guilt by association between inflow controls and outflow controls in a signaling model and provide some empirics consistent with it.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/epolic/eiaa009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47045692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we try to point out the lost opportunity on how to address the current crisis, forgetting principles and theories that were successfully applied in the Great Depression. After some considerations about the Stock Market Crash that began on October 24, 1929 and their catastrophic consequences, we analyze the reaction of European authorities to the present crisis, highlighting the financial costs and the loss of welfare that has led to the rescue of peripheral Eurozone countries. Our analysis is based on the interpretation in the framework of the present time of the work and thought of John Maynard Keynes. In this comparative analysis we find a strong contrast between the economic policy outlined in those times by our honorable English economist, and the presence of a recalcitrant single thought and the reductionist determinism that have characterized the economic policies bring about in the crisis years in our country and, in general, in the Eurozone area, given rise to an avoidable situation of austerity and recession we have suffered between 2008 and 2013. In the article we stand out the fact that the Great Depression was harsher and more terrible that the Financial Crisis of these last years, but better managed by the American Authorities, in clear contrast to what happened in our country in those times. In the present work it is valued the convenience of applying them to the difficult situation we are going through the economic policy that in those years of crisis was not wanted or we were not able to implement.
{"title":"Algunas diferencias entre la gran depresión y la crisis reciente: una reevaluación","authors":"A. F. Díaz","doi":"10.7203/IREP.2.1.17734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.2.1.17734","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we try to point out the lost opportunity on how to address the current crisis, forgetting principles and theories that were successfully applied in the Great Depression. After some considerations about the Stock Market Crash that began on October 24, 1929 and their catastrophic consequences, we analyze the reaction of European authorities to the present crisis, highlighting the financial costs and the loss of welfare that has led to the rescue of peripheral Eurozone countries. Our analysis is based on the interpretation in the framework of the present time of the work and thought of John Maynard Keynes. In this comparative analysis we find a strong contrast between the economic policy outlined in those times by our honorable English economist, and the presence of a recalcitrant single thought and the reductionist determinism that have characterized the economic policies bring about in the crisis years in our country and, in general, in the Eurozone area, given rise to an avoidable situation of austerity and recession we have suffered between 2008 and 2013. In the article we stand out the fact that the Great Depression was harsher and more terrible that the Financial Crisis of these last years, but better managed by the American Authorities, in clear contrast to what happened in our country in those times. In the present work it is valued the convenience of applying them to the difficult situation we are going through the economic policy that in those years of crisis was not wanted or we were not able to implement.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71298816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integrated model of regulatory and competition authorities approved in 2014 in Spain has received significant criticism even before the creation of the CNMC. Much of such criticisms were based on the lack of verifiable international experience in Europe in this kind of organizational structure. Therefore, faced with a possible reform of this model in the future, it is worth asking: What would be the best institutional structure? What other institutional designs exist in the countries around? The article includes three European institutional models that could be a reference for a possible Spanish “super-regulator” future reform.
{"title":"Modelos institucionales de regulación y competencia en Europa y su aplicación al caso español","authors":"Marta Carrillo Neff","doi":"10.7203/IREP.2.1.17737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.2.1.17737","url":null,"abstract":"The integrated model of regulatory and competition authorities approved in 2014 in Spain has received significant criticism even before the creation of the CNMC. Much of such criticisms were based on the lack of verifiable international experience in Europe in this kind of organizational structure. Therefore, faced with a possible reform of this model in the future, it is worth asking: What would be the best institutional structure? What other institutional designs exist in the countries around? The article includes three European institutional models that could be a reference for a possible Spanish “super-regulator” future reform.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"2 1","pages":"46-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46339515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A key question that emerges from the coronavirus pandemic is what is required to make of this temporary phase a pathway to transformative change. Or, as largely happened following the 2008 financial crisis, will society return to a carbon-heavy, growth-dominated economy based on an ethic of radical individualism and rampant consumerism, informed by neoliberal prescriptions. This article draws on the work of Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) to offer an alternative theoretical framework to guide transformative social change in the era of climate change. It begins by identifying a key feature of the structure-agency balance in contemporary society, namely a techno-optimism and the case made for an alternative framing through the lens of political economy. The second section identifies the two key theoretical frames which informed the dominant political economy configurations since the second World War – a social democratic frame and a neoliberal frame. The argument is made that a new frame is now necessary. The third and longest section draws a range of conceptual contributions from Polanyi to offer a distinctively different theory to that offered by neoliberalism. These include market society; different meanings of economy; fictitious commodities; forms of integration; double movement; discovery of society; the human person and freedom; and the power of technology. The final section draws conclusions.
