Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.1017/S0003581521000111
David Lepine
original discussion of this type of staircase in Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters made it clear that it and its variants continued in use inmajor Romanesque buildings throughout the twelfth century, with examples in the cathedrals at Oxford and St David’s dated as late as × and × respectively. A viable unvaulted alternative does not appear to have been developed until the thirteenth century. The technique of the vaulted staircase may well have developed in the course of the twelfth century, but it was certainly not abandoned c , as the author implies. At the end of the final chapter Dr Shapland hopes ‘that this chapter has succeeded in rescuing Anglo-Saxon tower-nave churches from the status of an architectural curiosity to an influential part of the mainstream of early medieval built culture’. The section ‘Anglo-Saxon tower-naves and Norman castles’ certainly achieves that, introducing the concept of the ‘enmotted tower’ to show how the lordly tower formed the basis for the development of the Norman motte surmounted by a keep. It is worthy of remark that Towers of Lordship was published just over forty years after the appearance in volume of the Archaeological Journal (coincidentally under my editorship) of ‘Five castle excavations’, the rather inconclusive report on the Royal Archaeological Institute’s project into the origins of the castle in England (Saunders et al ). So the towernave has secured a niche not only as a ‘coherent building type’ of Anglo-Saxon origin but as a major strand in the development of the castle as a symbol of status and military power. To that extent one might beg to question whether the book’s title underplays the full significance of its contribution to medieval building studies.
在《德意志大教堂》中对这种类型楼梯的最初讨论清楚地表明，它及其变体在整个12世纪仍在主要的罗马式建筑中使用，牛津和圣大卫大教堂的例子可以追溯到× 和× 分别地直到13世纪，一种可行的、未经检验的替代品似乎才被开发出来。拱形楼梯的技术很可能在12世纪发展起来，但它肯定没有被放弃, 正如作者所暗示的那样。在最后一章的结尾，沙普兰博士希望“这一章成功地将盎格鲁撒克逊塔楼中殿教堂从一种建筑好奇心的地位拯救为中世纪早期建筑文化主流中有影响力的一部分”。“盎格鲁-撒克逊塔楼和诺曼城堡”一节当然做到了这一点，引入了“镶嵌式塔楼”的概念，以展示这座庄严的塔楼是如何形成诺曼城堡发展的基础的。值得一提的是，《领主之塔》是在出版40多年后才出版的 《考古杂志》（巧合的是，由我担任编辑）关于“五座城堡的发掘”，这是一份关于英国皇家考古研究所对城堡起源项目的不确定报告（Saunders et al). 因此，塔楼不仅作为盎格鲁撒克逊起源的“连贯建筑类型”，而且作为城堡发展的主要部分，作为地位和军事力量的象征，获得了一席之地。在这种程度上，人们可能会质疑这本书的标题是否低估了它对中世纪建筑研究的全部贡献。
{"title":"The History of England’s Cathedrals. By Nicholas Orme. 240mm. Pp xii + 304, 76 col ills, 15 maps and plans. Impress Books, Exeter, 2017. isbn 9781907605925. £20.00 (pbk).","authors":"David Lepine","doi":"10.1017/S0003581521000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581521000111","url":null,"abstract":"original discussion of this type of staircase in Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters made it clear that it and its variants continued in use inmajor Romanesque buildings throughout the twelfth century, with examples in the cathedrals at Oxford and St David’s dated as late as × and × respectively. A viable unvaulted alternative does not appear to have been developed until the thirteenth century. The technique of the vaulted staircase may well have developed in the course of the twelfth century, but it was certainly not abandoned c , as the author implies. At the end of the final chapter Dr Shapland hopes ‘that this chapter has succeeded in rescuing Anglo-Saxon tower-nave churches from the status of an architectural curiosity to an influential part of the mainstream of early medieval built culture’. The section ‘Anglo-Saxon tower-naves and Norman castles’ certainly achieves that, introducing the concept of the ‘enmotted tower’ to show how the lordly tower formed the basis for the development of the Norman motte surmounted by a keep. It is worthy of remark that Towers of Lordship was published just over forty years after the appearance in volume of the Archaeological Journal (coincidentally under my editorship) of ‘Five castle excavations’, the rather inconclusive report on the Royal Archaeological Institute’s project into the origins of the castle in England (Saunders et al ). So the towernave has secured a niche not only as a ‘coherent building type’ of Anglo-Saxon origin but as a major strand in the development of the castle as a symbol of status and military power. To that extent one might beg to question whether the book’s title underplays the full significance of its contribution to medieval building studies.","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"440 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581521000111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49663893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.1017/S0003581521000032
B. Gaydarska, A. Bayliss, V. Slavchev
The Copper Age cemetery in Varna, Bulgaria, is famous for the earliest known, massive deposition of exquisite golden artefacts. Radiocarbon dating of the Varna i cemetery, excavated in the period 1972–91, places it in the mid-fifth millennium bc and suggests a duration of c 225 years from c 4550 to c 4325 cal bc. Construction work in the adjacent area (2.5 km to the east of Varna i cemetery) in December 2017 led to the discovery of sixteen new graves, whose characteristics are identical to the burials in the cemetery investigated in the last century. This article discusses the AMS dates of ten newly discovered inhumations. The results match well the existing cemetery chronology, showing that the new graves start slightly later and end earlier than Varna i and have a shorter duration of probably no more than a few decades. It is demonstrated for the first time that some areas of burial on the terrace were in continuous use for one or two generations only, suggesting multi-focal depositional activities as opposed to expedient and opportunistic spatial utilisation.
