Anuario de Psicologia最新文献_第6页

Impacto de la violencia comunitaria en los estilos de vida de adultos jóvenes en México. 社区暴力对墨西哥年轻人生活方式的影响。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.11

J. L. Y. Sagarduy, L. A. O. Ramírez, Gloria Margarita Gurrola Peña, Daniela Romero Reyes

In Mexico, community violence has increased, encompassing all types of crime (assault, rape, robbery, kidnapping). The present study aims to verify how young Mexican adults have modified their lifestyles due to the insecurity of their community and to analyze if there is a relationship between direct, indirect and contextual victimization with the fact of modifying their lifestyle. An ex post facto retrospective study was carried out, with a single group and multiple measures. A sample of 1470 university students from different states of the country was applied the Scale of Victimization and the Scale of Exposure to Community Violence and an open question was asked about the activities they had stopped doing due to the insecurity of their community. More than half of the sample reports that they have stopped doing activities that they previously did (eg, going to different places) or changed the frequency with which they do it or indicates that they have modified the schedule in the realization of their activities or in the visit to places or states that it takes precautionary measures (eg, avoid unknown people, go out alone, walk as if nothing in the street, take taxis, close doors and windows). It was found that direct and indirect victimization, as well as exposure to community violence or contextual victimization are predictors of these changes in the lifestyles of young adults.

在墨西哥，社区暴力有所增加，包括所有类型的犯罪（袭击、强奸、抢劫、绑架）。本研究旨在验证墨西哥年轻人是如何因社区的不安全感而改变生活方式的，并分析直接、间接和情境伤害与改变生活方式之间是否存在关系。进行了一项事后回顾性研究，采用单一组和多种测量方法。对来自全国不同州的1470名大学生样本进行了受害程度和社区暴力暴露程度调查，并就他们因社区不安全而停止的活动提出了一个悬而未决的问题。超过一半的样本报告称，他们已经停止了以前的活动（例如，去不同的地方），或改变了活动的频率，或表示他们在实现活动或访问某些地方时修改了时间表，或表示采取了预防措施（例如，避开不认识的人，独自外出，在街上若无其事地行走，乘坐出租车，关上门窗）。研究发现，直接和间接受害，以及暴露于社区暴力或背景受害，是年轻人生活方式发生这些变化的预测因素。

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引用次数: 0

Los Modelos Bifactor vs. los Modelos Factoriales Mixtos en la estructura factorial del TDAH. 多动症因子结构中的双因子模型与混合因子模型。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.12

J. F. D. Miguel

In the last decade, the bifactor model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been widely investigated. This model consists of a general dimension of ADHD and two specific factors (inattention and hyperactivity / impulsivity). On the other hand, mixed factor models (FMM) have also begun to be implemented in the study of the structure of ADHD due to the possibility of combining categorical and continuous variables that facilitate the study of the latent reality of the disorder. The aim of the present work was to describe and analyse the research published in the last ten years (from 2008 to 2018) that were based on bifactor models and mixed factor models (FMM) for the analysis of the structure of ADHD. Given that, to date, there is no consistent evidence on an optimal model of the disorder in children and adolescents. For this, an exhaustive review based on a bibliographic search was presented, where the publications of scientific journals referring to the objective of the work were analysed. The studies conclude that the bifactor is superior to the traditional model of two correlated factors, according to the adjustment obtained by factor analysis, while the mixed factorial model of ADHD of two factors and two classes has shown a better adjustment than most of the bifactor models.

近十年来，注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的双因素模型得到了广泛的研究。该模型包括ADHD的一般维度和两个特定因素(注意力不集中和多动/冲动)。另一方面，混合因素模型(mixed factor models, FMM)也开始应用于ADHD的结构研究，因为它可以将分类变量和连续变量结合起来，便于研究ADHD的潜在现实。本研究的目的是描述和分析过去十年(2008年至2018年)发表的基于双因素模型和混合因素模型(FMM)的研究，以分析ADHD的结构。鉴于此，到目前为止，还没有一致的证据表明儿童和青少年中这种疾病的最佳模型。为此，提出了一项基于书目检索的详尽审查，其中分析了涉及工作目标的科学期刊的出版物。根据因子分析得到的调整结果，研究认为双因子优于传统的两相关因子模型，而ADHD的两因素两类混合因子模型比大多数双因子模型具有更好的调整效果。

