Plato considers the original or most primitive form of society is closest to the form or concept of a state. It is the best state and it is ruled by the most intelligent and sacred people. But Moral degradation causes political corruption and produces a series of vicious chain reactions. Plato’s The Republic is the embodiment of his totalitarian thought. This reflects Plato’s disappointment with the Athenian democracy. Because of his disappointment, he turned his attention to oligarchy and totalitarianism, trying to find a starting point for solidification and finding the unchangeable form of idea. In the context of modern society, Popper criticizes Plato’s view of justice based on his ideology from the perspective of humanism, and he constructs his special view against historical determinism by criticizing Plato’s claim. Generally speaking, Plato’s political philosophy tends to be totalitarian, but his essentialist method is valuable in the field of sociological research, which can help us identify those things that are essentially the same in the changing historical course.
{"title":"Karl Popper’s Criticism of Totalitarianism in Plato’s The Republic","authors":"Chang Zheng","doi":"10.3968/12176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/12176","url":null,"abstract":"Plato considers the original or most primitive form of society is closest to the form or concept of a state. It is the best state and it is ruled by the most intelligent and sacred people. But Moral degradation causes political corruption and produces a series of vicious chain reactions. Plato’s The Republic is the embodiment of his totalitarian thought. This reflects Plato’s disappointment with the Athenian democracy. Because of his disappointment, he turned his attention to oligarchy and totalitarianism, trying to find a starting point for solidification and finding the unchangeable form of idea. In the context of modern society, Popper criticizes Plato’s view of justice based on his ideology from the perspective of humanism, and he constructs his special view against historical determinism by criticizing Plato’s claim. Generally speaking, Plato’s political philosophy tends to be totalitarian, but his essentialist method is valuable in the field of sociological research, which can help us identify those things that are essentially the same in the changing historical course.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88447784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Centering, a model of the conversants’ center of attention in discourse, centers around the relationship between attentional state, inferential complexity and the form of referring expression. Concerned with the local coherence and semantic entity salience, Centering Theory is framed by two strands of early work: (i) research by Joshi, Kuhn and Weinstein (Joshi and Kuhn, 1979; Joshi, Weinstein, 1981); and (ii) research by Grosz and Sidner (Grosz, 1977; Sidner, 1979; Grosz, Sidner, 1986). A synthesis of the two trains of thoughts helps to make up a theoretical background for Centering Theory and a motivation for the future work, such as empirical studies and application studies. In the present article, in order to help the reader to understand the epochal significance of various fruits of recent couple of decades, an attempt to undertake a systematic review of Centering Theory will be made.
{"title":"A Literature Review on Centering Theory","authors":"Xiao Chen","doi":"10.3968/12151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/12151","url":null,"abstract":"Centering, a model of the conversants’ center of attention in discourse, centers around the relationship between attentional state, inferential complexity and the form of referring expression. Concerned with the local coherence and semantic entity salience, Centering Theory is framed by two strands of early work: (i) research by Joshi, Kuhn and Weinstein (Joshi and Kuhn, 1979; Joshi, Weinstein, 1981); and (ii) research by Grosz and Sidner (Grosz, 1977; Sidner, 1979; Grosz, Sidner, 1986). A synthesis of the two trains of thoughts helps to make up a theoretical background for Centering Theory and a motivation for the future work, such as empirical studies and application studies. In the present article, in order to help the reader to understand the epochal significance of various fruits of recent couple of decades, an attempt to undertake a systematic review of Centering Theory will be made.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73399464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As is known, listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four basic language skills. Reading includes reading aloud and silent reading. Since the 1990s, with the popularity of Communicative Teaching Method, schools emphasize the cultivation of language application and communicative ability more and people pay less attention to reading aloud. Gradually students don’t think reading aloud is important any more. However, reading aloud is not only the starting point in English learning but also the foundation of mastering the target language. Ignoring the teaching of reading aloud exacerbates the problem of the “dumb-Chinese English”. Reading English aloud is very meaningful in oral English and it is also one of the effective ways to improve students’ English language ability. This paper focuses on how to effectively apply reading aloud in oral English teaching from the following aspects: the relation between English reading aloud and language sense, the negative impact of ignoring reading aloud, the basic methods and the application of the skills in reading aloud.