{"title":"CONTEMPORARY COPPER AGE BURIALS FROM THE VARNA MORTUARY ZONE, BULGARIA","authors":"B. Gaydarska, A. Bayliss, V. Slavchev","doi":"10.1017/S0003581521000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581521000032","url":null,"abstract":"The Copper Age cemetery in Varna, Bulgaria, is famous for the earliest known, massive deposition of exquisite golden artefacts. Radiocarbon dating of the Varna i cemetery, excavated in the period 1972–91, places it in the mid-fifth millennium bc and suggests a duration of c 225 years from c 4550 to c 4325 cal bc. Construction work in the adjacent area (2.5 km to the east of Varna i cemetery) in December 2017 led to the discovery of sixteen new graves, whose characteristics are identical to the burials in the cemetery investigated in the last century. This article discusses the AMS dates of ten newly discovered inhumations. The results match well the existing cemetery chronology, showing that the new graves start slightly later and end earlier than Varna i and have a shorter duration of probably no more than a few decades. It is demonstrated for the first time that some areas of burial on the terrace were in continuous use for one or two generations only, suggesting multi-focal depositional activities as opposed to expedient and opportunistic spatial utilisation.","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581521000032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42075071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-20DOI: 10.1017/S0003581521000020
J. Cooper, J. Jago
Presenting research conducted by the ‘St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster’ project at the University of York, this article focuses on the Great Seal devised in 1649 and re-issued in 1651 to enable the Commonwealth to function following the execution of Charles i. As a familiar and ancient image of monarchy, the Great Seal posed an obvious challenge to the authority of the Rump Parliament. A radical new design, authorised by parliamentary committee and executed by engraver Thomas Simon, replaced royal iconography with images of popular sovereignty and nationhood: a map of England and Ireland on the obverse of the Seal, and the interior of the House of Commons chamber (formerly St Stephen’s Chapel) on the reverse. The result was a striking evocation of political authority located in the House of Commons and deriving from the English people. Engravings of the Commons chamber, in circulation since the 1620s, are identified as a probable source for Simon’s work. The Great Seal also re-asserted England’s dominion over Ireland and the waters surrounding the British Isles. Overall, this article argues for continuity as well as alteration in the iconography of the Great Seal of England, at a time of revolutionary political change.
{"title":"PICTURING PARLIAMENT: THE GREAT SEAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE HOUSE OF COMMONS","authors":"J. Cooper, J. Jago","doi":"10.1017/S0003581521000020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581521000020","url":null,"abstract":"Presenting research conducted by the ‘St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster’ project at the University of York, this article focuses on the Great Seal devised in 1649 and re-issued in 1651 to enable the Commonwealth to function following the execution of Charles i. As a familiar and ancient image of monarchy, the Great Seal posed an obvious challenge to the authority of the Rump Parliament. A radical new design, authorised by parliamentary committee and executed by engraver Thomas Simon, replaced royal iconography with images of popular sovereignty and nationhood: a map of England and Ireland on the obverse of the Seal, and the interior of the House of Commons chamber (formerly St Stephen’s Chapel) on the reverse. The result was a striking evocation of political authority located in the House of Commons and deriving from the English people. Engravings of the Commons chamber, in circulation since the 1620s, are identified as a probable source for Simon’s work. The Great Seal also re-asserted England’s dominion over Ireland and the waters surrounding the British Isles. Overall, this article argues for continuity as well as alteration in the iconography of the Great Seal of England, at a time of revolutionary political change.","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"369 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581521000020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48449264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1017/S0003581520000529
T. Kearns
{"title":"The Poole Iron Age Logboat. Edited by Jessica Berry, David Parham and Catrina Appleby. 290mm. Pp x + 121, 82 figs, tabs. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2019. isbn 978178961443. £30 (pbk).","authors":"T. Kearns","doi":"10.1017/S0003581520000529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581520000529","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"431 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581520000529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43120560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An outstanding cultural promoter, collector and patron of the arts in his native Spain, Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán (1629–87), 7th Marquess del Carpio, left his mark as ambassador in Rome (1677–82) and as viceroy in Naples (1682–7). In Italy, Carpio assembled forty-three volumes of drawings, of which only four, including SAL ms 879, have been spared dismemberment. Yet, lumping the ‘Carpio Album’ together with the nobleman’s collection of original drawings completely misses the point. Unlike the others, which were assembled to boost Carpio’s connoisseurship of Italian art, the Album was commissioned to showcase the collection of (largely antique) sculpture he had acquired in Rome and the series of modern fountains he commissioned, also in Rome. Like Vincenzo Giustiniani’s epoch-making Galleria Giustiniana of 1636–7, the Album was to be printed. The marquess’s departure for Naples cut short an ambitious publication project, the theoretical background and pedagogic scope of which have been largely overlooked. The attribution of drawings to artists Philipp Schor and Paolo De Matteis, amongst others, underlines the complex cultural agenda underpinning an Album conceived to reinstate the Roma antica myth by linking it to its Roma moderna counterpart. A new understanding of De Matteis’s artistry and objectives in configuring the Album is complemented with findings regarding Carpio’s commissioning or acquisition of antique, pseudo-antique and modern sculpture. The collection’s fateful dispersal helps unravel the Album’s most likely provenance.
