Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16225
P. Hennebert, Anne-Françoise Stoffel, Mathieu Hubner, Daniel Fortmann, P. Merdy, Giovanni Beggio
This paper is the third part of three papers on sampling by the number of particles, focusing on analytical variability. The objective is to propose a target variability of waste and contaminated soil analyses (extraction and quantification), that can be used for calculation of the size of a representative sample. Data of intra- and inter-laboratory variability are presented. As the variability of the quantification step (after extraction) is limited in waste and soil analyses to about 0.01, the analytical variability stems from three main sources: (i) non-homogeneous test portions; (ii) for partial extraction methods, variable extraction rate, due to presence of options in the method or insufficient time for equilibrium (leaching or percolation test, biotests); and (iii) ill-defined solid/liquid separation (leaching or percolation tests), critical since there are colloids and nanoparticles in the leachates, representing from 0 to 100% of the element fraction in the leachate. Counter-intuitively, the centrifugation (annex E of EN 12457) series before the 450 nm-filtration delivers leachates more concentrated in particles (median size 150 nm, 1 sample) and statistically more concentrated in elements (+13%, 27 samples, 287 paired data). Without centrifugation, the filter cake that builds up on the membrane is an additional filter. A target intra-laboratory variability of CVr = 0.10 (10%) and inter-laboratory variability of CVR = 0.20 (20%) is proposed for all analytical methods. The methods with higher CVr and CVR should be revisited to not jeopardise the sampling and characterisation efforts of waste and soil, particularly for valorisation in the circular economy.
{"title":"The inherent variability of some environmental analytical methods hampers the circular economy of materials","authors":"P. Hennebert, Anne-Françoise Stoffel, Mathieu Hubner, Daniel Fortmann, P. Merdy, Giovanni Beggio","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16225","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the third part of three papers on sampling by the number of particles, focusing on analytical variability. The objective is to propose a target variability of waste and contaminated soil analyses (extraction and quantification), that can be used for calculation of the size of a representative sample. Data of intra- and inter-laboratory variability are presented. As the variability of the quantification step (after extraction) is limited in waste and soil analyses to about 0.01, the analytical variability stems from three main sources: (i) non-homogeneous test portions; (ii) for partial extraction methods, variable extraction rate, due to presence of options in the method or insufficient time for equilibrium (leaching or percolation test, biotests); and (iii) ill-defined solid/liquid separation (leaching or percolation tests), critical since there are colloids and nanoparticles in the leachates, representing from 0 to 100% of the element fraction in the leachate. Counter-intuitively, the centrifugation (annex E of EN 12457) series before the 450 nm-filtration delivers leachates more concentrated in particles (median size 150 nm, 1 sample) and statistically more concentrated in elements (+13%, 27 samples, 287 paired data). Without centrifugation, the filter cake that builds up on the membrane is an additional filter. A target intra-laboratory variability of CVr = 0.10 (10%) and inter-laboratory variability of CVR = 0.20 (20%) is proposed for all analytical methods. The methods with higher CVr and CVR should be revisited to not jeopardise the sampling and characterisation efforts of waste and soil, particularly for valorisation in the circular economy.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44541692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-23DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16224
Patricia Battais, F. Bonthoux, S. Lechêne, Juliette Kunz-Iffli, Nathalie Monta, Jérôme Grosjean, Philippe Duquenne
Occupational exposure to ammonia is an important issue in the waste management sector, especially in composting and anaerobic digestion plants. In this sector, operators can be exposed to high contents of ammonia which is important to assess. The aim of this work was to provide a comparative study of two ammonia measurement techniques in the workplace air. The first one is an offline active collection of air samples that are then brought to laboratory for analysis and whose results are comparable to OELs. The second one involves real-time monitoring which is easy to deploy, allows for data to be processed both quickly and directly and to explain exposure peaks relative to workers’ activity. These two techniques were simultaneously deployed in several anaerobic digestion-composting plants to assess operators’ potential exposure to ammonia, and data were compared. Results show that there are linear correlations between concentrations obtained from both methods, with a trend to overestimate real concentrations in ammonia for several real-time detectors. This trend could however be explained by the time needed for exposure peaks to decrease. Real-time gas detectors, if cautiously used, are good investigation tools to quickly confirm or invalidate the presence of ammonia in the workplace atmosphere, and for both studying and optimising the workplace. The combination of both online and offline methods facilitates the analysis of a work area or station in order to improve the efficiency of prevention measures and to provide an accurate quantification of operators’ exposure for compliance checking of OELs.
