Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research最新文献

英文中文

Possibilities of Accounting for the Real Tax Burden When Modeling the Scale of Income Taxation 所得税规模建模中考虑实际税负的可能性

IF 0.8 Q3 ECONOMICS

Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.15826/vestnik.2020.19.2.007

D. Lapov, I. Mayburov

. In the scientific and political circles of Russia, discussions do not stop about the validity of progressive income tax brackets and the need for its application at all. The purpose of the study is to provide economic justification of a progressive income taxation system, which makes it possible to take into account the distribution of the real tax burden among different income groups of the population of modern Russia. The hypothesis of the study is an assumption that in income taxation it will be economical-ly justified and appropriate to use tax rates that would correct imbalances in the inflation of the cost of consumer baskets of different population groups. The methodological framework of the study includes theories describing the impact of progressive income taxation on the economy. The authors’ own data analysis technique was used, taking into account both consumption and household savings, which allowed them to reveal the dependence of consumer and savings behavior of households on their income level. The empirical basis of the study is data of the Federal Statistics Service of Russia and the data of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population by the Higher School of Economics. The novelty of the results lies in the description of the model of the distribution of the real tax burden with proportional income tax, char-acterized by a four-fold increase in the inflation rate of the consumer basket of the first decile in comparison with the tenth decile. As shown by the empirical data used in the study, taking into account the inequality of decile groups in the inflation of the value of consumer baskets, ensuring an average tax rate of 13 % calls for the introduction of dif-ferentiated tax rates. A progressive model of the distribution of the real tax burden that takes into account the real tax burden should establish a more than four-fold difference of tax rates for higher income groups. The application of such a model in income taxation will require the government to periodically update tax rates and have methods for obtain-ing reliable data on inflation in the value of consumer baskets and the normal amount of savings for each income group.

．在俄罗斯的科学和政治圈子里，关于累进所得税等级的有效性和应用它的必要性的讨论从未停止。这项研究的目的是为累进所得税制度提供经济上的理由，这使得有可能考虑到现代俄罗斯人口的不同收入群体之间实际税负的分配。这项研究的假设是这样一种假设，即在所得税方面，采用能够纠正不同人口群体的消费篮子成本通胀失衡的税率，在经济上是合理和适当的。该研究的方法框架包括描述累进所得税对经济影响的理论。作者使用了自己的数据分析技术，同时考虑了消费和家庭储蓄，这使他们能够揭示家庭的消费和储蓄行为对其收入水平的依赖。本研究的实证依据是俄罗斯联邦统计局的数据和俄罗斯高等经济学院的俄罗斯经济状况和人口健康监测数据。结果的新颖之处在于描述了实际税负与比例所得税分配的模型，其特点是第一个十分位数的消费者篮子的通货膨胀率与第十个十分位数相比增加了四倍。正如研究中使用的经验数据所示，考虑到消费者篮子价值通胀中十分位数群体的不平等，确保13%的平均税率需要引入差异化税率。考虑到实际税负的实际税负分配的累进模型应该使高收入群体的税率差异达到4倍以上。在所得税中应用这种模型将要求政府定期更新税率，并有办法获得有关消费者篮子价值和每个收入群体正常储蓄额的可靠通胀数据。

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引用次数: 0

Methodological Toolkit for Environmental and Economic Assessment of Metallurgical Enterprise Activities 冶金企业活动环境和经济评价方法工具包

IF 0.8 Q3 ECONOMICS

Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.15826/vestnik.2020.19.4.026

N. Starodubets, A. Grigoreva

The growing impact on the environment from industrial enterprises, the depletion of non-renewable natural resources and the associated risks make it relevant to take into account the environmental performance indicators of the enterprise along with economic ones. The authors believe that it is possible to conduct an environmental and economic assessment of the enterprise using an integrated indicator. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodological toolkit for conducting an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the activities of a metallurgical enterprise, which makes it possible to make both a retrospective assessment of the enterprise's activities, and a predictive one based on the parity between the economic and environmental spheres of the enterprise. An analysis of domestic and foreign literature showed the absence of a unified approach to environmental and economic assessment of industrial enterprises based on standard financial and environmental reporting, and non-financial reporting standards. The methodology proposed by the author includes two blocks of indicators: an environmental and an economic one. The environmental block is represented by indicators related to the environmental impact. The economic block includes various indicators of the profitability of the enterprise. The authors propose an approach to standardizing indicators and calculating the integral indicator of environmental and economic assessment for the period. A distinctive feature of the author's methodology is the development of a single indicator that combines heterogeneous and multidirectional indicators of the environmental and economic blocks, which makes it possible to assess how the state of the enterprise changes over time, considering the action of various factors and their influence on the changes occurring at the enterprise. The proposed methodology was tested in application to the Seversky pipe plant for the period of 2016–2018. It showed a deterioration in the final environmental and economic assessment of the enterprise's activities as per the indicators of the economic block. At the same time, almost all indicators of the ecological block improved over the period of observation. The result is attributed to the ongoing large-scale technological overhaul at the enterprise, aimed, in many respects, at reducing the impact on the environment and increasing the efficiency of the enterprise. The authors believe that after the completion of the modernization project, an increase in the production volume and a decrease in unit costs with a minimum impact on the environment will help to achieve a balance between the ecological and economic spheres of the enterprise.

