Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274
Carly A. Fletcher, R. Dunk
Over the last two decades, the stated intent of European waste management strategy has evolved from a specific focus on landfill diversion to enabling the transition to a circular economy.. Widespread introduction of source-segregation alongside deployment of material recovery technologies have improved MSW management practices across Europe. However, with diminishing returns it has become more difficult to achieve further landfill diversion through increased recycling alone, and incineration rates (across the EU-27 as a whole) have continued to increase. The advantages of incineration include the ability to harness the energy content of the waste alongside a sizeable reduction in mass and volume. However, the remaining solid residues, the most substantial being incinerator bottom ash, present a management issue. Exploring the role of incineration and the utilisation of incineration bottom ash, this paper highlights the potential risks of lock-in in the context of evolving waste policy. A simple thought experiment suggests that while increased use of incineration may help member states achieve 2035 landfill diversion targets, it would also carry a substantive risk of placing the 2035 recycling target out of reach. To address this, a long-term vision concerning the future of incineration is required, where it is recommended that policy which focuses on landfill diversion and the recycling of residual wastes should be strengthened through mechanisms that gradually phase out incineration and distinguish between open and closed-loop recycling.
{"title":"RECOVERY AND UTILISATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION BOTTOM ASH: IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY","authors":"Carly A. Fletcher, R. Dunk","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17274","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, the stated intent of European waste management strategy has evolved from a specific focus on landfill diversion to enabling the transition to a circular economy.. Widespread introduction of source-segregation alongside deployment of material recovery technologies have improved MSW management practices across Europe. However, with diminishing returns it has become more difficult to achieve further landfill diversion through increased recycling alone, and incineration rates (across the EU-27 as a whole) have continued to increase. The advantages of incineration include the ability to harness the energy content of the waste alongside a sizeable reduction in mass and volume. However, the remaining solid residues, the most substantial being incinerator bottom ash, present a management issue. Exploring the role of incineration and the utilisation of incineration bottom ash, this paper highlights the potential risks of lock-in in the context of evolving waste policy. A simple thought experiment suggests that while increased use of incineration may help member states achieve 2035 landfill diversion targets, it would also carry a substantive risk of placing the 2035 recycling target out of reach. To address this, a long-term vision concerning the future of incineration is required, where it is recommended that policy which focuses on landfill diversion and the recycling of residual wastes should be strengthened through mechanisms that gradually phase out incineration and distinguish between open and closed-loop recycling.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277
Kacper Świechowski, Ewa Syguła, Waheed A. Rasaq, Alan Gasiński, Jacek Łyczko
Biochars made from brewer’s spent grain were added to the anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grain to enhance the methane fermentation process and improve biogas production. In research, the effect of biochars made at 300, 450, and 600 °C and doses of 1-8% added to anaerobic digestion was tested. The biochemical biogas potential tests in mesophilic conditions were performed. The tests took 28 days, the biogas yield for each reactor varied from 500-650 ml×gVS-1, and around 60% substrate degradation was obtained. For each test, the kinetics parameters using the first-order model were determined. The constant biogas production rate (k), and the biogas production rate (r) varied from 0.05-0.08 d−1, and 42-60 ml×(gVS×d)−1 respectively. Though the differences in biogas production turned out to be statistically insignificant (p<0.05) due to the high disappearance in obtained data and conflicting effects, the response surface area analysis showed that biochar made at 450 °C at the share of 1-4% could be used to maximize biogas production. Nevertheless, supplementation with biochar needs to be done carefully since in many cases, a reduction in biogas production was observed
{"title":"ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF BREWER’S SPENT GRAIN WITH BIOCHAR – BIOGAS PRODUCTION KINETICS AND PROCESS EFFICIENCY","authors":"Kacper Świechowski, Ewa Syguła, Waheed A. Rasaq, Alan Gasiński, Jacek Łyczko","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17277","url":null,"abstract":"Biochars made from brewer’s spent grain were added to the anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grain to enhance the methane fermentation process and improve biogas production. In research, the effect of biochars made at 300, 450, and 600 °C and doses of 1-8% added to anaerobic digestion was tested. The biochemical biogas potential tests in mesophilic conditions were performed. The tests took 28 days, the biogas yield for each reactor varied from 500-650 ml×gVS-1, and around 60% substrate degradation was obtained. For each test, the kinetics parameters using the first-order model were determined. The constant biogas production rate (k), and the biogas production rate (r) varied from 0.05-0.08 d−1, and 42-60 ml×(gVS×d)−1 respectively. Though the differences in biogas production turned out to be statistically insignificant (p<0.05) due to the high disappearance in obtained data and conflicting effects, the response surface area analysis showed that biochar made at 450 °C at the share of 1-4% could be used to maximize biogas production. Nevertheless, supplementation with biochar needs to be done carefully since in many cases, a reduction in biogas production was observed","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276
Hadi Bello, Jamiu Olamilekan Ajao, N. A. Sadiku
Sawdust and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; particle density, temperature, moisture content; pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The highest temperature (65.3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49.3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9.2) and EC (5.1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5.3) and EC (1.4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and particle density was observed in the three compost trials. The compost’s bulk density of (25 kg/m3) in trial 3 was observed to attain maturity and stability as compared with trials 1 and 2.