{"title":"A comparative study of real-time monitoring detection and active sampling measurements in evaluating exposure levels to ammonia.","authors":"Patricia Battais, F. Bonthoux, S. Lechêne, Juliette Kunz-Iffli, Nathalie Monta, Jérôme Grosjean, Philippe Duquenne","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16224","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational exposure to ammonia is an important issue in the waste management sector, especially in composting and anaerobic digestion plants. In this sector, operators can be exposed to high contents of ammonia which is important to assess. The aim of this work was to provide a comparative study of two ammonia measurement techniques in the workplace air. The first one is an offline active collection of air samples that are then brought to laboratory for analysis and whose results are comparable to OELs. The second one involves real-time monitoring which is easy to deploy, allows for data to be processed both quickly and directly and to explain exposure peaks relative to workers’ activity. These two techniques were simultaneously deployed in several anaerobic digestion-composting plants to assess operators’ potential exposure to ammonia, and data were compared. Results show that there are linear correlations between concentrations obtained from both methods, with a trend to overestimate real concentrations in ammonia for several real-time detectors. This trend could however be explained by the time needed for exposure peaks to decrease. Real-time gas detectors, if cautiously used, are good investigation tools to quickly confirm or invalidate the presence of ammonia in the workplace atmosphere, and for both studying and optimising the workplace. The combination of both online and offline methods facilitates the analysis of a work area or station in order to improve the efficiency of prevention measures and to provide an accurate quantification of operators’ exposure for compliance checking of OELs.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49000366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15223
M. Gallo, L. Moreschi, A. Del Borghi
Global consumption of materials is rising rapidly leading to an increase in environmental impacts associated with the supply chain. Similar issues also affect a set of materials strategic for the transition towards a sustainable energy production and distribution system: i.e. materials employed in renewable energy (wind turbines and photovoltaic panels), energy storage, electrolysers, electricity distribution networks and electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The analysis identifies, maps and defines a priority hierarchy for the environmental risks generated along the life-cycle of strategic raw materials. Standard construction material such as iron, steel and concrete showed the lowest environmental risks whereas platinum and iridium presented by far the highest impacts (respectively 24.098,04 and 14.732,51 kg CO2 eq, 353.893,39 and 215.934,28 MJ, and 140,24 and 83,20 m3 of water for 1 kg of raw material). Recycled materials have shown to enable the lowering of the environmental risk associated with some raw material production processes (i.e. copper, lead, aluminium, nickel, manganese), whereas specific materials (i.e. platinum, iridium, indium, dysprosium) and related applications will need to be monitored to guarantee a sustainable transition towards renewable energies.
{"title":"A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC MATERIALS TOWARDS ENERGY TRANSITION","authors":"M. Gallo, L. Moreschi, A. Del Borghi","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15223","url":null,"abstract":"Global consumption of materials is rising rapidly leading to an increase in environmental impacts associated with the supply chain. Similar issues also affect a set of materials strategic for the transition towards a sustainable energy production and distribution system: i.e. materials employed in renewable energy (wind turbines and photovoltaic panels), energy storage, electrolysers, electricity distribution networks and electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The analysis identifies, maps and defines a priority hierarchy for the environmental risks generated along the life-cycle of strategic raw materials. Standard construction material such as iron, steel and concrete showed the lowest environmental risks whereas platinum and iridium presented by far the highest impacts (respectively 24.098,04 and 14.732,51 kg CO2 eq, 353.893,39 and 215.934,28 MJ, and 140,24 and 83,20 m3 of water for 1 kg of raw material). Recycled materials have shown to enable the lowering of the environmental risk associated with some raw material production processes (i.e. copper, lead, aluminium, nickel, manganese), whereas specific materials (i.e. platinum, iridium, indium, dysprosium) and related applications will need to be monitored to guarantee a sustainable transition towards renewable energies.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15224
Guadalupe Vianey Landeros Gonzalez, Gabriela Dominguez Cortinas, M. Hudson, Peter Shaw, I. Williams
Concerns regarding the impacts of microplastics in the global environment have brought into focus the need to understand better their origins, transport, and fate. Wastewaters (WW) are important in this regard: discharges from households, commercial and industrial premises, and surface run-off deliver microplastics to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) via sewerage systems, through which they are removed along with sewage sludge or destined for release into the environment in treated effluent. This review provides a contemporary and critical analysis of factors influencing the quantities and composition of microplastics (MPs) reaching wastewater treatment plants, including both primary and secondary sources. Three specific areas of concern were highlighted. First, current legislation, where present, needs to address regulation of microplastics in personal care and cosmetic products that cross international borders. Secondly, accurate estimation of microplastics arising from some sources and activities (e.g., mis-managed waste and hand washing of textiles) is challenging and estimated contributions of associated microplastics remain unsatisfactory as a basis for management decisions. Thirdly, information relating to microplastics in personal care and cosmetic products used by male consumers is lacking and contributions of such products to wastewater remain uncertain. We recommend that (1) voluntary practices and programmes should be replaced with formal regulation to achieve compliance, and (2) the role of consumers’ behaviour in generating microplastics that are destined for wastewater treatment plants remains largely unknown and that more research in this domain is needed.