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引用次数: 2

Reconocimiento de patrones visuales en infantes de 12 y 14 semanas de nacimiento. 出生12周和14周婴儿的视觉模式识别。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-04-26 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.1

L. Ramírez

El objetivo de este estudio experimental bifactorial de series repetidas fue establecer la presencia de la capacidad de reconocimiento temprano de patrones visuales en dos grupos de 20 infantes cada uno, de 12 y 14 semanas de nacimiento. Se utilizo la tecnica de «mirada preferencial» medida sobre cuatro parejas de estimulos visuales de complejidad opuesta expuestos durante un minuto en cada caso. La hipotesis propuso que los bebes mas pequenos elegirian los patrones complejos por delante de los simples, al igual que lo harian los de mayor edad. Los estimulos fueron laminas de carton de 20×20 centimetros cada una expuestas a 30 centimetros de los ojos del bebe. Los resultados confirmaron la hipotesis en los bebes de 12 semanas con tiempo de fijacion al estimulo de mayor complejidad por pareja estimular en segundos asi: x = 18,76 versus ( x = 9,83); x = 15,75 versus x = 8,56; x = 11,62 y x = 10,67, y, x = 11,02 y x = 9,45. En el caso de los bebes de 14 semanas de nacimiento: x = 18,81 versus x = 10,08; x = 15,82 versus x = 8,93; x = 11,55 versus x = 10,68; y de x = 9,1 y x = 9,58 segundos respectivamente. Se concluye que la maduracion parece tener un efecto de preeminencia sobre la variable de procedencia geografica y de aprendizaje de los examinados.

这项双因素重复序列实验研究的目的是建立两组婴儿早期识别视觉模式的能力，每组20名婴儿出生12周和14周。“优先凝视”技术是对四对相对复杂的视觉刺激进行测量，每对刺激暴露一分钟。这个假设提出，年幼的婴儿会选择复杂的模式而不是简单的模式，就像年长的婴儿会选择复杂的模式一样。刺激是20×20厘米的纸板片，每片暴露在婴儿眼睛30厘米处。结果证实了12周大的婴儿的假设，每对刺激的固定时间更复杂，以秒为单位:x = 18.76 vs (x = 9.83);x = 15.75 vs x = 8.56;x = 11.62 x = 10.67 y, x = 11.02 x = 9.45。14周龄婴儿:x = 18.81 vs x = 10.08;x = 15.82 vs x = 8.93;x = 11.55 vs x = 10.68;x的y = 9.1和x = 9.58秒。本研究的目的是确定年龄在15岁至64岁之间的青少年，以及年龄在65岁至65岁之间的青少年。

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引用次数: 0

When Shopping and Leisure Go Together in Malls. User Experiences in Barcelona. 当购物和休闲在商场一起时。巴塞罗那的用户体验。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-04-26 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.6

Nuria Codina, J. Pestana, Marina Romeo Delgado, Montserrat Yepes i Baldó

espanolLa presencia de centros comerciales donde las personas consumen y practican ocios ha aumentado en las ultimas decadas. Dada la importancia de los centros comerciales tanto para el consumo como para el ocio y la falta de estudios que expliquen estos comportamientos en nuestro contexto, este estudio describe las actividades realizadas y la experiencia de visitar centros comerciales en Barcelona. Los participantes fueron 411 hombres y 379 mujeres de 16 a 56 anos de edad (M = 35,87, SD = 9,74); la informacion se recopilo con un cuestionario que incluia elementos sobre las actividades, la frecuencia de asistencia y las valoraciones de las visitas al centro comercial. Los resultados ofrecen una caracterizacion de los usuarios de los centros comerciales de Barcelona (por genero, edad, que hacen alli y como los experimentan) y contribuyen a la discusion sobre los centros comerciales como lugares de ocio. EnglishThe presence of shopping malls where people consume and practice leisure has increased in recent decades. Given the importance of shopping malls for both consumption and leisure, and the lack of studies that explain these behaviors in our context, this study describes the activities accomplished and the experience of visiting shopping centers in Barcelona. The participants were 411 men and 379 women aged between 16 and 56 (M = 35.87, SD = 9.74); information was collected with a questionnaire, which included items about activities, frequency of attendance, and evaluations of visiting the mall. The results offer a characterization of Barcelona’s shopping-center users (by gender, age, what they do there, and how malls are experienced), and add to the discussion about shopping centers as placed-based leisure settings.

