Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18278
G. Ischia, Filippo Marchelli, L. Fiori
{"title":"Advancing bioenergy for a green future","authors":"G. Ischia, Filippo Marchelli, L. Fiori","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42447401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18275
Filippo Marchelli, R. Ferrentino, G. Ischia, Marco Calvi, G. Andreottola, L. Fiori
Bioplastics are increasingly replacing traditional plastics in many sectors, but the legislative and operative frameworks for their disposal remain unclear: they should be collected and treated together with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), but often do not biodegrade satisfactorily in the plants that treat OFMSW. This work focuses on a type of cellulose diacetate employed in the eyewear industry to analyse hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a pre-treatment before anaerobic digestion (AD). The results show that HTC can hydrolyse this bioplastic even at moderate temperatures, reaching an almost total dissolution in the liquid phase at 210 °C and, at higher temperatures, producing hydrochar. When the HTC slurry obtained at 210 °C is fed to mesophilic or thermophilic AD, both the amount and the production rate of biogas are enhanced compared to the raw bioplastic. In particular, in thermophilic conditions, the amount of produced biogas undergoes at least a threefold increase compared to the untreated cellulose diacetate. Thus, this work confirms that a prior HTC step may be a suitable approach to enhance the disposal and energy recovery of bioplastics through AD.
{"title":"Valorisation of eyewear bioplastics through HTC and anaerobic digestion: Preliminary results","authors":"Filippo Marchelli, R. Ferrentino, G. Ischia, Marco Calvi, G. Andreottola, L. Fiori","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18275","url":null,"abstract":"Bioplastics are increasingly replacing traditional plastics in many sectors, but the legislative and operative frameworks for their disposal remain unclear: they should be collected and treated together with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), but often do not biodegrade satisfactorily in the plants that treat OFMSW. This work focuses on a type of cellulose diacetate employed in the eyewear industry to analyse hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a pre-treatment before anaerobic digestion (AD). The results show that HTC can hydrolyse this bioplastic even at moderate temperatures, reaching an almost total dissolution in the liquid phase at 210 °C and, at higher temperatures, producing hydrochar. When the HTC slurry obtained at 210 °C is fed to mesophilic or thermophilic AD, both the amount and the production rate of biogas are enhanced compared to the raw bioplastic. In particular, in thermophilic conditions, the amount of produced biogas undergoes at least a threefold increase compared to the untreated cellulose diacetate. Thus, this work confirms that a prior HTC step may be a suitable approach to enhance the disposal and energy recovery of bioplastics through AD.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43174929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18277
Kyra Atessa Vogt, Leonie Wenzel, I. Steinberg
The production of bio-based platform chemicals through the chain elongation of short-chain carboxylic acids to medium-chain carboxylic acids by ethanol-acetat fermentation can be a contribution to the circular economy. To avoid further waste, secondary waste that already contains short-chain carboxylic acids can be used. The potential for the production of bio-based carboxylic acids from a secondary waste of a recycling plant for plastic waste is examined in this paper. Therefore, practical experiments with the process water of a recycling plant for plastic waste were conducted in order to assess the potential for carboxylic acids production. At the end of the experiment, the concentrations achieved by chain elongation in the secondary waste result in 496 mg/L butyric acid and 87 mg/L caproic acid and the concentration in the extraction solvent is 933 mg/L caproic acid. To conclude, chain elongation of carboxylic acids in secondary waste, in this case the process water from a treatment plant for plastic waste, is generally possible. In order to estimate the total potential for the production, the fluctuations of the quality of the process water have to be considered.
{"title":"Analysis of secondary waste from a plastics recycling plant for the production of carboxylic acids","authors":"Kyra Atessa Vogt, Leonie Wenzel, I. Steinberg","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18277","url":null,"abstract":"The production of bio-based platform chemicals through the chain elongation of short-chain carboxylic acids to medium-chain carboxylic acids by ethanol-acetat fermentation can be a contribution to the circular economy. To avoid further waste, secondary waste that already contains short-chain carboxylic acids can be used. The potential for the production of bio-based carboxylic acids from a secondary waste of a recycling plant for plastic waste is examined in this paper. Therefore, practical experiments with the process water of a recycling plant for plastic waste were conducted in order to assess the potential for carboxylic acids production. At the end of the experiment, the concentrations achieved by chain elongation in the secondary waste result in 496 mg/L butyric acid and 87 mg/L caproic acid and the concentration in the extraction solvent is 933 mg/L caproic acid. To conclude, chain elongation of carboxylic acids in secondary waste, in this case the process water from a treatment plant for plastic waste, is generally possible. In order to estimate the total potential for the production, the fluctuations of the quality of the process water have to be considered.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41620870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274
Carly A. Fletcher, R. Dunk
Over the last two decades, the stated intent of European waste management strategy has evolved from a specific focus on landfill diversion to enabling the transition to a circular economy.. Widespread introduction of source-segregation alongside deployment of material recovery technologies have improved MSW management practices across Europe. However, with diminishing returns it has become more difficult to achieve further landfill diversion through increased recycling alone, and incineration rates (across the EU-27 as a whole) have continued to increase. The advantages of incineration include the ability to harness the energy content of the waste alongside a sizeable reduction in mass and volume. However, the remaining solid residues, the most substantial being incinerator bottom ash, present a management issue. Exploring the role of incineration and the utilisation of incineration bottom ash, this paper highlights the potential risks of lock-in in the context of evolving waste policy. A simple thought experiment suggests that while increased use of incineration may help member states achieve 2035 landfill diversion targets, it would also carry a substantive risk of placing the 2035 recycling target out of reach. To address this, a long-term vision concerning the future of incineration is required, where it is recommended that policy which focuses on landfill diversion and the recycling of residual wastes should be strengthened through mechanisms that gradually phase out incineration and distinguish between open and closed-loop recycling.