{"title":"Application of Reading Aloud in Middle School Oral English Teaching","authors":"Hui-Suan Wei, Zhiliang Liu","doi":"10.3968/12195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/12195","url":null,"abstract":"As is known, listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four basic language skills. Reading includes reading aloud and silent reading. Since the 1990s, with the popularity of Communicative Teaching Method, schools emphasize the cultivation of language application and communicative ability more and people pay less attention to reading aloud. Gradually students don’t think reading aloud is important any more. However, reading aloud is not only the starting point in English learning but also the foundation of mastering the target language. Ignoring the teaching of reading aloud exacerbates the problem of the “dumb-Chinese English”. Reading English aloud is very meaningful in oral English and it is also one of the effective ways to improve students’ English language ability. This paper focuses on how to effectively apply reading aloud in oral English teaching from the following aspects: the relation between English reading aloud and language sense, the negative impact of ignoring reading aloud, the basic methods and the application of the skills in reading aloud.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87151426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is projected to discuss prominent issues in teaching kinship terms of Sinhala, Tamil, and Chinese in second and foreign language teaching in Sri Lanka. This study involves with communicative functional approach methodology. Detail descriptive analysis is done on the usage of the kinship terms in different cultural backgrounds, based on the information collected from different languages. The concepts of language, culture, kinship term will be defined, respectively. The relationship between language and culture will also be pointed out. Moreover, factors such as grammatical importance that have an impact on the success of teaching culture-oriented kinship terms to second and foreign language students will be examined. Detail analysis was done to understand the functions of the kinship terms in different languages. From the communicative approach, it is investigated how kinship terms are used in various social environments and how could teach them in second language teaching. The work and analysis undertaken in this paper significantly contributes to identify the language patterns via the kin relationship between the society and the language.
{"title":"Comparing and Contrasting Kinship Terms of Sinhala, Tamil, and Chinese for Second and Foreign Language Teaching in Sri Lanka","authors":"M. Rubavathanan","doi":"10.3968/12144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/12144","url":null,"abstract":"This study is projected to discuss prominent issues in teaching kinship terms of Sinhala, Tamil, and Chinese in second and foreign language teaching in Sri Lanka. This study involves with communicative functional approach methodology. Detail descriptive analysis is done on the usage of the kinship terms in different cultural backgrounds, based on the information collected from different languages. The concepts of language, culture, kinship term will be defined, respectively. The relationship between language and culture will also be pointed out. Moreover, factors such as grammatical importance that have an impact on the success of teaching culture-oriented kinship terms to second and foreign language students will be examined. Detail analysis was done to understand the functions of the kinship terms in different languages. From the communicative approach, it is investigated how kinship terms are used in various social environments and how could teach them in second language teaching. The work and analysis undertaken in this paper significantly contributes to identify the language patterns via the kin relationship between the society and the language.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86214505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This photo essay traces Robert Rodriguez’s career as a filmmaker and teacher from the time he was a film student at the University of Texas to the present. It examines a little-known aspect of the director’s career—his role as filmmaking teacher. I argue that from his first feature, El Mariachi (1992), to a recent thriller, Red 11 (2019), he has used his films as a means of teaching his low-budget, no-frills “Mariachi style” filmmaking method to beginning moviemakers.
{"title":"Robert Rodriguez: Teaching Creativity","authors":"C. Berg","doi":"10.7560/tsll63204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63204","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This photo essay traces Robert Rodriguez’s career as a filmmaker and teacher from the time he was a film student at the University of Texas to the present. It examines a little-known aspect of the director’s career—his role as filmmaking teacher. I argue that from his first feature, El Mariachi (1992), to a recent thriller, Red 11 (2019), he has used his films as a means of teaching his low-budget, no-frills “Mariachi style” filmmaking method to beginning moviemakers.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47783559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:In 2013, El Rey launched as an ad-supported cable channel. Cofounded and majority owned by Robert Rodriguez, El Rey tapped into the filmmaker-entrepreneur’s appeal by targeting both a young Latino audience and a wider audience of genre fans. Unfortunately, shifting industrial, economic, cultural, and technological conditions ultimately led the channel to cease operations in 2020. This article traces El Rey’s evolution from its initial inception up through its programming strategies in the COVID-19 era. El Rey is presented as a small, upstart channel that differentiated itself in an increasingly challenging television landscape. Although larger structural conditions in the end made its survival untenable, the story of El Rey can be seen as representing a new direction for linear cable television in the 2010s.
