Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310
Stefano Caro, Matteo Ulivi, Alessandro Ratto, Olli Dahl
In this study, horse stable waste (horse manure, peat and wood sawdust) was processed under pyrolytic conditions. The chemical and physical properties of biochar obtained from different mixtures of horse stable residues were compared. All measurements followed an experimental design using a mixture model. This approach allowed the properties of any combination of ingredients to be predicted and the influence of each component on the final value to be estimated, with very good agreement between predicted and observed values. The results of the analysis of pH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), specific surface area (SSA) and CHNSO (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen) showed that all possible combinations of materials can be used as soil amendments, since: an alkaline pH (>7) prevents soil acidification and a concentration of PAH below the limit (ΣPAH180 m2/g) and a different particle size distribution (PSD) provide habitat for microorganisms, increase water retention capacity and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil.
{"title":"Thermochemical valorisation of waste: pyrolytic conversion of horse stable residue into biochar","authors":"Stefano Caro, Matteo Ulivi, Alessandro Ratto, Olli Dahl","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, horse stable waste (horse manure, peat and wood sawdust) was processed under pyrolytic conditions. The chemical and physical properties of biochar obtained from different mixtures of horse stable residues were compared. All measurements followed an experimental design using a mixture model. This approach allowed the properties of any combination of ingredients to be predicted and the influence of each component on the final value to be estimated, with very good agreement between predicted and observed values. The results of the analysis of pH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), specific surface area (SSA) and CHNSO (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen) showed that all possible combinations of materials can be used as soil amendments, since: an alkaline pH (>7) prevents soil acidification and a concentration of PAH below the limit (ΣPAH180 m2/g) and a different particle size distribution (PSD) provide habitat for microorganisms, increase water retention capacity and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316
Ian D. Williams, Peter J. Shaw
{"title":"WHAT IS THE FUTURE FOR PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS ABOUT WASTE AND RESOURCES?","authors":"Ian D. Williams, Peter J. Shaw","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313
Panagiotis Basinas, Kateřina Chamrádová, Olga Vosnaki, Jiří Rusín
Biomass- and digestate-derived biochars were modified with nitric acid solution and examined in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests to determine the effect of pretreatment on each of the different materials capability to improve the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of conventional substrates such as corn silage. Methane yields from corn silage (0.308 m3kgVS-1) were over the average value for the specific type of lignocellulosic material. Addition of digestate-derived biochar (BCD) in AD process improved the methane production 1.13-fold. However, the sawdust-derived biochar (BCS) resulted in an even greater methane release of 0.374 m3kgVS-1. Chemical treatment reduced the pH of BCs from 10.29 and 11.54 to 3.10 and 2.81 for BCS and BCD, respectively while had a significant impact on materials composition almost removing the ash and metal elements from BCS and markedly decreasing 1.43-fold the ash fraction and by 70-75 % the minerals proportion in BCD. The presence of modified digestate-derived biochar (M-BCD) in a culture led to an enhanced methane production (0.402 m3kgVS-1) indicating that the specific additive exhibited a higher potential than all BCs to promote the efficiency of AD of a biomass feedstock. M-BCD also possessed the greatest capability to lessen an inhibition caused by H2S retaining the concentration of the toxic gas at levels lower than 100 ppm. On the other hand, modified BCS provoked a 9% abatement in methane yields providing evidence that nitric acid could have a neutral or slightly negative effect on the capability of a BC to improve the AD process.
