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Hazardous properties of plasticisers that may hinder the recycling of plastics 可能阻碍塑料回收的增塑剂的危险特性
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.17227
P. Hennebert
Plasticisers transform rigid polymers, especially PVC, into flexible and useful material, typically at 10-35% concentration. Four phthalate plasticizers are now banned in the EU (maximum concentration in products of 0.1%). Are other plasticisers, used in concentrations that make a product waste, unsafe? The hazardous properties of plasticisers used in the EU (Plastic Additives Initiative list) were collected from the ECHA registration site. Eight plasticizers (=12% of 69) are either skin sensitizers (2 substances) and under evaluation by ECHA (7 substances), with a potential ban at the end of the evaluation for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT), endocrine disruption (ED) and as substances of very high concern (SVHC). Seventeen (=25% of 69) are used at a concentration that makes the plastic hazardous when it becomes waste. The sorting and management options of these additivated plastics are discussed. The recycling of these hazardous wastes is not prohibited. In the short-term recycling phase in modern industrial plants, there is a low emission of these additives, which is controlled by occupational safety and environmental regulations. On the other hand, the long-term low-quality management such as littering (with weathering and fragmentation) and landfilling (with the emission of degradable products in case of phthalates) scatter these substances. The plastics containing “legacy” banned additives must be phased out. But the plastics with compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed by a risk approach, like the products they were and the new products that they will become.
增塑剂将刚性聚合物,特别是PVC,转化为柔性和有用的材料,通常浓度为10-35%。欧盟现在禁止使用四种邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂(产品中的最高浓度为0.1%)。其他增塑剂的浓度会使产品浪费,是否不安全?欧盟使用的增塑剂的危险特性(塑料添加剂倡议清单)是从欧洲化学品管理局注册网站收集的。八种增塑剂(占69种物质的12%)是皮肤增敏剂(2种物质),正在接受欧洲化学品管理局的评估(7种物质)。在评估结束时,可能会禁止使用持久性、生物累积性和毒性(PBT)、内分泌紊乱(ED)和高度关注物质(SVHC)。17个(占69个的25%)的使用浓度使塑料成为废物时具有危险性。讨论了这些添加塑料的分类和管理选择。这些危险废物的回收利用是不被禁止的。在现代工业工厂的短期回收阶段,这些添加剂的排放量很低,这受到职业安全和环境法规的控制。另一方面,长期的低质量管理,如乱扔垃圾(风化和碎片化)和填埋(在邻苯二甲酸酯的情况下排放可降解产品),会分散这些物质。含有“遗留”禁用添加剂的塑料必须逐步淘汰。但含有危险浓度化合物的塑料应在受控的回收循环中回收。它们应该通过风险方法进行管理,就像它们曾经的产品和将要成为的新产品一样。
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引用次数: 3
DEVELOPING PUBLIC COMMUNICATION METHODS BY COMBINING SCIENCE, CREATIVE ARTS AND INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCE: THE TRACE PROJECT 结合科学、创意艺术和代际影响发展公共传播方法:trace项目
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.17230
Alice Brock, Robin Browning, Anca Campanie, Susannah Pal, Ian D. Williams
E-waste is one of the fastest growing global waste streams. As e-waste accumulates scientists struggle to communicate scientific findings and concepts effectively and expediently to the public in a way that raises awareness and inspires discussions. The TRACE (TRAnsitioning to a Circular Economy with creative artists) project was a collaboration between scientists, creative artists and primary schoolchildren to develop new ways to communicate to the public about e-waste. It combined i) intergenerational influence and ii) music / art to raise public awareness, educate and provoke discussion. Two musical performances by schoolchildren and two art exhibitions by a professional artist were created to evoke emotional responses to e-waste, particularly by imbuing e-waste with personality through anthropomorphism in their songs and artwork. Key findings indicate that awareness was raised in audiences, artists, schoolchildren, and their caregivers due to their involvement in the TRACE project; 99% of the audience reported a rise in awareness of e-waste issues; 70% of participants indicated an intention to change e-waste disposal; and 65% indicated an intention to change reuse and repair behaviour. Audiences demonstrated strong emotional reactions to the project alongside change in behavioural intent. The degree to which awareness was raised, and its intensity, demonstrates the viability of the use of intergenerational influence and the creative arts as tools to communicate environmental issues effectively. The project consequently won a prestigious 2021 UK National Recycling Award for (communication) Campaign of the Year (Large).
