The objective of this article is to provide an answer to the question as to how to philosophize within the context of science, which constitutes a more specific version of one of the essential metaphilosophical questions: how should one philosophize? A compelling answer to such inquiries was proposed at the end of the 20th century by the Cracow philosophers of nature and went under the name of „philosophy in science” research program. In this elaboration, on the basis of findings originating in the cosmological domain, I analyze to what extent this is indeed an innovative answer to the metaphilosophical question stated above – that is how to philosophize within the context of science.
{"title":"Metafilozoficzne aspekty współczesnej myśli kosmologicznej","authors":"S. Leciejewski","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.53.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.53.5","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this article is to provide an answer to the question as to how to philosophize within the context of science, which constitutes a more specific version of one of the essential metaphilosophical questions: how should one philosophize? A compelling answer to such inquiries was proposed at the end of the 20th century by the Cracow philosophers of nature and went under the name of „philosophy in science” research program. In this elaboration, on the basis of findings originating in the cosmological domain, I analyze to what extent this is indeed an innovative answer to the metaphilosophical question stated above – that is how to philosophize within the context of science.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127270822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study is devoted to the general characteristics of philosophy. So it has a metaphilosophical character. This characteristic, however, is not a descriptive presentation of what philosophical authors (philosophers, both ancient and modern) think about the subject of their research. In the author’s view, this study is a proposal to understand philosophy, its methods, and its relationship to science and worldview. The role of logic in the philosopher’s work is emphasized, but at the same time it is considered indispensable for a specifically understood speculative element.
{"title":"O filozofii. Krótkie studium metafilozoficzne","authors":"R. Kleszcz","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.53.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.53.4","url":null,"abstract":"The study is devoted to the general characteristics of philosophy. So it has a metaphilosophical character. This characteristic, however, is not a descriptive presentation of what philosophical authors (philosophers, both ancient and modern) think about the subject of their research. In the author’s view, this study is a proposal to understand philosophy, its methods, and its relationship to science and worldview. The role of logic in the philosopher’s work is emphasized, but at the same time it is considered indispensable for a specifically understood speculative element.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117080270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper concerns metaphilosophy and its role in philosophy, particularly in analytic movement. In Introduction the genesis of the term „metaphilosophy” is described and function of metaphilosophical considerations – is it also argued that metaphilosophy is a part of philosophy. The relation of philosophy to science is considered as one the most important metaphilosophical problems. Since the author represents an analytic approach to philosophy, he devotes a separate section to general aspect of metaphilosophy in the context of analytic movement in contemporary philosophy. The method of paraphrases, illustrated by several examples, is proposed as a tool of philosophical analysis.
{"title":"Metafilozofia i filozofia (analityczna)","authors":"J. Woleński","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.53.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.53.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concerns metaphilosophy and its role in philosophy, particularly in analytic movement. In Introduction the genesis of the term „metaphilosophy” is described and function of metaphilosophical considerations – is it also argued that metaphilosophy is a part of philosophy. The relation of philosophy to science is considered as one the most important metaphilosophical problems. Since the author represents an analytic approach to philosophy, he devotes a separate section to general aspect of metaphilosophy in the context of analytic movement in contemporary philosophy. The method of paraphrases, illustrated by several examples, is proposed as a tool of philosophical analysis.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131680433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladimir Ern is often seen as a philosopher that focused mainly on defining the characteristic featuresof Russian philosophy. When his philosophical works are interpreted in such a way, the biggeststress is being put on the fact that he formulated a certain idea of national philosophy, which wasthen transformed by him into a kind of national ideology during the World War I. The article triesto show, that Ern should be treated first of all as an author who considered metaphilosophical issues(and that this fact distinguishes him from the majority of the philosophers of Russian religiousphilosophicalrenaissance, who were mainly interested in solving the metaphysical issues). He focusedon metaphilosophy because he was convinced, that philosophy is a field of the battle between twonotions of the essence of philosophical knowledge which exclude one another. Seen as such, hisphilosophy should be interpreted as an attempt to find a proper way in philosophy and to rejectthe wrong way. The authentic way, which gives a correct answer to the question concerning theessence of philosophical knowledge, was seen by him in Christian Platonism. He tried to show, thatin the works of Plato can be found a certain theory of the spiritual development of man, whichis at the same time a genuine epistemology that shows the way of true philosophical knowledge.