{"title":"ENHANCEMENT OF BIOGAS GENERATION BY UTILIZING RAW AND MODIFIED WITH HNO3 BIOCHAR OBTAINED FROM PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS AND DIGESTATE","authors":"Panagiotis Basinas, Kateřina Chamrádová, Olga Vosnaki, Jiří Rusín","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass- and digestate-derived biochars were modified with nitric acid solution and examined in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests to determine the effect of pretreatment on each of the different materials capability to improve the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of conventional substrates such as corn silage. Methane yields from corn silage (0.308 m3kgVS-1) were over the average value for the specific type of lignocellulosic material. Addition of digestate-derived biochar (BCD) in AD process improved the methane production 1.13-fold. However, the sawdust-derived biochar (BCS) resulted in an even greater methane release of 0.374 m3kgVS-1. Chemical treatment reduced the pH of BCs from 10.29 and 11.54 to 3.10 and 2.81 for BCS and BCD, respectively while had a significant impact on materials composition almost removing the ash and metal elements from BCS and markedly decreasing 1.43-fold the ash fraction and by 70-75 % the minerals proportion in BCD. The presence of modified digestate-derived biochar (M-BCD) in a culture led to an enhanced methane production (0.402 m3kgVS-1) indicating that the specific additive exhibited a higher potential than all BCs to promote the efficiency of AD of a biomass feedstock. M-BCD also possessed the greatest capability to lessen an inhibition caused by H2S retaining the concentration of the toxic gas at levels lower than 100 ppm. On the other hand, modified BCS provoked a 9% abatement in methane yields providing evidence that nitric acid could have a neutral or slightly negative effect on the capability of a BC to improve the AD process.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315
Maxwell Katambwa Mwelwa, Samuel Ayodele Iwarere, Ntandoyenkosi Malusi Mkhize
The depletion of natural resources and the need to reduce solid waste in urban areas have necessitated the incorporation of used materials such as waste ground tyre rubbers (WGTR), into manufacturing processes. As a result, techniques and recycling methods have been established to use tyres as feedstock for marketable products since tyres have a calorific value higher than coal and contain a significant amount of carbon black. Among several techniques, pyrolysis has emerged as the most appealing for treating WGTRs. This technique allows the recovery of valuable products like combustible gases, fuels and chemicals, and activated carbon. Studies have focused on understanding the mechanism underlying the WGTR pyrolysis through the establishment of mathematical models and reaction patterns to valorise WGTRs and efficiently produce marketable chemicals. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in understanding WGTR pyrolysis mechanisms. A general mechanism observed involves a first depolymerisation/condensation of the rubbers, then a degradation of the condensed products, and finally a devolatilisation of additives. Based on the limited information available on the chemicals' formation mechanism, it is assumed that limonene and isoprene are derived from natural rubber (NR), through a series of β-scission and depropagation reactions of polyisoprene and intramolecular cyclisation and scission of monomeric isoprene, respectively, with an equilibrium step of Diels-Alder reaction. The maximum yield of limonene and isoprene have been found to be 51% and 20.5% at temperature around 500°C respectively. The isoprene yield can be increased up to 37.57 % with the use of catalyst such as Calcium Oxide.
{"title":"Advances in understanding kinetic mechanisms underlying waste ground tyre rubber pyrolysis","authors":"Maxwell Katambwa Mwelwa, Samuel Ayodele Iwarere, Ntandoyenkosi Malusi Mkhize","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315","url":null,"abstract":"The depletion of natural resources and the need to reduce solid waste in urban areas have necessitated the incorporation of used materials such as waste ground tyre rubbers (WGTR), into manufacturing processes. As a result, techniques and recycling methods have been established to use tyres as feedstock for marketable products since tyres have a calorific value higher than coal and contain a significant amount of carbon black. Among several techniques, pyrolysis has emerged as the most appealing for treating WGTRs. This technique allows the recovery of valuable products like combustible gases, fuels and chemicals, and activated carbon. Studies have focused on understanding the mechanism underlying the WGTR pyrolysis through the establishment of mathematical models and reaction patterns to valorise WGTRs and efficiently produce marketable chemicals. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in understanding WGTR pyrolysis mechanisms. A general mechanism observed involves a first depolymerisation/condensation of the rubbers, then a degradation of the condensed products, and finally a devolatilisation of additives. Based on the limited information available on the chemicals' formation mechanism, it is assumed that limonene and isoprene are derived from natural rubber (NR), through a series of β-scission and depropagation reactions of polyisoprene and intramolecular cyclisation and scission of monomeric isoprene, respectively, with an equilibrium step of Diels-Alder reaction. The maximum yield of limonene and isoprene have been found to be 51% and 20.5% at temperature around 500°C respectively. The isoprene yield can be increased up to 37.57 % with the use of catalyst such as Calcium Oxide.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314
Ana Ramos
The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.