在过去的几十年里，人们消费和从事休闲活动的购物中心的存在有所增加。考虑到购物中心对消费和休闲的重要性，以及在我们的背景下缺乏解释这些行为的研究，本研究描述了在巴塞罗那参观购物中心的活动和体验。参与者为411名男性和379名女性，年龄16 - 56岁(M = 35.87, SD = 9.74);这些信息是通过问卷收集的，问卷包括活动、出席频率和对购物中心访问的评价。本研究的目的是通过对巴塞罗那购物中心使用者的性别、年龄、他们在那里做什么以及他们如何体验购物中心的研究，对巴塞罗那购物中心作为休闲场所的讨论做出贡献。近几十年来，人们消费和享受休闲活动的购物中心的出现有所增加。鉴于购物中心对消费和休闲的重要性，以及在我们的背景下解释这些行为的研究不足，本研究描述了在巴塞罗那参观购物中心的活动和经验。参与者为411名男性和379名女性，年龄在16 - 56岁之间(M = 35.87, SD = 9.74);= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该镇总面积为，其中土地和(1.7%)水。结果提供了巴塞罗那购物中心用户的特征(按性别、年龄、他们在那里做什么以及购物中心的体验方式)，并增加了关于购物中心作为休闲场所的讨论。

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引用次数: 3

Co-ocurrencia e interrelaciones entre la victimización, cybervictimización, bullying y cyberbullying en adolescentes. 青少年受害、网络受害、欺凌和网络欺凌的共同发生和相互关系。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-04-26 DOI: 10.1344/ANPSIC2019.49.5

S. Resett

The objective of this work was to explore at four points in time the co-occurrence and interrelations between victimization and cybervictimization in adolescents, on the one hand, and between bullying and cyberbullying, on the other. An intentional sample of 450 students from two high schools in Parana, Entre Rios, was set up. Some 54% were male; the average age was 15.6 years. The participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Olweus Aggressors/Victims Questionnaire and the Calvete et al. Cyberbullying Questionnaire. The results indicated a low percentage of co-occurrence for victimization and cybervictimization in the four instances (5%, 3%, 4% and 4%). Regarding the degree of co-occurrence between bullying and cyberbullying, it was also low (4%, 2%, 4% and 3%). Two adjusted structural autoregressive cross-lagged models indicated that previous victimization scores were predictors of later victimization, and the same for cybervictimization, bullying and cyberbullying. Likewise, there were bidirectional effects between victimization and cybervictimization throughout the four periods, on the one hand, and between bullying and cyberbullying, on the other. However, the paths were a little more significant from victimization to cybervictimization, and more significant from cyberbullying to bullying. In the discussion these findings are analyzed from various theoretical contributions to explain interrelations. Also, we provide the limitations of this study.

本研究的目的是在四个时间点上探讨青少年受害和网络受害之间的共同发生和相互关系，以及欺凌和网络欺凌之间的相互关系。在恩特雷里奥斯巴拉那的两所高中设立了450名学生的样本。54%是男性;平均年龄为15.6岁。参与者回答了社会人口调查问卷、Olweus侵略者/受害者问卷和Calvete等人的问卷。网络欺凌问卷。结果表明，在这四种情况下，受害者和网络受害者同时出现的比例很低(5%、3%、4%和4%)。霸凌与网络霸凌同时发生的程度也较低(分别为4%、2%、4%和3%)。两个调整后的结构自回归交叉滞后模型表明，先前受害分数是以后受害的预测因子，网络受害、欺凌和网络欺凌的预测因子均相同。同样，受害与网络受害之间以及霸凌与网络霸凌之间也存在双向影响。然而，从受害到网络受害的路径更为显著，从网络欺凌到欺凌的路径更为显著。在讨论中，从不同的理论贡献来分析这些发现，以解释相互关系。同时，我们也提供了本研究的局限性。

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引用次数: 2

Influencia de la formación musical en el rendimiento académico: una revisión bibliográfica 音乐训练对学业成绩的影响:文献综述

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-04-26 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.3