{"title":"A Review of the Origins of Microplastics arriving at Wastewater Treatment Plants","authors":"Guadalupe Vianey Landeros Gonzalez, Gabriela Dominguez Cortinas, M. Hudson, Peter Shaw, I. Williams","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15224","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns regarding the impacts of microplastics in the global environment have brought into focus the need to understand better their origins, transport, and fate. Wastewaters (WW) are important in this regard: discharges from households, commercial and industrial premises, and surface run-off deliver microplastics to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) via sewerage systems, through which they are removed along with sewage sludge or destined for release into the environment in treated effluent. This review provides a contemporary and critical analysis of factors influencing the quantities and composition of microplastics (MPs) reaching wastewater treatment plants, including both primary and secondary sources. Three specific areas of concern were highlighted. First, current legislation, where present, needs to address regulation of microplastics in personal care and cosmetic products that cross international borders. Secondly, accurate estimation of microplastics arising from some sources and activities (e.g., mis-managed waste and hand washing of textiles) is challenging and estimated contributions of associated microplastics remain unsatisfactory as a basis for management decisions. Thirdly, information relating to microplastics in personal care and cosmetic products used by male consumers is lacking and contributions of such products to wastewater remain uncertain. We recommend that (1) voluntary practices and programmes should be replaced with formal regulation to achieve compliance, and (2) the role of consumers’ behaviour in generating microplastics that are destined for wastewater treatment plants remains largely unknown and that more research in this domain is needed.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48378219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15219
D. Cazzuffi, Piergiorgio Recalcati, L. S. Calvarano, S. Marelli
One of the crucial aspects in design of a landfill capping is the interface behavior between the different layers of the cover system, from levelling layer above waste up to the topsoil. Design guidelines and international codes require a geotechnical stability analysis to be performed along every interface. The critical interface is the one which gives the minimum shear resistance, in terms of friction angle and adhesion. Evaluation of the correct values to be used is then essential. Shear resistance at the interface between different geosynthetics or between a geosynthetic and a soil can be measured through laboratory tests. Testing methods are EN ISO 12957-1 and ASTM D5321 (for direct shear test) and EN ISO 12957-2 (for inclined plane). The paper briefly describes direct shear and inclined plane testing methods and enhances pros and cons. In the last 25 years the authors have coordinated a great number of the above tests with different types of geosynthetics and soils. The main results of these tests are reported in the paper, summarizing the values obtained with contact interface between different products belonging to the same families. The purpose of this work is to validate the already big database of interface strength measured with direct shear tests and to evaluate the differences with the results obtained for the different types of tests. This can give to designers the chance to have a critical approach toward the most suitable testing method to be used according to the specific needs of a project.