第七代卡尔皮奥侯爵加斯帕·德·哈罗·古兹曼（1629-87）是西班牙杰出的文化推动者、收藏家和艺术赞助人，他曾担任驻罗马大使（1677-82）和那不勒斯总督（1682-7）。在意大利，Carpio组装了四十三卷图纸，其中只有四卷，包括SAL ms 879，没有被肢解。然而，将“Carpio相册”与这位贵族的原始绘画集混为一谈完全没有抓住重点。与其他作品不同的是，这些作品是为了提高Carpio对意大利艺术的鉴赏力而组装的，这本画册是受委托展示他在罗马获得的（主要是古董）雕塑收藏，以及他在罗马委托制作的一系列现代喷泉。就像文森佐·朱斯蒂尼亚尼1636–7年划时代的朱斯蒂尼亚纳美术馆一样，这张专辑也将被印刷。侯爵夫人前往那不勒斯缩短了一个雄心勃勃的出版项目，该项目的理论背景和教学范围在很大程度上被忽视了。艺术家菲利普·斯科尔（Philipp Schor）和保罗·德·马泰斯（Paolo De Matteis。关于Carpio委托或收购古董、伪古董和现代雕塑的发现，补充了对De Matteis在配置专辑中的艺术性和目标的新理解。该系列的命运分散有助于解开专辑最有可能的出处。
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Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1017/S0003581520000372
David Parsons
northwards along the fen-edge, which had an exquisite stone shrine with artistic links to Peterborough: did that house another hermit, on whose cult the great minster did in fact lay its hands? The second half of the volume surveys the cult’s somewhat muted post-Conquest development (Licence), the famously imaginative historical writing that surrounded it in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries (Ispir and Sharpe), and its late medieval expressions in the graphic arts, seals, music and architecture (Roberts, Danbury, Heslop, Parkes and Alexander). It ends – poignantly so, given the author’s recent tragic death – with Richard Sharpe’s new and surely definitive edition of the twelfth-century ‘Translation and Miracles’. ‘Expansive’ is the word for this book: the contributors had a generous frame to work in, and everything is here. Occasionally – as when reading about the political background or the setting of Guthlac’s cult for the third or fourth time – one might wish for tougher editing to reduce duplication, but the varied perspectives on the same problems are often interesting. The volume is a monument to Guthlac as magnificent as King Æthelbald’s must have been, and a credit to Shaun Tyas – far more than publisher – whose personal commitment and engagement are obvious throughout.
