Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18330
Vesna Žepič Bogataj, Peter Fajs, C. Penalva, Georgios Tsatsos
In this work new biocomposite materials from wasted citrus peels has been validated for a value-added packaging and novel cosmetic products. Specifically, extracted natural fibres and dehydrated pulp from citrus fruit were combined with polylactic acid and other additives as materials for the production of bio-based packaging jars and cosmetic products. For the composition of the packaging an orange powder (dehydrated wastes) was found to be the best performing, while orange comminute, which results from milling the orange peel, was most suitable for composition of the cosmetic formulations. Polylactic acid was compounded with citrus fibres by up to 25 wt.% by twin screw extrusion and processed via injection moulding, one of the most widespread processing technologies for producing rigid packaging containers. Composites were characterized, defining their mechanical, morphological and thermal properties. Validation of packaging thermostability performance was performed by Heat deflection temperature in compliance to ISO75 and VICAT softening temperature in accordance with ISO306. Compatibility tests of packaging demonstrators with newly formulated cosmetic products has been investigated as well. An accelerated compatibility test of the cosmetic jars with water and oil-based simulants was performed at ambient temperature, -5 °C, and at 45 °C. The results indicated that new cosmetic packaging are not consistent with water-based cosmetic formulations but are compatible with products based on natural oils. While the price of these products is generally higher than those using conventional plastics, they are competitive for premium cosmetic brands.
在这项工作中，从废弃柑橘皮中提取的新型生物复合材料已被验证可用于生产增值包装和新型化妆品。具体来说，从柑橘类水果中提取的天然纤维和脱水果肉与聚乳酸和其他添加剂相结合，作为生产生物基包装罐和化妆品的材料。研究发现，橘子粉（脱水废料）的性能最佳，而碾磨橘子皮后得到的橘子碎屑最适合用于化妆品配方。通过双螺杆挤压法将聚乳酸与柑橘纤维进行复合，复合比例最高可达 25%，然后通过注射成型法进行加工，注射成型法是生产硬质包装容器最常用的加工技术之一。对复合材料进行了表征，确定了其机械、形态和热性能。根据 ISO75 标准和 ISO306 标准，通过热变形温度和 VICAT 软化温度验证了包装的热稳定性能。此外，还研究了包装演示器与新配制的化妆品的兼容性测试。在环境温度、-5 °C 和 45 °C 下，对化妆品罐与水基和油基模拟物进行了加速兼容性测试。结果表明，新型化妆品包装与水基化妆品配方不一致，但与天然油基产品兼容。虽然这些产品的价格普遍高于使用传统塑料的产品，但对于高档化妆品品牌来说，它们还是具有竞争力的。
{"title":"Citrus waste fibres for natural cosmetic and bioplastic packaging","authors":"Vesna Žepič Bogataj, Peter Fajs, C. Penalva, Georgios Tsatsos","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18330","url":null,"abstract":"In this work new biocomposite materials from wasted citrus peels has been validated for a value-added packaging and novel cosmetic products. Specifically, extracted natural fibres and dehydrated pulp from citrus fruit were combined with polylactic acid and other additives as materials for the production of bio-based packaging jars and cosmetic products. For the composition of the packaging an orange powder (dehydrated wastes) was found to be the best performing, while orange comminute, which results from milling the orange peel, was most suitable for composition of the cosmetic formulations. Polylactic acid was compounded with citrus fibres by up to 25 wt.% by twin screw extrusion and processed via injection moulding, one of the most widespread processing technologies for producing rigid packaging containers. Composites were characterized, defining their mechanical, morphological and thermal properties. Validation of packaging thermostability performance was performed by Heat deflection temperature in compliance to ISO75 and VICAT softening temperature in accordance with ISO306. Compatibility tests of packaging demonstrators with newly formulated cosmetic products has been investigated as well. An accelerated compatibility test of the cosmetic jars with water and oil-based simulants was performed at ambient temperature, -5 °C, and at 45 °C. The results indicated that new cosmetic packaging are not consistent with water-based cosmetic formulations but are compatible with products based on natural oils. While the price of these products is generally higher than those using conventional plastics, they are competitive for premium cosmetic brands.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18332
Oskar Johannson
{"title":"WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN EUROPEAN UNION: MUST THE DISCOURSE CHANGE?","authors":"Oskar Johannson","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18329
Ana Mariele Domingues, Ricardo Gabbay de Souza, A. R. Ometto, Sandro Donnini Mancini, Flavia Carla dos Santos Martins Padoan, Jose Rocha Andrade da Silva
Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a solution to minimise the environmental problems caused by the consumption of natural resources and the generation of hazardous waste. This paper aims to assess the potential environmental impacts and benefits of four scenarios for recycling LIBs from smartphones and laptops using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The methodological approach followed four steps: i) scenario modelling representing the current and future situations of LIBs End-of-Life (EoL) management from smartphones and laptops; ii) estimating smartphones, laptops and respective LIBs waste generation; iii) mapping representative recycling options; and iv) assessment of potential environmental impacts using LCA with 16 ILCD midpoint categories. The results revealed that hydrometallurgical recycling in Brazil could be less harmful than pyrohydrometallurgical recycling in Europe in 12 impact categories. The benefits of recycling are mainly of Co and Ni recovery. Results of scenarios indicate that the more optimistic scenario, which includes expanding Reverse Logistics to 50% of collection, internal recycling to 75%, and reducing of LIBs waste sent to landfills in 44%, had the best environmental performance in all 13 impacts categories. For the Climate change category, scenario 4 presents net environmental benefits of -1.83E+05 kgCO2eq while scenarios 1, 2 and 3 do not present a net environmental benefit. Scenarios assessment shows that more significant environmental benefits are achieved when the formal collection rate is increased, and the less impactful technology option makes the recovery of materials. These results can help decision-makers promote the management and recycling more sustainable of LIBs waste.
{"title":"LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SCENARIOS FOR END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FROM SMARTPHONES AND LAPTOPS","authors":"Ana Mariele Domingues, Ricardo Gabbay de Souza, A. R. Ometto, Sandro Donnini Mancini, Flavia Carla dos Santos Martins Padoan, Jose Rocha Andrade da Silva","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18329","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a solution to minimise the environmental problems caused by the consumption of natural resources and the generation of hazardous waste. This paper aims to assess the potential environmental impacts and benefits of four scenarios for recycling LIBs from smartphones and laptops using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The methodological approach followed four steps: i) scenario modelling representing the current and future situations of LIBs End-of-Life (EoL) management from smartphones and laptops; ii) estimating smartphones, laptops and respective LIBs waste generation; iii) mapping representative recycling options; and iv) assessment of potential environmental impacts using LCA with 16 ILCD midpoint categories. The results revealed that hydrometallurgical recycling in Brazil could be less harmful than pyrohydrometallurgical recycling in Europe in 12 impact categories. The benefits of recycling are mainly of Co and Ni recovery. Results of scenarios indicate that the more optimistic scenario, which includes expanding Reverse Logistics to 50% of collection, internal recycling to 75%, and reducing of LIBs waste sent to landfills in 44%, had the best environmental performance in all 13 impacts categories. For the Climate change category, scenario 4 presents net environmental benefits of -1.83E+05 kgCO2eq while scenarios 1, 2 and 3 do not present a net environmental benefit. Scenarios assessment shows that more significant environmental benefits are achieved when the formal collection rate is increased, and the less impactful technology option makes the recovery of materials. These results can help decision-makers promote the management and recycling more sustainable of LIBs waste.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18308
Tommy Ender, Vicky Shettigondahalli Ekanthalu, Michael Nelles
As the result of new regulation from the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance (AbfKlärV 2017) and the future obligation to recover phosphorus, thermal treatment (mono-incineration) has become increasingly popular, whereas land-based utilization has decreased. Germany has produced 1.71 million metric tons (DM) of sewage sludge in the year 2021. Sewage sludge contains important nutrients such as phosphorus but also heavy metals and organic pollutants making the direct utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture controversial. Rural areas in particular have benefited from land-based sewage sludge utilization however the future ban on direct land-based utilization is forcing them to find alternative solutions for sewage sludge treatment and management. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has developed considerably over the last 15 years and offers a viable alternative for the utilization of municipal and industrial organic waste such as sewage sludge. The process takes place in an aqueous environment without the need for pre-drying sewage sludge and thereby facilitating direct processing. HTC is especially suitable in combination with the recovery of nutrients like phosphorus. Technologies to recover this essential resource are important because phosphorus is an element that cannot be substituted and is therefore essential. HTC could make a significant contribution to sewage sludge management in combination with phosphorus recovery. However, the technology has yet to establish itself as a sewage sludge valorization process (2023) and is not yet a recognized state-of-the-art. Nevertheless, the HTC technology could gain greater relevance in the future, especially as an alternative valorization pathway for sewage sludge in rural areas of Germany.