{"title":"CONSIDERATIONS ON WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY: HOW USEFUL CAN WASTE BE?","authors":"Ana Ramos","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309
Andreas Bartl, Wolfgang Ipsmiller
Fast Fashion is an extremely successful business model that brings apparel and home textiles to the market in ever shorter lead times at ever lower prices. On the one hand, this can be seen as extremely consumer-friendly, as customers can afford top-styled clothing that is always in line with the latest trends, even on a small budget. The opportunity to dress fashionably therefore does not remain a privilege of high earners. On the other hand, the production of fast fashion takes place without compliance with social and environmental standards. It's all about producing as cheaply and quickly as possible. In the EU, the linear economic model is currently being transformed into a circular one. This development does not stop at the textile sector. The textile industry is obliged to bring more durable products onto the market, to comply with social and environmental standards, and to recycle a high proportion of the textiles at the end of their life cycle. In this communication it is shown that fast fashion leads to an uncontrolled growth of textile production and that recycling alone cannot be the solution. The only way is to tackle the problem at its roots and not to regard waste prevention as just an empty phrase. It is obvious that fast fashion and the circular economy are not compatible and that there can only be one winner.
{"title":"Fast fashion versus circular economy: an exciting match?","authors":"Andreas Bartl, Wolfgang Ipsmiller","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309","url":null,"abstract":"Fast Fashion is an extremely successful business model that brings apparel and home textiles to the market in ever shorter lead times at ever lower prices. On the one hand, this can be seen as extremely consumer-friendly, as customers can afford top-styled clothing that is always in line with the latest trends, even on a small budget. The opportunity to dress fashionably therefore does not remain a privilege of high earners. On the other hand, the production of fast fashion takes place without compliance with social and environmental standards. It's all about producing as cheaply and quickly as possible. In the EU, the linear economic model is currently being transformed into a circular one. This development does not stop at the textile sector. The textile industry is obliged to bring more durable products onto the market, to comply with social and environmental standards, and to recycle a high proportion of the textiles at the end of their life cycle. In this communication it is shown that fast fashion leads to an uncontrolled growth of textile production and that recycling alone cannot be the solution. The only way is to tackle the problem at its roots and not to regard waste prevention as just an empty phrase. It is obvious that fast fashion and the circular economy are not compatible and that there can only be one winner.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18276
Jae Myung Lee, Jae-Hun Shin, Min Ju Lee, Whajung Kim, H. Song, S. Kim
Biogas, one of renewable energies, is a key element necessary for a carbon-neutral policy and to build a hydrogen economy. In order to utilize biogas, impurities of biogas such as moisture, hydrogen sulfide(H2S), siloxanes, and VOCs should be removed. In particular, since H2S causes corrosiveness of equipment by sulfur oxides, and is harmful to the human body if leaked, it is a major target material to be removed. The minimum concentration of H2S obtainable from the wet method is several ppm. It is known, however that the iron hydroxide-based adsorbent in the dry method can obtain ultimately low concentration of H2S down to 0.1 ppm or less. The DeHyS was manufactured through a series of processes such as mixing iron cloride solution or iron sulfate solution, NaOH solution, and inorganic binder. During the adsorption process, H2S was removed in the form of iron sulfide through a chemical reaction, and siloxanes are known to be removed through physical adsorption. It was also applied to various biogas plant sites such as landfill gas, sewage sludge, livestock manure, and food waste. At this time, the H2S removal efficiency was known to be 99.9% or more, while simultaneous removal of 90% or more of the total siloxanes was possible. Moreover, the biogas produced at the Chungju Food Bioenergy Center was pretreated using the DeHyS and supplied to the nearby Chungju Bio Green Hydrogen Charging Station to produce hydrogen through steam methane reforming(SMR), producing 500 kg of hydrogen from 8,000 m3 of biogas per day.