电子垃圾是全球增长最快的垃圾流之一。随着电子垃圾的积累,科学家们努力以提高认识和激发讨论的方式,有效、方便地向公众传达科学发现和概念。TRACE项目是科学家、创意艺术家和小学生之间的合作,旨在开发向公众宣传电子垃圾的新方法。它结合了i)代际影响和ii)音乐/艺术来提高公众意识、教育和引发讨论。学生们的两场音乐表演和一位专业艺术家的两场艺术展览旨在唤起人们对电子垃圾的情感反应,特别是通过在他们的歌曲和艺术作品中拟人化,赋予电子垃圾个性。主要调查结果表明,由于参与了TRACE项目,观众、艺术家、学童及其照顾者的意识得到了提高;99%的观众表示对电子垃圾问题的认识有所提高;70%的参与者表示有意改变电子垃圾处理方式;65%的人表示有意改变再利用和修复行为。观众对该项目表现出强烈的情绪反应,同时行为意图也发生了变化。提高认识的程度及其强度表明,利用代际影响和创造性艺术作为有效沟通环境问题的工具是可行的。该项目因此获得了著名的2021年英国国家回收奖年度(大型)(通信)活动。
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引用次数: 1
Analyzing waste prevention behaviors by applying an ABMS framework 应用ABMS框架分析防止浪费行为
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.17226
Evelin Ribeiro Rodrigues, Ana Paula Bortoleto
Nature and society have undergone fast and intense changes in the last decades. Consumption is expanding at a hyperbolic rate. Technological innovation has bypassed some environmental problems, but it is hardly sufficient to solve them. As a result, understanding the factors related to people's behavior is imperative when finding a novel approach for intervention policies that can effectively alleviate environmental impacts caused by human activities. A promising alternative to designing waste prevention (WP) policies is to develop strategies to endure behavioral change through collective actions. This paper briefly reviews some WP status worldwide and highlights the possibility of using agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) to plan WP policies and programs. ABMS enables a more in-depth analysis since experiments with a large sample in real situations are financial, temporal, and social cost-demanding. Preliminary results show an influence of the social norm on the adoption of reusable bags by individuals with medium and lower pro-environmental motivations. Understanding these dynamics relations in which WP policy is embedded makes it possible to forecast future waste generation and composition scenarios. Also, a framework for planning WP with ABMS is proposed.
在过去的几十年里,自然和社会发生了快速而剧烈的变化。消费正在以夸张的速度增长。技术创新绕过了一些环境问题,但不足以解决这些问题。因此,当找到一种新的干预政策方法来有效缓解人类活动对环境的影响时,了解与人们行为相关的因素是必不可少的。设计废物预防(WP)政策的一个有前途的替代方案是制定策略,通过集体行动忍受行为变化。本文简要回顾了世界范围内的一些WP现状,并强调了使用基于代理的建模和仿真(ABMS)来规划WP策略和程序的可能性。ABMS能够进行更深入的分析,因为在真实情况下进行大样本实验需要资金、时间和社会成本。初步结果显示,社会规范对具有中等和较低环保动机的个人采用可重复使用的袋子有影响。了解WP政策嵌入的这些动态关系,可以预测未来的废物产生和成分情景。此外,还提出了利用ABMS规划WP的框架。
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引用次数: 0
How cautious should we be? The role of the precautionary principle in the regulation of sewage sludge in Sweden 我们应该多谨慎?预防原则在瑞典污水污泥管理中的作用
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16227
M. Pettersson, Oskar Johansson
Drawing a line between what constitutes a potentially hazardous waste and what is instead a possible resource is complicated. A case in point is the use of sewage sludge, whose use not least in agriculture, has long been subject of debate. In Sweden, the issue has been investigated for possible legislative changes four times in the past decades. The latest of these investigations propose to introduce either a total or a partial ban on agricultural use of sewage sludge. In this paper, the legality of these proposals is analyzed with particular focus on their compatibility with the precautionary principle and the EU principle of free movement of goods and services, using a traditional legal method. The analysis indicates that a partial ban may well be considered proportionate to the risks that the use entails for human health and the environment, whilst a total ban would likely be found in breach of EU law, despite the scope for Member States to take stricter measures than prescribed by secondary legislation.