填埋场盖层设计的一个关键方面是覆盖系统的不同层之间的界面行为，从垃圾上方的找平层到表土。设计准则和国际规范要求沿每个界面进行岩土稳定性分析。从摩擦角和粘附力的角度来看，临界界面是具有最小剪切阻力的界面。对要使用的正确值进行评估是至关重要的。在不同的土工合成材料之间的界面或土工合成材料与土壤之间的剪切阻力可以通过实验室测试来测量。测试方法是EN ISO 12957-1和ASTM D5321(直接剪切试验)和EN ISO 12957-2(斜面试验)。本文简要介绍了直接剪切和斜面试验方法，并对其优缺点进行了比较。在过去的25年中，作者对不同类型的土工合成材料和土进行了大量的上述试验。本文报道了这些试验的主要结果，总结了同族不同产品之间接触界面的结果。这项工作的目的是验证已经通过直接剪切试验测量的界面强度数据库，并评估不同类型试验结果的差异。这可以让设计师有机会根据项目的具体需求，找到最合适的测试方法。
{"title":"A REVIEW OF DIRECT SHEAR AND INCLINED PLANE TESTS RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT INTERFACES IN LANDFILL CAPPING","authors":"D. Cazzuffi, Piergiorgio Recalcati, L. S. Calvarano, S. Marelli","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15219","url":null,"abstract":"One of the crucial aspects in design of a landfill capping is the interface behavior between the different layers of the cover system, from levelling layer above waste up to the topsoil.\u0000Design guidelines and international codes require a geotechnical stability analysis to be performed along every interface. The critical interface is the one which gives the minimum shear resistance, in terms of friction angle and adhesion. Evaluation of the correct values to be used is then essential. Shear resistance at the interface between different geosynthetics or between a geosynthetic and a soil can be measured through laboratory tests. Testing methods are EN ISO 12957-1 and ASTM D5321 (for direct shear test) and EN ISO 12957-2 (for inclined plane).\u0000The paper briefly describes direct shear and inclined plane testing methods and enhances pros and cons. In the last 25 years the authors have coordinated a great number of the above tests with different types of geosynthetics and soils. The main results of these tests are reported in the paper, summarizing the values obtained with contact interface between different products belonging to the same families. The purpose of this work is to validate the already big database of interface strength measured with direct shear tests and to evaluate the differences with the results obtained for the different types of tests. This can give to designers the chance to have a critical approach toward the most suitable testing method to be used according to the specific needs of a project.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69398141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15220
Oskar Johannson
{"title":"Did End of Waste bring the end of waste?","authors":"Oskar Johannson","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42776243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15218
Giulia Tameni, Francesco Cammelli, H. Elsayed, Francesco Stangherlin, E. Bernardo
The present Covid-19 emergency has dramatically increased the demand for pharmaceutical containers and the amounts of related waste. This paper aims at presenting the upcycling of discarded pharmaceutical glass into various porous ceramics, starting from the activation of fine powders suspended in weakly alkaline solutions (2.5 M NaOH/KOH). The alkaline attack determines the gelation of glass suspensions, according to hydration of glass surfaces, followed by condensation starting from 40 °C (‘cold consolidation’). Alkali are mostly expelled from the gel, according to the formation of water-soluble hydrated carbonates. The mutual binding of activated powders was exploited for the encapsulation of waste-derived glass (from the plasma processing of municipal solid waste) and quartz sand as coarse aggregate. Moreover, industrial mud could be used instead of water in the preparation of alkaline solutions. Depending on the formulations, products comparable to facing bricks can be obtained directly after cold consolidation or after application of low temperature (700 °C) firing. In addition, selected formulations led to highly porous glass foams, to be used for thermal and acoustic insulation.
{"title":"Upcycling of Boro-Alumino-Silicate Pharmaceutical Glass in Sustainable Construction Materials","authors":"Giulia Tameni, Francesco Cammelli, H. Elsayed, Francesco Stangherlin, E. Bernardo","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15218","url":null,"abstract":"The present Covid-19 emergency has dramatically increased the demand for pharmaceutical containers and the amounts of related waste. This paper aims at presenting the upcycling of discarded pharmaceutical glass into various porous ceramics, starting from the activation of fine powders suspended in weakly alkaline solutions (2.5 M NaOH/KOH). The alkaline attack determines the gelation of glass suspensions, according to hydration of glass surfaces, followed by condensation starting from 40 °C (‘cold consolidation’). Alkali are mostly expelled from the gel, according to the formation of water-soluble hydrated carbonates. The mutual binding of activated powders was exploited for the encapsulation of waste-derived glass (from the plasma processing of municipal solid waste) and quartz sand as coarse aggregate. Moreover, industrial mud could be used instead of water in the preparation of alkaline solutions. Depending on the formulations, products comparable to facing bricks can be obtained directly after cold consolidation or after application of low temperature (700 °C) firing. In addition, selected formulations led to highly porous glass foams, to be used for thermal and acoustic insulation.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48026945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15217
N. Mahdjoub, Yusuf Omartjee, C. Trois
In South-Africa, approximately 30% of all recycled paper is being disposed into landfill sites or incinerated. Using this type of hazardous and industrial waste as a resource is essential to reduce landfilling of organic waste. In this study, Pulp and Paper-Mill Sludge (PPMS) has been evaluated under two possible pathways contributing to landfill diversion and secondary use: compostability and the use of PPMS as a soil amendment. A short review of existing studies on PPMS using these two pathways as alternative for secondary use and within the South-African context have been undertaken. This investigation showed that the addition of PPMS to soil as an amendment does not negatively affect sol fertility. The potential of PPMS as a soil amendment or compost contribute to improving factors allowing for increased soil fertility resulting in a better soil structure. Such effects from either using PPMS as an amendment or compost will directly increase resistance of soils to degradation ultimately allowing for reduced erosion potential of soils.