{"title":"RECOVERY AND UTILISATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION BOTTOM ASH: IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY","authors":"Carly A. Fletcher, R. Dunk","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, the stated intent of European waste management strategy has evolved from a specific focus on landfill diversion to enabling the transition to a circular economy.. Widespread introduction of source-segregation alongside deployment of material recovery technologies have improved MSW management practices across Europe. However, with diminishing returns it has become more difficult to achieve further landfill diversion through increased recycling alone, and incineration rates (across the EU-27 as a whole) have continued to increase. The advantages of incineration include the ability to harness the energy content of the waste alongside a sizeable reduction in mass and volume. However, the remaining solid residues, the most substantial being incinerator bottom ash, present a management issue. Exploring the role of incineration and the utilisation of incineration bottom ash, this paper highlights the potential risks of lock-in in the context of evolving waste policy. A simple thought experiment suggests that while increased use of incineration may help member states achieve 2035 landfill diversion targets, it would also carry a substantive risk of placing the 2035 recycling target out of reach. To address this, a long-term vision concerning the future of incineration is required, where it is recommended that policy which focuses on landfill diversion and the recycling of residual wastes should be strengthened through mechanisms that gradually phase out incineration and distinguish between open and closed-loop recycling.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277
Kacper Świechowski, Ewa Syguła, Waheed A. Rasaq, Alan Gasiński, Jacek Łyczko
Biochars made from brewer’s spent grain were added to the anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grain to enhance the methane fermentation process and improve biogas production. In research, the effect of biochars made at 300, 450, and 600 °C and doses of 1-8% added to anaerobic digestion was tested. The biochemical biogas potential tests in mesophilic conditions were performed. The tests took 28 days, the biogas yield for each reactor varied from 500-650 ml×gVS-1, and around 60% substrate degradation was obtained. For each test, the kinetics parameters using the first-order model were determined. The constant biogas production rate (k), and the biogas production rate (r) varied from 0.05-0.08 d−1, and 42-60 ml×(gVS×d)−1 respectively. Though the differences in biogas production turned out to be statistically insignificant (p<0.05) due to the high disappearance in obtained data and conflicting effects, the response surface area analysis showed that biochar made at 450 °C at the share of 1-4% could be used to maximize biogas production. Nevertheless, supplementation with biochar needs to be done carefully since in many cases, a reduction in biogas production was observed
{"title":"ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF BREWER’S SPENT GRAIN WITH BIOCHAR – BIOGAS PRODUCTION KINETICS AND PROCESS EFFICIENCY","authors":"Kacper Świechowski, Ewa Syguła, Waheed A. Rasaq, Alan Gasiński, Jacek Łyczko","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277","url":null,"abstract":"Biochars made from brewer’s spent grain were added to the anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grain to enhance the methane fermentation process and improve biogas production. In research, the effect of biochars made at 300, 450, and 600 °C and doses of 1-8% added to anaerobic digestion was tested. The biochemical biogas potential tests in mesophilic conditions were performed. The tests took 28 days, the biogas yield for each reactor varied from 500-650 ml×gVS-1, and around 60% substrate degradation was obtained. For each test, the kinetics parameters using the first-order model were determined. The constant biogas production rate (k), and the biogas production rate (r) varied from 0.05-0.08 d−1, and 42-60 ml×(gVS×d)−1 respectively. Though the differences in biogas production turned out to be statistically insignificant (p<0.05) due to the high disappearance in obtained data and conflicting effects, the response surface area analysis showed that biochar made at 450 °C at the share of 1-4% could be used to maximize biogas production. Nevertheless, supplementation with biochar needs to be done carefully since in many cases, a reduction in biogas production was observed","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276
Hadi Bello, Jamiu Olamilekan Ajao, N. A. Sadiku
Sawdust and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; particle density, temperature, moisture content; pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The highest temperature (65.3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49.3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9.2) and EC (5.1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5.3) and EC (1.4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and particle density was observed in the three compost trials. The compost’s bulk density of (25 kg/m3) in trial 3 was observed to attain maturity and stability as compared with trials 1 and 2.
{"title":"Co-composting of sawdust with food waste: effects of physical properties on composting process and product quality","authors":"Hadi Bello, Jamiu Olamilekan Ajao, N. A. Sadiku","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276","url":null,"abstract":"Sawdust and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; particle density, temperature, moisture content; pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The highest temperature (65.3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49.3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9.2) and EC (5.1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5.3) and EC (1.4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and particle density was observed in the three compost trials. The compost’s bulk density of (25 kg/m3) in trial 3 was observed to attain maturity and stability as compared with trials 1 and 2. \u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44216708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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