{"title":"HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE – AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO TREAT AND MANAGE SEWAGE SLUDGE IN RURAL AREAS OF GERMANY?","authors":"Tommy Ender, Vicky Shettigondahalli Ekanthalu, Michael Nelles","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18308","url":null,"abstract":"As the result of new regulation from the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance (AbfKlärV 2017) and the future obligation to recover phosphorus, thermal treatment (mono-incineration) has become increasingly popular, whereas land-based utilization has decreased. Germany has produced 1.71 million metric tons (DM) of sewage sludge in the year 2021. Sewage sludge contains important nutrients such as phosphorus but also heavy metals and organic pollutants making the direct utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture controversial. Rural areas in particular have benefited from land-based sewage sludge utilization however the future ban on direct land-based utilization is forcing them to find alternative solutions for sewage sludge treatment and management. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has developed considerably over the last 15 years and offers a viable alternative for the utilization of municipal and industrial organic waste such as sewage sludge. The process takes place in an aqueous environment without the need for pre-drying sewage sludge and thereby facilitating direct processing. HTC is especially suitable in combination with the recovery of nutrients like phosphorus. Technologies to recover this essential resource are important because phosphorus is an element that cannot be substituted and is therefore essential. HTC could make a significant contribution to sewage sludge management in combination with phosphorus recovery. However, the technology has yet to establish itself as a sewage sludge valorization process (2023) and is not yet a recognized state-of-the-art. Nevertheless, the HTC technology could gain greater relevance in the future, especially as an alternative valorization pathway for sewage sludge in rural areas of Germany.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310
Stefano Caro, Matteo Ulivi, Alessandro Ratto, Olli Dahl
In this study, horse stable waste (horse manure, peat and wood sawdust) was processed under pyrolytic conditions. The chemical and physical properties of biochar obtained from different mixtures of horse stable residues were compared. All measurements followed an experimental design using a mixture model. This approach allowed the properties of any combination of ingredients to be predicted and the influence of each component on the final value to be estimated, with very good agreement between predicted and observed values. The results of the analysis of pH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), specific surface area (SSA) and CHNSO (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen) showed that all possible combinations of materials can be used as soil amendments, since: an alkaline pH (>7) prevents soil acidification and a concentration of PAH below the limit (ΣPAH180 m2/g) and a different particle size distribution (PSD) provide habitat for microorganisms, increase water retention capacity and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil.
{"title":"Thermochemical valorisation of waste: pyrolytic conversion of horse stable residue into biochar","authors":"Stefano Caro, Matteo Ulivi, Alessandro Ratto, Olli Dahl","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18310","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, horse stable waste (horse manure, peat and wood sawdust) was processed under pyrolytic conditions. The chemical and physical properties of biochar obtained from different mixtures of horse stable residues were compared. All measurements followed an experimental design using a mixture model. This approach allowed the properties of any combination of ingredients to be predicted and the influence of each component on the final value to be estimated, with very good agreement between predicted and observed values. The results of the analysis of pH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), specific surface area (SSA) and CHNSO (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen) showed that all possible combinations of materials can be used as soil amendments, since: an alkaline pH (>7) prevents soil acidification and a concentration of PAH below the limit (ΣPAH180 m2/g) and a different particle size distribution (PSD) provide habitat for microorganisms, increase water retention capacity and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316
Ian D. Williams, Peter J. Shaw
{"title":"WHAT IS THE FUTURE FOR PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS ABOUT WASTE AND RESOURCES?","authors":"Ian D. Williams, Peter J. Shaw","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18316","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313
Panagiotis Basinas, Kateřina Chamrádová, Olga Vosnaki, Jiří Rusín