{"title":"Co-composting of sawdust with food waste: effects of physical properties on composting process and product quality","authors":"Hadi Bello, Jamiu Olamilekan Ajao, N. A. Sadiku","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17276","url":null,"abstract":"Sawdust and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; particle density, temperature, moisture content; pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The highest temperature (65.3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49.3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9.2) and EC (5.1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5.3) and EC (1.4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and particle density was observed in the three compost trials. The compost’s bulk density of (25 kg/m3) in trial 3 was observed to attain maturity and stability as compared with trials 1 and 2. \u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44216708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17275
P. Hennebert
Many plastic additives are mineral or organo-mineral substances having functions as pigments, heat stabilizers, flame retardants, process adjuvants and the like. Are additivated plastics hazardous when they become waste? Data from the Plastic Additives Initiative, a joint industry and EU effort, was used, along with substance hazard statements from the ECHA website and hazard properties from the waste classification. 20 elements of 91 substances, namely Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn were selected, and their additives used in 11 polymers, considered. Of the 91 substances selected, 57 are non-hazardous or are hazardous but used at too low concentration to render the plastic hazardous when it becomes waste. 34 substances (= 37% of 91) are hazardous and make plastics hazardous as waste. These are mainly heat stabilizers (for PVC), or pigments and flame retardants (for all polymers). The sorting of these plastics by the mineral concentration of their additives with online XRF is theoretically achievable. With data from previous papers, 63 additives (= 27% of 233) make plastic hazardous. The brominated flame retardants are the less documented. Only essential use should be encouraged for pigments. Waste management today should focus on turning waste into non-waste, not waste leakage. With occupational safety and health regulations during processing, and with product regulations during its second life, the material should be managed as another hazardous or non-hazardous (virgin) raw material, and given end-of-waste status when it enters the loop.
{"title":"Hazardous properties of mineral and organo-mineral plastic additives and management of hazardous plastics","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17275","url":null,"abstract":"Many plastic additives are mineral or organo-mineral substances having functions as pigments, heat stabilizers, flame retardants, process adjuvants and the like. Are additivated plastics hazardous when they become waste? Data from the Plastic Additives Initiative, a joint industry and EU effort, was used, along with substance hazard statements from the ECHA website and hazard properties from the waste classification. 20 elements of 91 substances, namely Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn were selected, and their additives used in 11 polymers, considered. Of the 91 substances selected, 57 are non-hazardous or are hazardous but used at too low concentration to render the plastic hazardous when it becomes waste. 34 substances (= 37% of 91) are hazardous and make plastics hazardous as waste. These are mainly heat stabilizers (for PVC), or pigments and flame retardants (for all polymers). The sorting of these plastics by the mineral concentration of their additives with online XRF is theoretically achievable. With data from previous papers, 63 additives (= 27% of 233) make plastic hazardous. The brominated flame retardants are the less documented. Only essential use should be encouraged for pigments. Waste management today should focus on turning waste into non-waste, not waste leakage. With occupational safety and health regulations during processing, and with product regulations during its second life, the material should be managed as another hazardous or non-hazardous (virgin) raw material, and given end-of-waste status when it enters the loop.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43051210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17278
Maja Arsic, C. O’Sullivan, A. Wasson, D. Antille, W. Clarke
The race to meet net zero targets by 2050, while rapidly transitioning to a circular economy (CE) within the next decade, is shaping strategic Australian sustainability policy. While the success of integrating CE concepts relies on coordinating system-wide change, policies and strategies are still evolving under the traditional silos of waste and energy management. This presents multiple barriers to critical sectors, such as agriculture, which aims to become an $AUD100 billion industry by 2030. Agri-food systems face the challenge to meet growing global food demand, expected to increase by 70% by 2050, while decreasing emissions, resource use and waste production. Agriculture plays essential push and pull roles in meeting net zero targets and in developing a truly CE. Bioenergy, a critical part of the renewable circular bioeconomy, sits at the intersection of net zero and CE by producing renewable energy and recovering bioresources from waste biomass. By integrating agricultural end-users as key stakeholders, bioenergy can shift from a waste-to-energy process to a multi-resource generating process. These policy areas could be integrated via a similar approach to the Australian National Agricultural Innovation Policy Statement, with the goal of supporting agricultural production, while reducing emissions and maximising renewable resource use efficiency.