工业企业对环境的影响越来越大，不可再生自然资源的枯竭以及相关的风险使得在考虑经济绩效指标的同时，也要考虑企业的环境绩效指标。作者认为，利用综合指标对企业进行环境经济评价是可能的。本文的目的是开发一种方法工具，以便对冶金企业的活动进行综合环境和经济评估，从而可以对企业的活动进行回顾性评估，并根据企业的经济和环境领域之间的平衡进行预测。对国内外文献的分析表明，在标准财务和环境报告以及非财务报告标准的基础上，缺乏统一的工业企业环境和经济评价方法。作者提出的方法包括两组指标:环境指标和经济指标。环境板块由与环境影响有关的指标表示。经济区块包括企业盈利能力的各种指标。提出了一种标准化指标和计算该时期环境经济评价综合指标的方法。作者的方法的一个显著特点是制定了一个单一指标，将环境和经济领域的异质和多向指标结合起来，从而有可能评估企业的状态如何随时间变化，同时考虑到各种因素的作用及其对企业发生的变化的影响。提议的方法在2016-2018年期间在Seversky管厂的应用中进行了测试。它表明，根据经济集团的指标，对企业活动的最后环境和经济评价有所恶化。与此同时，生态块的各项指标在观察期内几乎都有所改善。这一结果归因于企业正在进行的大规模技术改革，其目的是在许多方面减少对环境的影响和提高企业的效率。作者认为，在现代化项目完成后，在对环境影响最小的情况下，产量的增加和单位成本的降低将有助于实现企业生态和经济领域的平衡。

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引用次数: 1

Tobacco-free economy: A SAM-based multiplier model to quantify the impact of changes in tobacco demand in Bangladesh. 无烟草经济：基于sam的乘数模型，用于量化孟加拉国烟草需求变化的影响。

IF 0.7 Q3 ECONOMICS

Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research

Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973801015612665

Muhammad Jami Husain, Bazlul Haque Khondker

In Bangladesh, where tobacco use is pervasive, reducing tobacco use is economically beneficial. This paper uses the latest Bangladesh social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier model to quantify the economy-wide impact of demand-driven changes in tobacco cultivation, bidi industries, and cigarette industries. First, we compute various income multiplier values (i.e. backward linkages) for all production activities in the economy to quantify the impact of changes in demand for the corresponding products on gross output for 86 activities, demand for 86 commodities, returns to four factors of production, and income for eight household groups. Next, we rank tobacco production activities by income multiplier values relative to other sectors. Finally, we present three hypothetical 'tobacco-free economy' scenarios by diverting demand from tobacco products into other sectors of the economy and quantifying the economy-wide impact. The simulation exercises with three different tobacco-free scenarios show that, compared to the baseline values, total sectoral output increases by 0.92%, 1.3%, and 0.75%. The corresponding increases in the total factor returns (i.e. GDP) are 1.57%, 1.75%, and 1.75%. Similarly, total household income increases by 1.40%, 1.58%, and 1.55%.

在烟草使用普遍存在的孟加拉国，减少烟草使用在经济上是有益的。本文使用最新的孟加拉国社会会计矩阵（SAM）乘数模型来量化烟草种植、比地产业和卷烟产业的需求驱动变化对整个经济的影响。首先，我们计算了经济中所有生产活动的各种收入乘数值（即反向联系），以量化相应产品的需求变化对86种活动的总产出、86种商品的需求、4种生产要素的回报和8个家庭群体收入的影响。接下来，我们根据相对于其他部门的收入乘数值对烟草生产活动进行排名。最后，我们通过将烟草产品的需求转移到其他经济部门并量化其对整个经济的影响，提出了三种假设的“无烟草经济”情景。采用三种不同的无烟草情景进行的模拟活动表明，与基线值相比，部门总产出增加了0.92%、1.3%和0.75%。相应的全要素收益（即GDP）增幅分别为1.57%、1.75%和1.75%。家庭总收入也分别增加1.40%、1.58%和1.55%。

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引用次数: 0

Structured Inequalities: Factors Associated with Spatial Disparities in Maternity Care in India. 结构性不平等:与印度产妇护理空间差异相关的因素。

IF 0.8 Q3 ECONOMICS

Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research

Pub Date : 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/097380101000400303