Biomass- and digestate-derived biochars were modified with nitric acid solution and examined in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests to determine the effect of pretreatment on each of the different materials capability to improve the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of conventional substrates such as corn silage. Methane yields from corn silage (0.308 m3kgVS-1) were over the average value for the specific type of lignocellulosic material. Addition of digestate-derived biochar (BCD) in AD process improved the methane production 1.13-fold. However, the sawdust-derived biochar (BCS) resulted in an even greater methane release of 0.374 m3kgVS-1. Chemical treatment reduced the pH of BCs from 10.29 and 11.54 to 3.10 and 2.81 for BCS and BCD, respectively while had a significant impact on materials composition almost removing the ash and metal elements from BCS and markedly decreasing 1.43-fold the ash fraction and by 70-75 % the minerals proportion in BCD. The presence of modified digestate-derived biochar (M-BCD) in a culture led to an enhanced methane production (0.402 m3kgVS-1) indicating that the specific additive exhibited a higher potential than all BCs to promote the efficiency of AD of a biomass feedstock. M-BCD also possessed the greatest capability to lessen an inhibition caused by H2S retaining the concentration of the toxic gas at levels lower than 100 ppm. On the other hand, modified BCS provoked a 9% abatement in methane yields providing evidence that nitric acid could have a neutral or slightly negative effect on the capability of a BC to improve the AD process.
{"title":"ENHANCEMENT OF BIOGAS GENERATION BY UTILIZING RAW AND MODIFIED WITH HNO3 BIOCHAR OBTAINED FROM PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS AND DIGESTATE","authors":"Panagiotis Basinas, Kateřina Chamrádová, Olga Vosnaki, Jiří Rusín","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18313","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass- and digestate-derived biochars were modified with nitric acid solution and examined in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests to determine the effect of pretreatment on each of the different materials capability to improve the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of conventional substrates such as corn silage. Methane yields from corn silage (0.308 m3kgVS-1) were over the average value for the specific type of lignocellulosic material. Addition of digestate-derived biochar (BCD) in AD process improved the methane production 1.13-fold. However, the sawdust-derived biochar (BCS) resulted in an even greater methane release of 0.374 m3kgVS-1. Chemical treatment reduced the pH of BCs from 10.29 and 11.54 to 3.10 and 2.81 for BCS and BCD, respectively while had a significant impact on materials composition almost removing the ash and metal elements from BCS and markedly decreasing 1.43-fold the ash fraction and by 70-75 % the minerals proportion in BCD. The presence of modified digestate-derived biochar (M-BCD) in a culture led to an enhanced methane production (0.402 m3kgVS-1) indicating that the specific additive exhibited a higher potential than all BCs to promote the efficiency of AD of a biomass feedstock. M-BCD also possessed the greatest capability to lessen an inhibition caused by H2S retaining the concentration of the toxic gas at levels lower than 100 ppm. On the other hand, modified BCS provoked a 9% abatement in methane yields providing evidence that nitric acid could have a neutral or slightly negative effect on the capability of a BC to improve the AD process.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315
Maxwell Katambwa Mwelwa, Samuel Ayodele Iwarere, Ntandoyenkosi Malusi Mkhize
The depletion of natural resources and the need to reduce solid waste in urban areas have necessitated the incorporation of used materials such as waste ground tyre rubbers (WGTR), into manufacturing processes. As a result, techniques and recycling methods have been established to use tyres as feedstock for marketable products since tyres have a calorific value higher than coal and contain a significant amount of carbon black. Among several techniques, pyrolysis has emerged as the most appealing for treating WGTRs. This technique allows the recovery of valuable products like combustible gases, fuels and chemicals, and activated carbon. Studies have focused on understanding the mechanism underlying the WGTR pyrolysis through the establishment of mathematical models and reaction patterns to valorise WGTRs and efficiently produce marketable chemicals. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in understanding WGTR pyrolysis mechanisms. A general mechanism observed involves a first depolymerisation/condensation of the rubbers, then a degradation of the condensed products, and finally a devolatilisation of additives. Based on the limited information available on the chemicals' formation mechanism, it is assumed that limonene and isoprene are derived from natural rubber (NR), through a series of β-scission and depropagation reactions of polyisoprene and intramolecular cyclisation and scission of monomeric isoprene, respectively, with an equilibrium step of Diels-Alder reaction. The maximum yield of limonene and isoprene have been found to be 51% and 20.5% at temperature around 500°C respectively. The isoprene yield can be increased up to 37.57 % with the use of catalyst such as Calcium Oxide.