在构成潜在危险废物和可能成为资源的废物之间划清界限是很复杂的。一个恰当的例子是污水污泥的使用,尤其是在农业中的使用,长期以来一直是争论的主题。在瑞典,在过去的几十年里,这个问题已经进行了四次可能的立法改革调查。最近的这些调查建议全面或部分禁止农业使用污水污泥。在本文中,使用传统的法律方法,分析了这些建议的合法性,特别关注它们与预防原则和欧盟商品和服务自由流动原则的兼容性。分析表明,部分禁止很可能被认为与使用对人类健康和环境造成的风险成比例,而全面禁止很可能被认为违反欧盟法律,尽管会员国可以采取比二级立法规定更严格的措施。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF A DROPLET SPRAYING/MISTING SYSTEM TO ENHANCE AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM A LEACHATE STORAGE POND: A CASE STUDY AT THE THREE RIVERS SOLID WASTE AUTHORITY 评价雾滴喷洒/雾化系统对渗滤液贮存池氨挥发的影响——以三江固体废物管理局为例
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16226
Kaitlen Drafts, Suzie Boxman, Scott Ribes, Mike Terry, B. Staley, Joseph R. V. Flora, N. Berge
The Three Rivers Solid Waste Authority (TRSWA) operates a MSW landfill outside Jackson, South Carolina (USA) at which leachate ammonia concentrations are of concern. The landfill operates a droplet spraying/misting system (known as the Lilypad system) in their pond to enhance both leachate evaporation and, possibly, ammonia volatilization. The overall goals of this study were to determine the fate of nitrogen in the pond and to ultimately quantify the role the Lilypad system plays in enhancing ammonia removal. To accomplish the study goals, an empirical model based on collected leachate and mist samples, climatological data, and pond hydraulic data was developed to quantify the extent of ammonia volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification that occurred in the pond over the study period. Results from this work indicate that volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification were occurring in the pond, with volatilization of ammonia-nitrogen accounting for the majority of nitrogen removed from the pond. Results also indicate that the Lilypad system has the capability to significantly enhance the volatilization process.
三河固体废物管理局(TRSWA)在美国南卡罗来纳州杰克逊市外经营一个城市生活垃圾填埋场,该填埋场的渗滤液氨浓度令人担忧。垃圾填埋场在他们的池塘里运行一个液滴喷洒/喷雾系统(称为Lilypad系统),以促进渗滤液的蒸发,并可能促进氨的挥发。本研究的总体目标是确定池塘中氮的命运,并最终量化Lilypad系统在加强氨去除方面的作用。为了实现研究目标,建立了一个基于收集的渗滤液和雾样、气候数据和池塘水力数据的经验模型,以量化研究期间池塘中氨挥发、硝化和反硝化的程度。研究结果表明,池中存在挥发、硝化和反硝化作用,其中氨氮挥发占池中脱氮的大部分。结果还表明,Lilypad系统具有显著增强挥发过程的能力。
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引用次数: 1
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS, BUSINESS MODELS AND DESIGNS USING CIRCULAR ECONOMY THINKING 利用循环经济思维开发可持续的电子产品、商业模式和设计
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16228
I. Williams, O. S. Shittu
Driven by the UN’s Sustainable Development goals, which has identified the issue of electronic waste growing significantly and the challenges of recycling/reusing electronic components, there is a need to research new possibilities in sustainable and recyclable printed electronic devices. The change in business models and industry and consumer device flows will also have implications. The circular model puts more emphasis back onto producers who have more knowledge to make an impact on the sustainable use of electronic devices than traditional waste management companies. This study, carried out in conjunction with the Arm-ECS Research Centre, explores the intersection of design and the circular economy. The paper identifies circular economy opportunities in the electronics sector via a review of both academic and grey literature and an accompanying SWOT analysis, with a focus on electronic components and the boards/packages (whole sub-systems, parts, materials) that make up electronic systems, and circular business models. Policy recommendations are provided. Challenges to be addressed and overcome in order to implement a transition to circularity for the electronics sector are identified and discussed.