{"title":"Beyond waste-to-energy: Bioenergy can drive sustainable Australian agriculture by integrating circular economy with net zero ambitions","authors":"Maja Arsic, C. O’Sullivan, A. Wasson, D. Antille, W. Clarke","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17278","url":null,"abstract":"The race to meet net zero targets by 2050, while rapidly transitioning to a circular economy (CE) within the next decade, is shaping strategic Australian sustainability policy. While the success of integrating CE concepts relies on coordinating system-wide change, policies and strategies are still evolving under the traditional silos of waste and energy management. This presents multiple barriers to critical sectors, such as agriculture, which aims to become an $AUD100 billion industry by 2030. Agri-food systems face the challenge to meet growing global food demand, expected to increase by 70% by 2050, while decreasing emissions, resource use and waste production. Agriculture plays essential push and pull roles in meeting net zero targets and in developing a truly CE. Bioenergy, a critical part of the renewable circular bioeconomy, sits at the intersection of net zero and CE by producing renewable energy and recovering bioresources from waste biomass. By integrating agricultural end-users as key stakeholders, bioenergy can shift from a waste-to-energy process to a multi-resource generating process. These policy areas could be integrated via a similar approach to the Australian National Agricultural Innovation Policy Statement, with the goal of supporting agricultural production, while reducing emissions and maximising renewable resource use efficiency.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47958685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17261
R. Stegmann
{"title":"New priorities in Waste Management: Energy Production, Climate Protection and Environmental Sustainability","authors":"R. Stegmann","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17261","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43350137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17262
Therese SchwarzbaCk, M. Hahn, S. Spacek, J. Fellner
Differenciating between material fractions in refuse-derived fuels (RDF) is relevant to determining the climate relevance of RDF (fractions of biomass and fossil matter). This differentiation is associated with analytical challenges. A method was applied using balance equations, which contain the elemental composition (C, H, N, S, O) of the RDF and the sought for material fractions. For the first time this so-called adapted Balance Method (aBM) was applied to oil-contaminated RDF with the aim of not only distinguishing between biomass and fossil matter but between fossil matter from plastics and from oil-contamination as well. Thus, the balance equations and the following data reconciliation was adapted. It is shown that the balance method is based on mathematics that provides valuable insight far beyond the basic types of calculation since the calculation takes place in higher dimensions. It is also shown that the operation of the algorithm can be represented graphically in the lower third dimension. The mass of oil contamination as well as the mass of biogenic and fossil matter could be determined for the RDF considered. Problems concerning relatively high uncertainties still need to be solved due to the similar elemental composition of plastics and oil. However, it is shown that the aBM is capable of distinguishing between more than two material fractions in RDF, which the other available methods cannot and which can be relevant for greenhouse gas reporting but also for process control purposes.
{"title":"IN SEARCH OF THE MATERIAL COMPOSITION OF REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS BY MEANS OF DATA RECONCILIATION AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION","authors":"Therese SchwarzbaCk, M. Hahn, S. Spacek, J. Fellner","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17262","url":null,"abstract":"Differenciating between material fractions in refuse-derived fuels (RDF) is relevant to determining the climate relevance of RDF (fractions of biomass and fossil matter). This differentiation is associated with analytical challenges. A method was applied using balance equations, which contain the elemental composition (C, H, N, S, O) of the RDF and the sought for material fractions. For the first time this so-called adapted Balance Method (aBM) was applied to oil-contaminated RDF with the aim of not only distinguishing between biomass and fossil matter but between fossil matter from plastics and from oil-contamination as well. Thus, the balance equations and the following data reconciliation was adapted. It is shown that the balance method is based on mathematics that provides valuable insight far beyond the basic types of calculation since the calculation takes place in higher dimensions. It is also shown that the operation of the algorithm can be represented graphically in the lower third dimension. The mass of oil contamination as well as the mass of biogenic and fossil matter could be determined for the RDF considered. Problems concerning relatively high uncertainties still need to be solved due to the similar elemental composition of plastics and oil. However, it is shown that the aBM is capable of distinguishing between more than two material fractions in RDF, which the other available methods cannot and which can be relevant for greenhouse gas reporting but also for process control purposes.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45574673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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