{"title":"Metafilozofia Władimira Erna","authors":"T. Herbich","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.53.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.53.10","url":null,"abstract":"Vladimir Ern is often seen as a philosopher that focused mainly on defining the characteristic featuresof Russian philosophy. When his philosophical works are interpreted in such a way, the biggeststress is being put on the fact that he formulated a certain idea of national philosophy, which wasthen transformed by him into a kind of national ideology during the World War I. The article triesto show, that Ern should be treated first of all as an author who considered metaphilosophical issues(and that this fact distinguishes him from the majority of the philosophers of Russian religiousphilosophicalrenaissance, who were mainly interested in solving the metaphysical issues). He focusedon metaphilosophy because he was convinced, that philosophy is a field of the battle between twonotions of the essence of philosophical knowledge which exclude one another. Seen as such, hisphilosophy should be interpreted as an attempt to find a proper way in philosophy and to rejectthe wrong way. The authentic way, which gives a correct answer to the question concerning theessence of philosophical knowledge, was seen by him in Christian Platonism. He tried to show, thatin the works of Plato can be found a certain theory of the spiritual development of man, whichis at the same time a genuine epistemology that shows the way of true philosophical knowledge.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129536235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the paper is take a look from the perspective of the field theory of Pierre Bourdieu at the history of the Polish post-war philosophy with special attention given to the so-called Christian philosophy. In reference to Bourdieu’s research practice, the author postulates application of research strategies of the sociology of science/philosophy to historical and philosophical studies with a belief that they enhance the picture of philosophical dynamics of the past. From this point of view, the author focuses on relations between the field of Christian philosophy and the field of church authority, exposing the issue of philosophy’s autonomy.
{"title":"Filozofia – autonomia i dominacja","authors":"M. Tyl","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.53.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.53.6","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is take a look from the perspective of the field theory of Pierre Bourdieu at the history of the Polish post-war philosophy with special attention given to the so-called Christian philosophy. In reference to Bourdieu’s research practice, the author postulates application of research strategies of the sociology of science/philosophy to historical and philosophical studies with a belief that they enhance the picture of philosophical dynamics of the past. From this point of view, the author focuses on relations between the field of Christian philosophy and the field of church authority, exposing the issue of philosophy’s autonomy.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129479310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Dwojak-Matras, K. Kalinowska, Agnieszka Koterwas
The subject of the text is the use of role models in building an academic culture of research integrity. We present some possible ways of involving them in teaching and promoting research integrity at universities. The acquired empirical results concern the qualities of a scientist worthy of emulation indicated by undergraduates, postgraduates and PhD students. The qualitative analysis of the collected data enabled us to describe two profiles of a good scientist: an accessible one, who sets an example to his/her mentees in a direct relationship, and a distant one, admired because of his/her work ethos and outstanding achievements. The research was conducted as an online survey in 2020 as part of the project
{"title":"Wzory do naśladowania w budowaniu kultury rzetelności naukowej. Komunikat z badań w projekcie Path2Integrity","authors":"Agnieszka Dwojak-Matras, K. Kalinowska, Agnieszka Koterwas","doi":"10.14746/cis.2021.52.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.9","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the text is the use of role models in building an academic culture of research integrity. We present some possible ways of involving them in teaching and promoting research integrity at universities. The acquired empirical results concern the qualities of a scientist worthy of emulation indicated by undergraduates, postgraduates and PhD students. The qualitative analysis of the collected data enabled us to describe two profiles of a good scientist: an accessible one, who sets an example to his/her mentees in a direct relationship, and a distant one, admired because of his/her work ethos and outstanding achievements. The research was conducted as an online survey in 2020 as part of the project","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134173533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the paper is to discuss the current status of academic humanities (specifically philosophy) in the modern system of science and higher education. The recent structural reforms carried out in this sector in Poland had the ambitious goal of bringing the Polish universities in line with the current trends observed in academic education systems in developed countries, and improving the global competitiveness of Polish science. The article is an attempt at a critical confrontation of these strategic intentions with the actual effects achieved through the reforms, primarily in the context of the profound transformations of the very concept of science that has historically accompanied these changes. In particular, the paper presents a methodological analysis of the impact of the postulated new interpretation of research on the scientific status to date – and the prospects for further development – of traditional humanistic disciplines.
{"title":"Humanistyka akademicka w dobie postnauki. Kilka uwag o filozofii reform szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce","authors":"Andrzej Wawrzynowicz","doi":"10.14746/cis.2021.52.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.5","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to discuss the current status of academic humanities (specifically philosophy) in the modern system of science and higher education. The recent structural reforms carried out in this sector in Poland had the ambitious goal of bringing the Polish universities in line with the current trends observed in academic education systems in developed countries, and improving the global competitiveness of Polish science. The article is an attempt at a critical confrontation of these strategic intentions with the actual effects achieved through the reforms, primarily in the context of the profound transformations of the very concept of science that has historically accompanied these changes. In particular, the paper presents a methodological analysis of the impact of the postulated new interpretation of research on the scientific status to date – and the prospects for further development – of traditional humanistic disciplines.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123609349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the role of public intellectuals, with particular emphasis on scholars specializing in the study of religions. While various functions and aims of public intellectuals are taken into account, the article focuses primarily on risks related to scholars’ engagement in public discourse. The history of the academic study of religion shows that many of its representatives were involved in various ideological endeavors, including political ideologies. It is argued that the main role of the public intellectual in the study of religion is not to be a functionary of religious institutions nor even an interpreter of religious traditions, but a critical researcher who impartially popularizes knowledge about religions and highlights the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the religious world.