联合国的可持续发展目标已经确定了电子废物问题的显著增长以及回收/再利用电子元件的挑战,因此有必要研究可持续和可回收的印刷电子设备的新可能性。商业模式、行业和消费设备流动的变化也将产生影响。循环模式把更多的重点放在生产者身上,他们比传统的废物管理公司有更多的知识来对电子设备的可持续使用产生影响。这项研究是与Arm-ECS研究中心联合开展的,探讨了设计与循环经济的交集。本文通过对学术文献和灰色文献的回顾以及附带的SWOT分析,确定了电子行业的循环经济机会,重点关注构成电子系统的电子元件和电路板/封装(整个子系统、零件、材料)以及循环商业模式。提供政策建议。要解决和克服的挑战,以实现过渡到循环的电子部门被确定和讨论。
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引用次数: 0
The inherent variability of some environmental analytical methods hampers the circular economy of materials 一些环境分析方法的固有可变性阻碍了材料的循环经济
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16225
P. Hennebert, Anne-Françoise Stoffel, Mathieu Hubner, Daniel Fortmann, P. Merdy, Giovanni Beggio
This paper is the third part of three papers on sampling by the number of particles, focusing on analytical variability. The objective is to propose a target variability of waste and contaminated soil analyses (extraction and quantification), that can be used for calculation of the size of a representative sample. Data of intra- and inter-laboratory variability are presented. As the variability of the quantification step (after extraction) is limited in waste and soil analyses to about 0.01, the analytical variability stems from three main sources: (i) non-homogeneous test portions; (ii) for partial extraction methods, variable extraction rate, due to presence of options in the method or insufficient time for equilibrium (leaching or percolation test, biotests); and (iii) ill-defined solid/liquid separation (leaching or percolation tests), critical since there are colloids and nanoparticles in the leachates, representing from 0 to 100% of the element fraction in the leachate. Counter-intuitively, the centrifugation (annex E of EN 12457) series before the 450 nm-filtration delivers leachates more concentrated in particles (median size 150 nm, 1 sample) and statistically more concentrated in elements (+13%, 27 samples, 287 paired data). Without centrifugation, the filter cake that builds up on the membrane is an additional filter. A target intra-laboratory variability of CVr = 0.10 (10%) and inter-laboratory variability of CVR = 0.20 (20%) is proposed for all analytical methods. The methods with higher CVr and CVR should be revisited to not jeopardise the sampling and characterisation efforts of waste and soil, particularly for valorisation in the circular economy.
本文是三篇关于按粒子数采样的论文的第三部分,主要研究分析变异性。目的是提出废物和污染土壤分析(提取和定量)的目标可变性,可用于计算代表性样本的大小。给出了实验室内和实验室间变异性的数据。由于定量步骤(提取后)的可变性在废物和土壤分析中被限制在约0.01,分析可变性源于三个主要来源:(i)非均质测试部分;(ii)对于部分提取方法,由于方法中存在选项或平衡时间不足(浸出或渗滤试验、生物试验),提取率可变;以及(iii)不明确的固体/液体分离(浸出或渗滤试验),这是至关重要的,因为浸出液中存在胶体和纳米颗粒,占浸出液中元素组分的0-100%。与直觉相反,在450nm过滤之前的离心(EN 12457的附件E)系列提供了更集中在颗粒中的浸出物(中值尺寸150nm,1个样品),并且在统计上更集中在元素中(+13%,27个样品,287个配对数据)。在没有离心的情况下,积聚在膜上的滤饼是一个额外的过滤器。所有分析方法的目标实验室内变异性CVr=0.10(10%)和实验室间变异性CVr=0.20(20%)。应重新考虑CVr和CVr较高的方法,以避免危害废物和土壤的采样和表征工作,特别是循环经济中的增值工作。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative study of real-time monitoring detection and active sampling measurements in evaluating exposure levels to ammonia. 评价氨暴露水平的实时监测检测和主动抽样测量的比较研究。
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-10-23 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.16224
Patricia Battais, F. Bonthoux, S. Lechêne, Juliette Kunz-Iffli, Nathalie Monta, Jérôme Grosjean, Philippe Duquenne
Occupational exposure to ammonia is an important issue in the waste management sector, especially in composting and anaerobic digestion plants. In this sector, operators can be exposed to high contents of ammonia which is important to assess. The aim of this work was to provide a comparative study of two ammonia measurement techniques in the workplace air. The first one is an offline active collection of air samples that are then brought to laboratory for analysis and whose results are comparable to OELs. The second one involves real-time monitoring which is easy to deploy, allows for data to be processed both quickly and directly and to explain exposure peaks relative to workers’ activity. These two techniques were simultaneously deployed in several anaerobic digestion-composting plants to assess operators’ potential exposure to ammonia, and data were compared. Results show that there are linear correlations between concentrations obtained from both methods, with a trend to overestimate real concentrations in ammonia for several real-time detectors. This trend could however be explained by the time needed for exposure peaks to decrease. Real-time gas detectors, if cautiously used, are good investigation tools to quickly confirm or invalidate the presence of ammonia in the workplace atmosphere, and for both studying and optimising the workplace. The combination of both online and offline methods facilitates the analysis of a work area or station in order to improve the efficiency of prevention measures and to provide an accurate quantification of operators’ exposure for compliance checking of OELs.