{"title":"From Dawn Till Dusk: El Rey Network and the Evolution of Cable Television in the 2010s","authors":"Alisa Perren","doi":"10.7560/tsll63206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63206","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In 2013, El Rey launched as an ad-supported cable channel. Cofounded and majority owned by Robert Rodriguez, El Rey tapped into the filmmaker-entrepreneur’s appeal by targeting both a young Latino audience and a wider audience of genre fans. Unfortunately, shifting industrial, economic, cultural, and technological conditions ultimately led the channel to cease operations in 2020. This article traces El Rey’s evolution from its initial inception up through its programming strategies in the COVID-19 era. El Rey is presented as a small, upstart channel that differentiated itself in an increasingly challenging television landscape. Although larger structural conditions in the end made its survival untenable, the story of El Rey can be seen as representing a new direction for linear cable television in the 2010s.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48096276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article examines Robert Rodriguez’s construction of a transborder, hemispheric Américas space sci-fi storyworld in his film Alita: Battle Angel (2019). After considering a tradition of mainstream sci-fi narratives that erase or reconstruct ethnoracial peoples as exotic ornament, the article provides a critical overview of how Latinx sci-fi creators such as Alex Ri-vera, Carla Cavina, and Rodriguez use a “Brown-optic” to strike back at this tradition. It continues with an analysis of Rodriguez’s building of transborder storyworld spaces and Alita’s becoming a cyber-Latina warrior.
{"title":"Speculative-Real Ethnoracial Spaces and the Formation of a Nepantlera Warrior","authors":"F. Aldama","doi":"10.7560/tsll63205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63205","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article examines Robert Rodriguez’s construction of a transborder, hemispheric Américas space sci-fi storyworld in his film Alita: Battle Angel (2019). After considering a tradition of mainstream sci-fi narratives that erase or reconstruct ethnoracial peoples as exotic ornament, the article provides a critical overview of how Latinx sci-fi creators such as Alex Ri-vera, Carla Cavina, and Rodriguez use a “Brown-optic” to strike back at this tradition. It continues with an analysis of Rodriguez’s building of transborder storyworld spaces and Alita’s becoming a cyber-Latina warrior.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47343742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Robert Rodriguez is an innovator of cinema that exalts the speculative over the constraints of realism, a fact made all the more conspicuous by the sheer dearth of Latinx-identified directors in this filmic tradition. The historical importance of Rodriguez’s concerted efforts to claim this expansive mode of storytelling is crucial to assessing his contributions, which recalibrate audience’s expectations of Latinx culture in speculative cinema specifically and visual narratives more broadly.
{"title":"The Latinx Fantastic: Robert Rodriguez and the Power of His Speculative Storytelling","authors":"Christopher González","doi":"10.7560/tsll63203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63203","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Robert Rodriguez is an innovator of cinema that exalts the speculative over the constraints of realism, a fact made all the more conspicuous by the sheer dearth of Latinx-identified directors in this filmic tradition. The historical importance of Rodriguez’s concerted efforts to claim this expansive mode of storytelling is crucial to assessing his contributions, which recalibrate audience’s expectations of Latinx culture in speculative cinema specifically and visual narratives more broadly.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44556741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Robert Rodriguez is an iconic Latino filmmaker who presents captivating Latinx characters and storyworlds in genres dominated by whiteness. His Tejano upbringing and sensibility also play an important role in shaping his films. Bringing Tejano history and culture as well as biographical and critical commentary from Rodriguez to bear on the Spy Kids series, I suggest the storyworld is informed by a Tejano sense of place/belonging and identity that delights in independence and ingenuity while upsetting conservative Tejano ideals through representations of nontraditional family and gender hierarchies. In Spy Kids, viewers apprehend less about the dominant US nation-state—often understood as the oppositional motivation of Latinx film—and more about the restorative power of imaginative Latinx kinships.
{"title":"“You Are a Cortez!”: Robert Rodriguez’s Tejano Sensibility and Restorative Kinship in the Spy Kids Series","authors":"Jennifer M. Lozano","doi":"10.7560/tsll63202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63202","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Robert Rodriguez is an iconic Latino filmmaker who presents captivating Latinx characters and storyworlds in genres dominated by whiteness. His Tejano upbringing and sensibility also play an important role in shaping his films. Bringing Tejano history and culture as well as biographical and critical commentary from Rodriguez to bear on the Spy Kids series, I suggest the storyworld is informed by a Tejano sense of place/belonging and identity that delights in independence and ingenuity while upsetting conservative Tejano ideals through representations of nontraditional family and gender hierarchies. In Spy Kids, viewers apprehend less about the dominant US nation-state—often understood as the oppositional motivation of Latinx film—and more about the restorative power of imaginative Latinx kinships.","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46196887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Wizard of Awe: An Introduction in Three Parts","authors":"D. Pérez","doi":"10.7560/tsll63201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7560/tsll63201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44154,"journal":{"name":"TEXAS STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45311604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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