{"title":"Uczony jako intelektualista publiczny. Przykład religioznawstwa","authors":"Sławomir Sztajer","doi":"10.14746/cis.2021.52.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the role of public intellectuals, with particular emphasis on scholars specializing in the study of religions. While various functions and aims of public intellectuals are taken into account, the article focuses primarily on risks related to scholars’ engagement in public discourse. The history of the academic study of religion shows that many of its representatives were involved in various ideological endeavors, including political ideologies. It is argued that the main role of the public intellectual in the study of religion is not to be a functionary of religious institutions nor even an interpreter of religious traditions, but a critical researcher who impartially popularizes knowledge about religions and highlights the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the religious world.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130293935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global stratification of higher education institutions is accompanied by the vertical differentiation of the academic profession. The various segments of the profession and the various components of higher education systems have been drifting apart. A general contrast emerges between the haves and have-nots in terms of working conditions and the attractiveness of the academic profession at the individual level; and the global visibility in league tables and access to national research funding at the institutional level. In massified systems, the traditional teaching-research nexus will be maintained in practice almost exclusively in the small elite sub-sector. The opportunities at the disposal of institutions will vary immensely in the future, but the most important, qualitative distinction will be between the top 1,000 universities and the rest (comprising about 25,000–30,000 institutions).
{"title":"Globalny system akademicki i stratyfikująca rola badań naukowych","authors":"Marek Kwiek","doi":"10.14746/cis.2021.52.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.4","url":null,"abstract":"The global stratification of higher education institutions is accompanied by the vertical differentiation of the academic profession. The various segments of the profession and the various components of higher education systems have been drifting apart. A general contrast emerges between the haves and have-nots in terms of working conditions and the attractiveness of the academic profession at the individual level; and the global visibility in league tables and access to national research funding at the institutional level. In massified systems, the traditional teaching-research nexus will be maintained in practice almost exclusively in the small elite sub-sector. The opportunities at the disposal of institutions will vary immensely in the future, but the most important, qualitative distinction will be between the top 1,000 universities and the rest (comprising about 25,000–30,000 institutions).","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"67 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120928135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the concept of the university developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Cardinal John Henry Newman. Newman believed that the university should provide pure and universal knowledge. He was against the professionalization of academic education. According to Newman, the task of universities was to “introduce to life in society” and to “adapt to the world.” This idea grew out of European optimism and a deep belief that teachers and students were part of the same intellectual community. Newman’s concept retains its value because it is rooted in the legacy of humanistic ideal of the education present in the university from very beginnings of this institution. As we know from history university was a place for gaining universal knowledge. However, disturbing cracks can be seen in this idea, which is related to the commercialization and parameterization of the education process. Both lead to deep pathologies of academic life. We see these changes not only in Poland, but also in Western Europe and the United States. After the change of the political system in 1989, Polish universities were significantly degraded and the status of an academic teacher decreased dramatically. The only remedy is to restore universities to the autonomy they deserve and to move away from attempts to politicize or ideologize them
{"title":"Nowe spojrzenie na koncepcję uniwersytetu Johna Henry’ego Newmana","authors":"Stanisław Obirek","doi":"10.14746/cis.2021.52.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2021.52.6","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the concept of the university developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Cardinal John Henry Newman. Newman believed that the university should provide pure and universal knowledge. He was against the professionalization of academic education. According to Newman, the task of universities was to “introduce to life in society” and to “adapt to the world.” This idea grew out of European optimism and a deep belief that teachers and students were part of the same intellectual community. Newman’s concept retains its value because it is rooted in the legacy of humanistic ideal of the education present in the university from very beginnings of this institution. As we know from history university was a place for gaining universal knowledge. However, disturbing cracks can be seen in this idea, which is related to the commercialization and parameterization of the education process. Both lead to deep pathologies of academic life. We see these changes not only in Poland, but also in Western Europe and the United States. After the change of the political system in 1989, Polish universities were significantly degraded and the status of an academic teacher decreased dramatically. The only remedy is to restore universities to the autonomy they deserve and to move away from attempts to politicize or ideologize them","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125442782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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