Cristina Álvaro-Mora, Miguel Ángel Serrano-Rosa

La formacion musical ha generado un reciente interes en el campo de la educacion y la psicologia con el aumento de la investigacion desde la neurociencia, la cual demuestra sus efectos positivos en el desarrollo tanto a nivel cognitivo como de rendimiento academico. El objetivo de esta revision es conocer los procesos cognitivos que explican la relacion entre la formacion musical y el rendimiento academico. Para ello, sintetizamos un conjunto de estudios mediante un procedimiento estructurado en tres pasos: busqueda inicial, sistematica y manual. Los resultados muestran como los alumnos con formacion musical presentan mejor memoria verbal, funciones ejecutivas, atencion selectiva y plasticidad cerebral. Estos datos sugieren que el entrenamiento musical durante el periodo escolar puede favorecer el rendimiento academico. El grado de estos cambios parece ser precedido por las diferencias individuales preexistentes en los alumnos, asi como en el tiempo de entrenamiento, entre otros factores. Concluimos que la formacion musical produce efectos positivos directos sobre la diferenciacion neuroanatomica, habilidades cognitivas y, a su vez, un aumento del logro y rendimiento academico.

随着神经科学研究的增加，音乐训练最近引起了教育和心理学领域的兴趣，神经科学研究表明，音乐训练对认知水平和学业成绩的发展都有积极影响。这篇评论的目的是了解解释音乐训练与学业表现之间关系的认知过程。为此，我们通过分为三个步骤的结构化程序综合了一组研究：初步、系统和手动搜索。结果表明，受过音乐训练的学生表现出更好的语言记忆、执行功能、选择性注意力和大脑可塑性。这些数据表明，在校期间的音乐训练可以促进学业成绩。这些变化的程度似乎先于学生先前存在的个体差异，以及训练时间等因素。我们的结论是，音乐训练对神经解剖分化、认知能力产生直接的积极影响，进而提高学业成绩和表现。

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引用次数: 1

Análisis de una escala breve de conductas de riesgo en internet en jóvenes Chilenos. 智利年轻人在互联网上危险行为的简短量表分析。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2019-04-26 DOI: 10.1344/anpsic2019.49.4

I. Montiel, Nancy Molina, Yanko Escalona, J. Riquelme, L. Rojas, C. Guerra

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades psicometricas de una escala breve para evaluar conductas de riesgo en internet. El estudio se desarrollo en dos fases en las que participaron 595 jovenes residentes en Chile (263 estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 19 anos y 332 estudiantes de secundaria de 15 a 19 anos). Los participantes respondieron la escala de conductas de riesgo en internet y varias preguntas referidas a sus habitos y experiencias en la red. Los resultados de analisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios mostraron que la escala se compone de dos factores: «contacto temerario con desconocidos» (donde el riesgo estaria determinado por la vinculacion imprudente con potenciales agresores online) y «riesgo indirecto» (que considera conductas esperables para la edad, pero riesgosas, ya que situan al joven en el contexto virtual donde los agresores online suelen captar a sus victimas). Los resultados apoyaron la validez de la escala, puesto que ambos factores se relacionaron del modo esperado con la frecuencia del uso de internet, la edad de inicio en internet, el numero de amigos que el joven solo conoce online y con la frecuencia de experimentacion de victimizacion sexual online. Sin embargo, se apreciaron problemas de consistencia interna en el factor «riesgo indirecto», lo que sugiere que es necesario continuar evaluando las propiedades psicometrica de la escala.

这项工作的目的是评估一个简短的量表的心理特性，以评估互联网上的风险行为。这项研究分两个阶段进行，595名居住在智利的年轻人（263名18至19岁的大学生和332名15至19岁的中学生）参加了研究。参与者回答了互联网风险行为量表以及与他们的网络习惯和体验有关的几个问题。探索性和确认性因素分析的结果表明，该量表由两个因素组成：“与陌生人的鲁莽接触”（风险将由与潜在在线侵略者的鲁莽联系决定）和“间接风险”（它认为行为是年龄所期望的，但有风险，因为它们将年轻人置于在线侵略者通常捕捉受害者的虚拟环境中）。结果支持了该量表的有效性，因为这两个因素都与互联网使用频率、上网年龄、年轻人只在网上认识的朋友数量以及在线性受害的频率有关。然而，在“间接风险”因素中发现了内部一致性问题，这表明有必要继续评估量表的心理测量特性。

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引用次数: 3

Rasgos de personalidad en conductores infractores y factores de riesgo en la conducción 违规司机的个性特征和驾驶风险因素。

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpsic.2018.10.003

Sebastián Sánchez Marín , Emma Sánchez Sáez

The main objective of this article is to answer the following questions: 1) Are there significant differences in personality dimensions between the infringing drivers and the general population? 2) Is the profile of the offending driver (consumption of alcohol or other drugs, speed, distraction, breach of rules and signals) related to his personality dimension? and 3) In the sample of offended drivers, are there differences in risk profiles in driving between men and women? The second objective, in the case of finding an affirmative answer to the questions posed, is to propose a review of the training programs that are currently used in awareness and road re-education courses for delinquent drivers in Catalonia.