Sonalde Desai, Lijuan Wu

Research on India documents considerable heterogeneity in health and health care across states. However, while regional differences are well established, factors underlying these differences have received little attention. This paper seeks to explain disparities in delivery care across districts by focusing on three factors: (1) Marriage and kinship patterns; (2) District wealth; (3) Governance and quality of services. Using data from nationally representative India Human Development Survey 2005 (IHDS) it examines the probability that the 11,905 women who had a child between 2000 and 2005 delivered in a hospital or received care from a doctor or a nurse while delivering at home. The results suggest that 47% of the variation in delivery care in India is between districts while 53% is between women within district. Although compositional differences in education and household wealth explain some of the variation between districts, marriage and kinship patterns, district wealth and governance each has a significant impact on shaping between-district variation in maternity care.

对印度的研究表明，各邦在健康和保健方面存在相当大的差异。然而，虽然区域差异已经确立，但这些差异背后的因素却很少受到重视。本文试图通过三个因素来解释地区间分娩护理的差异:(1)婚姻和亲属关系模式;(2)地区财富;(3)治理和服务质量。利用具有全国代表性的《2005年印度人类发展调查》(IHDS)的数据，研究了在2000年至2005年期间生育的11,905名妇女在医院分娩或在家分娩时接受医生或护士护理的可能性。结果表明，印度47%的分娩护理差异在地区之间，而53%的差异在地区内的妇女之间。虽然教育和家庭财富的构成差异解释了地区之间的一些差异，但婚姻和亲属模式、地区财富和治理都对形成地区间产妇保健差异产生了重大影响。

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引用次数: 18

Modeling the Interaction of the Regions of Russia and the Republic of Belarus in the Sphere of the Processing Industry 模拟俄罗斯和白俄罗斯共和国地区在加工工业领域的互动

IF 0.8 Q3 ECONOMICS

Margin-Journal of Applied Economic Research

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.15826/vestnik.2021.20.2.010

L. Serkov, M. Petrov, K. Kozhov

In connection with the processes of the formation of the Union State of Russia and Belarus, the relevance of conducting a study of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors affecting the change in the level of economic interaction between the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is increasing. The aim of the work is to carry out spatial modeling of the possible interaction of the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the manufacturing industry and to assess the factors affecting this interaction. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the elements of the matrix of interregional interactions are proxy variables that characterize the degree of this interaction. At the first stage, the spatial distribution of the volume of output in the manufacturing sector of the regions of the two countries is investigated in order to assess possibilities of interaction between the regions in this sector. In modeling, the Republic of Belarus is considered as a separate region within the Union State. Calculations of the global and local Moran's indices have been carried out and possible spatial autocorrelations have been determined, both between the regions of the Russian Federation and between the regions of these two countries. In this study, economic indicators calculated on the basis of inverse values of the difference in interregional gross regional products were selected as elements of the weight matrix. At the second stage, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on the indicator characterizing the degree of possible interaction of the regions of the two countries in the manufacturing industry was studied. Using quantile regression, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on this investigated indicator was studied. The use of this approach makes it possible to substantiate the priority directions of economic development of the territories within the framework of the Union State and, in particular, to search for centers of attraction of resources and spheres of their influence on the territory. The results of the work can be used in preparation of strategies, programs and schemes for the placement and development of industries, taking into account the potential of a new level of integration of the economies of Russia and Belarus.

在俄罗斯和白俄罗斯联盟国家形成的过程中，对影响俄罗斯联邦和白俄罗斯共和国各地区之间经济相互作用水平变化的经济、基础设施和体制因素进行研究的重要性日益增加。这项工作的目的是对俄罗斯联邦和白俄罗斯共和国各地区在制造业方面可能的相互作用进行空间建模，并评估影响这种相互作用的因素。该研究的主要假设是假设区域间相互作用矩阵的元素是表征这种相互作用程度的代理变量。在第一阶段，调查两国各地区制造业产出的空间分布，以评估该部门各地区之间相互作用的可能性。在建模中，白俄罗斯共和国被视为联盟国家内的一个独立区域。已经进行了全球和当地莫兰指数的计算，并确定了俄罗斯联邦各区域之间以及这两个国家各区域之间可能的空间自相关性。在本研究中，选取基于区域间区域生产总值差异的逆值计算的经济指标作为权重矩阵的元素。在第二阶段，研究了经济、基础设施和制度因素对表征两国制造业地区可能相互作用程度的指标的影响。采用分位数回归方法，研究了经济、基础设施和制度因素对该指标的影响。利用这一方法，可以在联盟国家框架内确定各领土经济发展的优先方向，特别是寻找资源吸引中心及其对领土的影响范围。工作结果可用于制定战略、方案和计划，以安置和发展工业，考虑到俄罗斯和白俄罗斯经济一体化的新水平的潜力。

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