{"title":"Simultaneous removal process of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes and field application of iron hydroxide desulfurization agent for green hydrogen production from biogas","authors":"Jae Myung Lee, Jae-Hun Shin, Min Ju Lee, Whajung Kim, H. Song, S. Kim","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18276","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas, one of renewable energies, is a key element necessary for a carbon-neutral policy and to build a hydrogen economy. In order to utilize biogas, impurities of biogas such as moisture, hydrogen sulfide(H2S), siloxanes, and VOCs should be removed. In particular, since H2S causes corrosiveness of equipment by sulfur oxides, and is harmful to the human body if leaked, it is a major target material to be removed. The minimum concentration of H2S obtainable from the wet method is several ppm. It is known, however that the iron hydroxide-based adsorbent in the dry method can obtain ultimately low concentration of H2S down to 0.1 ppm or less. The DeHyS was manufactured through a series of processes such as mixing iron cloride solution or iron sulfate solution, NaOH solution, and inorganic binder. During the adsorption process, H2S was removed in the form of iron sulfide through a chemical reaction, and siloxanes are known to be removed through physical adsorption. It was also applied to various biogas plant sites such as landfill gas, sewage sludge, livestock manure, and food waste. At this time, the H2S removal efficiency was known to be 99.9% or more, while simultaneous removal of 90% or more of the total siloxanes was possible. Moreover, the biogas produced at the Chungju Food Bioenergy Center was pretreated using the DeHyS and supplied to the nearby Chungju Bio Green Hydrogen Charging Station to produce hydrogen through steam methane reforming(SMR), producing 500 kg of hydrogen from 8,000 m3 of biogas per day.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48662986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18274
M. Materazzi, Suviti Chari, Shazeb Bajwa, Alex Sebastiani
Hydrogen is widely recognised to play a key role to decarbonise various industries, as well as transportation, heating and power sectors, for it does not generate greenhouse gas emissions at the point of use. Understanding the technologies that can generate low carbon hydrogen is essential in planning the development of future gas networks and more sustainable manufacturing processes. One promising approach is hydrogen production by gasification of waste, referred to as biohydrogen. This paper summarises work undertaken to design a commercial Waste-to-Hydrogen (WtH2) plant, which includes an assessment of current development stage of technologies, the identification of an appropriate scale for the plants, and development of specifications for process design and output streams. The overall production levels of biohydrogen is observed to be limited by the availability of sustainable feedstocks; however, the results of negative CO2 emissions achieved via biohydrogen production shows that its overall potential to reduce GHG emissions is significantly better, as compared to other form or low carbon hydrogen. In particular, biohydrogen application is capable of generating negative emissions that are required to offset GHGs from other sectors in the future. In combination, low carbon hydrogen production can make a very important contribution to achieving net zero commitment in UK.
{"title":"WASTE-TO-HYDROGEN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE UK SCENARIO","authors":"M. Materazzi, Suviti Chari, Shazeb Bajwa, Alex Sebastiani","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18274","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen is widely recognised to play a key role to decarbonise various industries, as well as transportation, heating and power sectors, for it does not generate greenhouse gas emissions at the point of use. Understanding the technologies that can generate low carbon hydrogen is essential in planning the development of future gas networks and more sustainable manufacturing processes. One promising approach is hydrogen production by gasification of waste, referred to as biohydrogen. This paper summarises work undertaken to design a commercial Waste-to-Hydrogen (WtH2) plant, which includes an assessment of current development stage of technologies, the identification of an appropriate scale for the plants, and development of specifications for process design and output streams. The overall production levels of biohydrogen is observed to be limited by the availability of sustainable feedstocks; however, the results of negative CO2 emissions achieved via biohydrogen production shows that its overall potential to reduce GHG emissions is significantly better, as compared to other form or low carbon hydrogen. In particular, biohydrogen application is capable of generating negative emissions that are required to offset GHGs from other sectors in the future. In combination, low carbon hydrogen production can make a very important contribution to achieving net zero commitment in UK.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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