{"title":"Requisitos para el cambio transformativo: contribuciones de Karl Polanyi","authors":"P. Kirby","doi":"10.7203/IREP.2.1.17745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.2.1.17745","url":null,"abstract":"A key question that emerges from the coronavirus pandemic is what is required to make of this temporary phase a pathway to transformative change. Or, as largely happened following the 2008 financial crisis, will society return to a carbon-heavy, growth-dominated economy based on an ethic of radical individualism and rampant consumerism, informed by neoliberal prescriptions. This article draws on the work of Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) to offer an alternative theoretical framework to guide transformative social change in the era of climate change. It begins by identifying a key feature of the structure-agency balance in contemporary society, namely a techno-optimism and the case made for an alternative framing through the lens of political economy. The second section identifies the two key theoretical frames which informed the dominant political economy configurations since the second World War – a social democratic frame and a neoliberal frame. The argument is made that a new frame is now necessary. The third and longest section draws a range of conceptual contributions from Polanyi to offer a distinctively different theory to that offered by neoliberalism. These include market society; different meanings of economy; fictitious commodities; forms of integration; double movement; discovery of society; the human person and freedom; and the power of technology. The final section draws conclusions.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"2 1","pages":"103-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45960376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main impacts of the Great Recession has been the increase in the rate of unemployment in Spain. Unemployment has a negative impact on the wages of workers, which, in those pension systems where pensions are computed according to wages, eventually affect pension benefits. In this contribution we estimate the impact of these detrimental effects on Spain’s pensioners’ welfare. According to our estimates the average pensioner is expected to lose the equivalent to 18 monthly payments of the initial pension entitlement. Additionally, the poverty risk faced by pensioners is estimated to increase between 10.6 and 24.6 per cent due to the effect of the Great Recession.
{"title":"El efecto del desempleo de la Gran Recesión en los pensionistas españoles","authors":"Philip Arestis, P. Peinado, F. Serrano","doi":"10.7203/IREP.2.1.17743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.2.1.17743","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main impacts of the Great Recession has been the increase in the rate of unemployment in Spain. Unemployment has a negative impact on the wages of workers, which, in those pension systems where pensions are computed according to wages, eventually affect pension benefits. In this contribution we estimate the impact of these detrimental effects on Spain’s pensioners’ welfare. According to our estimates the average pensioner is expected to lose the equivalent to 18 monthly payments of the initial pension entitlement. Additionally, the poverty risk faced by pensioners is estimated to increase between 10.6 and 24.6 per cent due to the effect of the Great Recession.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"2 1","pages":"87-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46488217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea and some evidence that university degrees no longer serve as an effective instrument of the social elevator is spreading. On the contrary, a scenario is gaining ground in which the social, political and economic elites are perpetuated through a very select group of universities that clearly differ from the rest of the universities. Knowing if this is a phenomenon applicable to the Spanish university is the object of this study. For this, the employability of university degrees will be used as a relevant variable. This basic information comes from the 2010 database of university graduates of the Ministry of Education and tells us what their employability was in the following years. In this work, employability will be used in 2011, that is, one year after the university graduate leaves. From these data, employability, is classified into three levels, by quartiles, with high employability (AE) being the fourth quartile, low employability (BE) being the first quartile and leaving the two central quartiles for the average employability (ME). Next, a heterogeneity coefficient (?) is constructed for each university. The main conclusion is that the Spanish public universities very majority (in number of degrees and in number of universities) offer titles of medium employability. However, a certain capacity of five universities to offer a high number of highly employable degrees is revealed. Similarly, there is a very small group of universities that offer an appreciable number of low employability degrees.
{"title":"Política económica y heterogeneidad de la universidad pública española: un enfoque desde la empleabilidad","authors":"Miguel Cuerdo Mir, Pilar Grau Carles, J. González","doi":"10.7203/IREP.2.1.17738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.2.1.17738","url":null,"abstract":"The idea and some evidence that university degrees no longer serve as an effective instrument of the social elevator is spreading. On the contrary, a scenario is gaining ground in which the social, political and economic elites are perpetuated through a very select group of universities that clearly differ from the rest of the universities. Knowing if this is a phenomenon applicable to the Spanish university is the object of this study. For this, the employability of university degrees will be used as a relevant variable. This basic information comes from the 2010 database of university graduates of the Ministry of Education and tells us what their employability was in the following years. In this work, employability will be used in 2011, that is, one year after the university graduate leaves. From these data, employability, is classified into three levels, by quartiles, with high employability (AE) being the fourth quartile, low employability (BE) being the first quartile and leaving the two central quartiles for the average employability (ME). Next, a heterogeneity coefficient (?) is constructed for each university. The main conclusion is that the Spanish public universities very majority (in number of degrees and in number of universities) offer titles of medium employability. However, a certain capacity of five universities to offer a high number of highly employable degrees is revealed. Similarly, there is a very small group of universities that offer an appreciable number of low employability degrees.","PeriodicalId":43996,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomicheskaya politika","volume":"2 1","pages":"65-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41599199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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