沿着芬边向北，那里有一座精致的石头神龛，与彼得伯勒有着艺术联系：那座房子是另一位隐士吗？这位伟大的吟游诗人实际上是对他的崇拜？该卷的后半部分调查了该邪教在征服后的发展（Licence），十二至十三世纪围绕它的著名的富有想象力的历史书写（Ispir和Sharpe），以及中世纪晚期在平面艺术、印章、音乐和建筑中的表现（Roberts、Danbury、Heslop、Parkes和Alexander）。鉴于作者最近不幸去世，这本书以理查德·夏普（Richard Sharpe）的12世纪新版《翻译与奇迹》（Translation and Miracles）而告终“膨胀”是这本书的关键词：撰稿人有一个慷慨的框架，一切都在这里。偶尔——比如第三次或第四次阅读关于政治背景或古特拉克邪教的背景时——人们可能希望进行更严格的编辑以减少重复，但对相同问题的不同观点往往很有趣。这本书是古特拉克的纪念碑，与国王的作品一样壮丽，也是肖恩·泰亚斯的功劳——远远超过了出版商——他的个人承诺和参与贯穿始终。
{"title":"Anglo-Saxon Towers of Lordship. By Michael G Shapland. 245mm. Pp xviii + 261, 74 b&w figs, 8 tabs. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019. isbn 9780198809463. £85 (hbk).","authors":"David Parsons","doi":"10.1017/S0003581520000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581520000372","url":null,"abstract":"northwards along the fen-edge, which had an exquisite stone shrine with artistic links to Peterborough: did that house another hermit, on whose cult the great minster did in fact lay its hands? The second half of the volume surveys the cult’s somewhat muted post-Conquest development (Licence), the famously imaginative historical writing that surrounded it in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries (Ispir and Sharpe), and its late medieval expressions in the graphic arts, seals, music and architecture (Roberts, Danbury, Heslop, Parkes and Alexander). It ends – poignantly so, given the author’s recent tragic death – with Richard Sharpe’s new and surely definitive edition of the twelfth-century ‘Translation and Miracles’. ‘Expansive’ is the word for this book: the contributors had a generous frame to work in, and everything is here. Occasionally – as when reading about the political background or the setting of Guthlac’s cult for the third or fourth time – one might wish for tougher editing to reduce duplication, but the varied perspectives on the same problems are often interesting. The volume is a monument to Guthlac as magnificent as King Æthelbald’s must have been, and a credit to Shaun Tyas – far more than publisher – whose personal commitment and engagement are obvious throughout.","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"439 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581520000372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.1017/S0003581520000517
J. Hines
Between 1998 and 2008, 450 inhumation burials of the fifth to eighth centuries ad were excavated in four separate but adjacent burial grounds within RAF Lakenheath airbase in Suffolk. Study of the evidence has been based on the typology of the national chronological framework of sixth- and seventh-century graves and grave goods published in 2013, and correlated also with a related East Anglian regional scheme. Fifty high-precision radiocarbon dates allow for thorough evaluation of the scope for applying the phase-structure and estimated date-boundaries of the national framework to this one large site. The results can be held to reproduce the core sequence of the national framework, albeit with necessary modifications that provide greater insights into the processes used to generate models of the data, besides significant modifications to the perceived date-ranges of certain artefact-types. The results have also been markedly influenced (and apparently improved) by a new standard calibration curve, IntCal20, launched in August 2020. This study thus suggests key agenda for further productive research into this contextually vital body of information.
{"title":"THE CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF EARLY ANGLO-SAXON GRAVES AND GRAVE GOODS: NEW RADIOCARBON DATA FROM RAF LAKENHEATH, ERISWELL, SUFFOLK, AND A NEW CALIBRATION CURVE (IntCal20)","authors":"J. Hines","doi":"10.1017/S0003581520000517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581520000517","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1998 and 2008, 450 inhumation burials of the fifth to eighth centuries ad were excavated in four separate but adjacent burial grounds within RAF Lakenheath airbase in Suffolk. Study of the evidence has been based on the typology of the national chronological framework of sixth- and seventh-century graves and grave goods published in 2013, and correlated also with a related East Anglian regional scheme. Fifty high-precision radiocarbon dates allow for thorough evaluation of the scope for applying the phase-structure and estimated date-boundaries of the national framework to this one large site. The results can be held to reproduce the core sequence of the national framework, albeit with necessary modifications that provide greater insights into the processes used to generate models of the data, besides significant modifications to the perceived date-ranges of certain artefact-types. The results have also been markedly influenced (and apparently improved) by a new standard calibration curve, IntCal20, launched in August 2020. This study thus suggests key agenda for further productive research into this contextually vital body of information.","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"106 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581520000517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41700332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-14DOI: 10.1017/S0003581520000530
C. Moseley
{"title":"The Art of Allusion: illustrators and the making of English literature, 1403–1476. By Sonja Drimmer. 255mm. Pp 324, 97 b&w figs, 27 col pls. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2019. isbn 9780812250497. £50 (hbk).","authors":"C. Moseley","doi":"10.1017/S0003581520000530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581520000530","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44308,"journal":{"name":"Antiquaries Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0003581520000530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46754926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.1017/S0003581520000505
James Wright
Tattershall Castle (Lincolnshire, UK) was built for the Lord Treasurer of England, Ralph Cromwell, in the mid-fifteenth century. Cromwell was a skilled politician who rose from relative obscurity via royal service; however, he never attained high social rank and made significant enemies in the royal council. He is noted to have been a prickly and self-righteous individual who wore his new-found status in society with towering pride. The architecture of Cromwell’s major building project at Tattershall offers clues towards his personality. Architectural details – grouped and repeated motifs such as ancient family armorials, the Treasurer’s purse and the truculent motto ‘Have I not right?’ – may reveal fault lines and anxieties about Ralph’s relative place in society as he struggled for political survival.
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