职业暴露于氨是废物管理部门的一个重要问题,特别是在堆肥和厌氧消化工厂。在这个部门,操作人员可能会接触到高含量的氨,这对评估很重要。本研究的目的是对工作场所空气中两种氨测量技术进行比较研究。第一个是离线主动收集空气样本,然后将其带到实验室进行分析,其结果与OELs相当。第二种方法涉及实时监控,易于部署,可以快速直接地处理数据,并解释与工人活动相关的暴露峰值。这两种技术同时应用于几个厌氧消化-堆肥工厂,以评估操作人员对氨的潜在暴露,并对数据进行比较。结果表明,两种方法得到的浓度之间存在线性相关关系,对几种实时检测器有高估氨实际浓度的趋势。然而,这种趋势可以用暴露峰值减少所需的时间来解释。如果谨慎使用,实时气体探测器是很好的调查工具,可以快速确认或确认工作场所大气中氨的存在,并用于研究和优化工作场所。在线和离线方法相结合,便于对工作区域或工位进行分析,以提高预防措施的效率,并为检查OELs的合规性提供操作员暴露的准确量化。
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引用次数: 0
A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC MATERIALS TOWARDS ENERGY TRANSITION 能源转型战略物资的关键环境分析
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15223
M. Gallo, L. Moreschi, A. Del Borghi
Global consumption of materials is rising rapidly leading to an increase in environmental impacts associated with the supply chain. Similar issues also affect a set of materials strategic for the transition towards a sustainable energy production and distribution system: i.e. materials employed in renewable energy (wind turbines and photovoltaic panels), energy storage, electrolysers, electricity distribution networks and electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The analysis identifies, maps and defines a priority hierarchy for the environmental risks generated along the life-cycle of strategic raw materials. Standard construction material such as iron, steel and concrete showed the lowest environmental risks whereas platinum and iridium presented by far the highest impacts (respectively 24.098,04 and 14.732,51 kg CO2 eq, 353.893,39 and 215.934,28 MJ, and 140,24 and 83,20 m3 of water for 1 kg of raw material). Recycled materials have shown to enable the lowering of the environmental risk associated with some raw material production processes (i.e. copper, lead, aluminium, nickel, manganese), whereas specific materials (i.e. platinum, iridium, indium, dysprosium) and related applications will need to be monitored to guarantee a sustainable transition towards renewable energies.
全球材料消费量正在迅速增长,导致与供应链相关的环境影响增加。类似的问题也影响到一套向可持续能源生产和分配系统过渡的战略材料:即可再生能源(风力涡轮机和光伏电池板)、储能、电解槽、配电网络和电动汽车充电基础设施中使用的材料。该分析确定、绘制和定义了战略原材料生命周期中产生的环境风险的优先等级。铁、钢和混凝土等标准建筑材料的环境风险最低,而铂和铱的影响最大(1公斤原材料分别为24.098,04和14.732,51公斤二氧化碳当量,353.893,39和215.934,28 MJ,140,24和83,20 m3水)。回收材料已被证明能够降低与某些原材料生产过程(即铜、铅、铝、镍、锰)相关的环境风险,而特定材料(即铂、铱、铟、镝)和相关应用需要进行监测,以确保向可再生能源的可持续过渡。
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引用次数: 0
Partner Universities 伙伴大学
IF 1.7 Q4 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15225
Contact: Giada Rossi
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引用次数: 1
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