The data of this investigation have been obtained from a sample of drivers who, as a result of the commission of infractions or crimes against traffic safety, have attended, as students, awareness and road reeducation courses in centers located in different towns of Catalonia. To measure the personality dimensions, the EPQ-RA instrument, which is a reduced version of the original personality questionnaire of Eysenck (1994), has been used.

本文的主要目的是回答以下问题:1)侵权司机与一般人群在人格维度上是否存在显著差异?2)肇事司机的特征(饮酒或吸毒、超速、分心、违反规则和信号)与他的人格维度有关吗?3)在被冒犯司机的样本中，男性和女性在驾驶风险方面是否存在差异?第二个目标，在对所提出的问题找到肯定答案的情况下，是建议审查目前用于加泰罗尼亚违法司机的意识和道路再教育课程的培训方案。这项调查的数据是从司机的样本中获得的，这些司机由于违反交通安全或犯罪，作为学生参加了位于加泰罗尼亚不同城镇的中心的认识和道路再教育课程。为了测量人格维度，我们使用了EPQ-RA量表，该量表是Eysenck(1994)原始人格问卷的简化版。

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引用次数: 2

The study of character strengths and life satisfaction: A comparison between affective-component and cognitive-component traits 性格优势与生活满意度的研究:情感成分特质与认知成分特质的比较

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpsic.2018.10.001

Ana Blasco-Belled , Carles Alsinet, Cristina Torrelles-Nadal, Agnès Ros-Morente

Character strengths have been found to be predictive of high levels of life satisfaction. The present study attempts to examine the relationship between these constructs but at a fine-grained level. To that end, we used the heart versus mind classification of character strengths (Peterson, 2006), scarcely examined in prior research, to test whether affective-component traits (heart strengths) are more linked to life satisfaction than cognitive-component traits (mind strengths). A sample of 419 undergraduate students completed the measures of character strengths and life satisfaction. Statistical analysis showed that affective-component traits were more predictive of life satisfaction than cognitive-component traits. These findings emphasize the need to devise strength-based interventions aimed at improving life satisfaction, specifically addressing heart character strengths. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

人们发现性格优势预示着高水平的生活满意度。目前的研究试图检查这些结构之间的关系，但在一个细粒度的水平。为此，我们使用了性格优势的心与心分类(Peterson, 2006)来测试情感成分特征(心优势)是否比认知成分特征(心优势)与生活满意度的关系更密切，这在之前的研究中几乎没有被检验过。以419名大学生为样本，完成了性格优势和生活满意度的测量。统计分析表明，情感成分特质比认知成分特质更能预测生活满意度。这些发现强调需要设计以力量为基础的干预措施，旨在提高生活满意度，特别是解决心脏性格优势。讨论了这些发现对未来研究的意义。

引用次数: 9

Correlato neural de la lectura en bilingües

IF 0.5 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY

Anuario de Psicologia

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpsic.2018.10.004

Alioth Guerrero-Aranda, Fabiola Reveca Gómez-Velázquez, Andrés Antonio González-Garrido

This paper does not intend to carry out a systematic or complete review of the literature, but rather aims to offer a critical view by the authors about the functional brain organization during reading in bilinguals. Firstly, a critical analysis of different theoretical proposals about the reading process is presented, with particular emphasis on the Dual-Route Cascade Model for being the most influential theory in the field. Then, we analize the main theoretical proposals about the neurobiological substrate based mainly on functional neuroimage studies. The main factors that influence this neural correlate during reading in bilinguals are extracted and the findings regarding them of the most recent studies are presented. Finally, a critical analysis is made about the main limitations of the research on this topic and challenges and future research lines in the field are discussed.

本文不打算进行系统或完整的文献综述，而是旨在提供作者对双语者阅读时大脑功能组织的批判性观点。首先，本文对阅读过程的不同理论建议进行了批判性分析，特别强调了双路径级联模型是该领域最具影响力的理论。然后，以功能神经影像研究为基础，分析了神经生物学底物的主要理论建议。提取了影响双语者阅读过程中神经关联的主要因素，并介绍了最新研究结果。最后，对本课题研究的主要局限性进行了批判性分析，并对该领域的挑战和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。

引用次数: 0