{"title":"Advances in understanding kinetic mechanisms underlying waste ground tyre rubber pyrolysis","authors":"Maxwell Katambwa Mwelwa, Samuel Ayodele Iwarere, Ntandoyenkosi Malusi Mkhize","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18315","url":null,"abstract":"The depletion of natural resources and the need to reduce solid waste in urban areas have necessitated the incorporation of used materials such as waste ground tyre rubbers (WGTR), into manufacturing processes. As a result, techniques and recycling methods have been established to use tyres as feedstock for marketable products since tyres have a calorific value higher than coal and contain a significant amount of carbon black. Among several techniques, pyrolysis has emerged as the most appealing for treating WGTRs. This technique allows the recovery of valuable products like combustible gases, fuels and chemicals, and activated carbon. Studies have focused on understanding the mechanism underlying the WGTR pyrolysis through the establishment of mathematical models and reaction patterns to valorise WGTRs and efficiently produce marketable chemicals. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in understanding WGTR pyrolysis mechanisms. A general mechanism observed involves a first depolymerisation/condensation of the rubbers, then a degradation of the condensed products, and finally a devolatilisation of additives. Based on the limited information available on the chemicals' formation mechanism, it is assumed that limonene and isoprene are derived from natural rubber (NR), through a series of β-scission and depropagation reactions of polyisoprene and intramolecular cyclisation and scission of monomeric isoprene, respectively, with an equilibrium step of Diels-Alder reaction. The maximum yield of limonene and isoprene have been found to be 51% and 20.5% at temperature around 500°C respectively. The isoprene yield can be increased up to 37.57 % with the use of catalyst such as Calcium Oxide.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314
Ana Ramos
The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.
{"title":"CONSIDERATIONS ON WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY: HOW USEFUL CAN WASTE BE?","authors":"Ana Ramos","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18314","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309
Andreas Bartl, Wolfgang Ipsmiller
Fast Fashion is an extremely successful business model that brings apparel and home textiles to the market in ever shorter lead times at ever lower prices. On the one hand, this can be seen as extremely consumer-friendly, as customers can afford top-styled clothing that is always in line with the latest trends, even on a small budget. The opportunity to dress fashionably therefore does not remain a privilege of high earners. On the other hand, the production of fast fashion takes place without compliance with social and environmental standards. It's all about producing as cheaply and quickly as possible. In the EU, the linear economic model is currently being transformed into a circular one. This development does not stop at the textile sector. The textile industry is obliged to bring more durable products onto the market, to comply with social and environmental standards, and to recycle a high proportion of the textiles at the end of their life cycle. In this communication it is shown that fast fashion leads to an uncontrolled growth of textile production and that recycling alone cannot be the solution. The only way is to tackle the problem at its roots and not to regard waste prevention as just an empty phrase. It is obvious that fast fashion and the circular economy are not compatible and that there can only be one winner.
{"title":"Fast fashion versus circular economy: an exciting match?","authors":"Andreas Bartl, Wolfgang Ipsmiller","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18309","url":null,"abstract":"Fast Fashion is an extremely successful business model that brings apparel and home textiles to the market in ever shorter lead times at ever lower prices. On the one hand, this can be seen as extremely consumer-friendly, as customers can afford top-styled clothing that is always in line with the latest trends, even on a small budget. The opportunity to dress fashionably therefore does not remain a privilege of high earners. On the other hand, the production of fast fashion takes place without compliance with social and environmental standards. It's all about producing as cheaply and quickly as possible. In the EU, the linear economic model is currently being transformed into a circular one. This development does not stop at the textile sector. The textile industry is obliged to bring more durable products onto the market, to comply with social and environmental standards, and to recycle a high proportion of the textiles at the end of their life cycle. In this communication it is shown that fast fashion leads to an uncontrolled growth of textile production and that recycling alone cannot be the solution. The only way is to tackle the problem at its roots and not to regard waste prevention as just an empty phrase. It is obvious that fast fashion and the circular economy are not compatible and that there can only be one winner.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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