{"title":"Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge; a Soil Amendment and Compost option for Landfill Diversion for South-Africa","authors":"N. Mahdjoub, Yusuf Omartjee, C. Trois","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15217","url":null,"abstract":"In South-Africa, approximately 30% of all recycled paper is being disposed into landfill sites or incinerated. Using this type of hazardous and industrial waste as a resource is essential to reduce landfilling of organic waste. In this study, Pulp and Paper-Mill Sludge (PPMS) has been evaluated under two possible pathways contributing to landfill diversion and secondary use: compostability and the use of PPMS as a soil amendment. A short review of existing studies on PPMS using these two pathways as alternative for secondary use and within the South-African context have been undertaken. This investigation showed that the addition of PPMS to soil as an amendment does not negatively affect sol fertility. The potential of PPMS as a soil amendment or compost contribute to improving factors allowing for increased soil fertility resulting in a better soil structure. Such effects from either using PPMS as an amendment or compost will directly increase resistance of soils to degradation ultimately allowing for reduced erosion potential of soils.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69398132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15216
Namrata Mhaddolkar, G. Koinig, D. Vollprecht
Biobased plastics are often seen to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics, with their share, though being less now, is gradually increasing. This necessitates that the waste management of these possibly eco-friendly materials is also at par with their growth. Near-infrared (NIR) sorting is an effective waste sorting technology and is already widely used for conventional plastics. Thus, it would be imperative to analyse whether this effective existing infrastructure could also be successfully used to sort bioplastic. In the present study, the lab-scale NIR sensor-based sorting system in Montanuniversität Leoben was used to analyse polylactic acid (PLA) in three sets of experiments. First, the spectra of 7 conventional plastics were compared to that of virgin PLA and it was found that PLA has a distinct spectrum and should ideally be detected from a mixed plastic fraction. Second, it was assessed whether different grades and thicknesses of virgin PLA samples produced different spectra and it was found that there is a slight difference in the intensities without any wavelength shift of the recognizable peaks. Lastly, the detection of 10 PLA product samples was tested using the NIR recipe of a virgin PLA. It was observed that the samples were successfully detected and blown out as PLA for all the conducted trials. Additionally, it was also seen that an appropriate backlight setting is important to be able to correctly sort the transparent PLA products in the used chute-type sorter.
{"title":"NEAR-INFRARED IDENTIFICATION AND SORTING OF POLYLACTIC ACID","authors":"Namrata Mhaddolkar, G. Koinig, D. Vollprecht","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15216","url":null,"abstract":"Biobased plastics are often seen to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics, with their share, though being less now, is gradually increasing. This necessitates that the waste management of these possibly eco-friendly materials is also at par with their growth. Near-infrared (NIR) sorting is an effective waste sorting technology and is already widely used for conventional plastics. Thus, it would be imperative to analyse whether this effective existing infrastructure could also be successfully used to sort bioplastic. In the present study, the lab-scale NIR sensor-based sorting system in Montanuniversität Leoben was used to analyse polylactic acid (PLA) in three sets of experiments. First, the spectra of 7 conventional plastics were compared to that of virgin PLA and it was found that PLA has a distinct spectrum and should ideally be detected from a mixed plastic fraction. Second, it was assessed whether different grades and thicknesses of virgin PLA samples produced different spectra and it was found that there is a slight difference in the intensities without any wavelength shift of the recognizable peaks. Lastly, the detection of 10 PLA product samples was tested using the NIR recipe of a virgin PLA. It was observed that the samples were successfully detected and blown out as PLA for all the conducted trials. Additionally, it was also seen that an appropriate backlight setting is important to be able to correctly sort the transparent PLA products in the used chute-type sorter.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46758245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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