Michał A. Michalski, Z powrotem do oikos nomos, z powrotem do rzeczywistości… Materialistyczna transformacja kultury Zachodu a zwrot społeczno-kulturowy w ekonomii [Back to oikos nomos, Back to Reality… Materialistic Transformation of the Western Culture and Socio-Cultural Turn in Economics] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 203–215, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.In this article, I put forward the thesis that the current socio-economic situation is to a large extent caused by the changes that have taken place in Western culture over the last few centuries. This means that, to a large extent, the considerations discussed here refer to the perspective of economic culture. The reason for undertaking this issue is paradoxical situation of socio-economic stagnationand recourse in the contemporary West which has achieved unprecedented level of social, scientific and technological development.In order to explain this problem, the article proposes to analyse the process of materialisation of the Western culture which means that the materialistic point of view colonizes at the same time capitalist and socialist concepts and policies. It becomes evident e.g. in the prioritizing economic policy and economic development as the universal solution to all social challenges and marginalizing metaphysical aspects of human and social existence. According to the conclusion of the article it is necessary to understand the influence of materialisticpoint of view in order to rethink and analyse contemporary shape of Western culture and condition of Western civilization.
Michalski, Z powrotem do oikos nomos, Z powrotem do rzeczywistości…Materialistyczna transformacja Culture Zachodu a zwrot społeczno-kulturowy w ekonomii[回到oikos nomos，回到现实……西方文化的唯物主义转型与经济学的社会文化转向]，由w . Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka主编，“Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem。Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego[在中国和西方之间]。《中国经济奇迹的来源探析》，波兹纳斯，2018年，第203-215页，亚当·米奇维茨大学。社会科学学院出版社。ISSN 0239 - 3271。在这篇文章中，我提出了这样一个论点:当前的社会经济状况在很大程度上是由过去几个世纪以来西方文化发生的变化造成的。这意味着，在很大程度上，这里讨论的考虑是指经济文化的角度。承担这一课题的原因是当代西方社会经济停滞与求助的矛盾局面，而当代西方的社会科技发展已经达到了前所未有的水平。为了解释这一问题，本文建议分析西方文化的物质化过程，即唯物主义观点同时殖民了资本主义和社会主义的观念和政策。显而易见的是，将经济政策和经济发展作为所有社会挑战的普遍解决方案，并将人类和社会存在的形而上学方面边缘化。根据文章的结论，有必要了解唯物主义观点的影响，以便重新思考和分析西方文化的当代形态和西方文明的状况。
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Kazimierz Poznański, Konfucjanizm jako ekonomia moralna [Confucianism as a moral economy] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 11–42, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.Western economic system is usually called “democratic capitalism”. But how should be called the system in today’s China? China is not a capitalist economy, but a market economy without capitalism. She is also a democracy but without direct voting for the highest posts. The doctrinal roots of “democratic capitalism” are in liberalism and the Chinese system is ingrained in Confucianism. For this reason, what is in use in China can be called “Confucian system” or, alternatively “Confucian meritocracy”. This kind of meritocracy is not limited to Chinese state, it operates through entire society. As Confucians argue, state is a function of family. Thus, only when family is a meritocracy, so is the state, actually the whole society. Chinese meritocracy is an ethical concept, because in Confucian tradition “merit” means “virtue”. Two thousand years old, Chinese system of ethics has continued. But two hundred years ago, parallel Western ethical vision of society has been assaulted by liberalism. This marked a gigantic split between the two civilizations. Escaping from ethics to – call it – logic, is the reason why liberalism has been failing to accurately reflect economic reality. As a consequence, Western economies work below their potential. In contrast, sticking to her ethical philosophy – of life – China has been excelling. To properly address this dynamic, it is necessary to determine what constitutes Chinese view of economy as a study of wealth. Not yet formalized, it is her peoples’ “second nature”. It all begins with a claim that goal of people is the extension of life to next generations. But liberalism – with “liberal (classical) economics” – argues that the goal is an “instant gratification”, i.e., consumption of goods. In pursuit of personal satisfaction, individuals face no moral dilemma. But since life is a gift, for Confucians choices are moral. Chinese reject the liberal notion of scarcity and claim abundance of resources. With excess, people can “afford” morality which is about sharing. Since there is no need for live-or-die competition for resources, to survive people need only to work. For Confucians, not market but family is the prime form of organization. This is so, since morality comes from family. Market can enhance efficiency only when “embedded” in morality. This is true about other key institution – state. China continues her “success story” by restoring Confucian past, with meritocracy at the core. To stimulate its economy, Western civilization also needs a return to the past. It needs to re
Kazimierz Poznański, W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka主编，“Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”vol. XLVI: Między china a Zachodem。Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego[在中国和西方之间]。《中国经济奇迹的来源探析》，《波兹纳奇》，2018年，第11-42页，亚当·米奇维奇大学。社会科学学院出版社。ISSN 0239 - 3271。西方的经济制度通常被称为“民主资本主义”。但在今天的中国，该如何称呼这种制度呢?中国不是资本主义经济，而是没有资本主义的市场经济。她也是一个民主国家，但没有直接选举最高职位。“民主资本主义”的理论根源在于自由主义，而中国的制度根植于儒家思想。由于这个原因，在中国使用的东西可以被称为“儒家制度”，或者也可以称为“儒家精英制度”。这种精英政治并不局限于中国政府，它在整个社会都在运作。正如儒家所说，国家是家庭的功能。因此，只有当家庭是精英统治的时候，国家才是精英统治的，实际上整个社会也是精英统治的。中国的任人唯贤是一种伦理观念，因为在儒家传统中，“功”就是“德”。中国的伦理体系延续了两千年。但在两百年前，类似的西方社会伦理观遭到了自由主义的攻击。这标志着两个文明之间的巨大分裂。自由主义之所以一直未能准确反映经济现实，原因就在于逃避伦理而称之为逻辑。其结果是，西方经济体的运转低于其潜力。相比之下，坚持她的伦理哲学——生命——中国一直很出色。为了正确地解决这一动态，有必要确定是什么构成了中国人的经济观，即对财富的研究。这是她的人民的“第二天性”，但尚未正式形成。这一切都始于一个主张，即人类的目标是延长下一代的寿命。但自由主义——与“自由(古典)经济学”——认为，目标是“即时满足”，即消费商品。在追求个人满足的过程中，个人不会面临道德困境。但既然生命是一份礼物，儒家的选择是道德的。中国人拒绝自由主义的稀缺观念，主张拥有丰富的资源。有了过度，人们就能“负担得起”分享的道德。由于不需要对资源进行生死竞争，为了生存，人们只需要工作。在儒家看来，主要的组织形式不是市场，而是家庭。这是事实，因为道德来自家庭。市场只有“嵌入”道德，才能提高效率。其他关键机构——国家——也是如此。中国通过恢复以任人唯贤为核心的儒家传统，继续她的“成功故事”。为了刺激经济，西方文明也需要回归过去。它需要通过回归原始自由主义所形成的根源来重塑其主流自由主义。约瑟夫·熊彼特(Joseph Schumpeter)和奥地利学派更新了这种关注道德和家庭的方法。平行的改革可能使两大文明再次靠近。
{"title":"Konfucjanizm jako ekonomia moralna","authors":"K. Poznański","doi":"10.14746/cis.2018.46.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.46.2","url":null,"abstract":"Kazimierz Poznański, Konfucjanizm jako ekonomia moralna [Confucianism as a moral economy] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 11–42, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.Western economic system is usually called “democratic capitalism”. But how should be called the system in today’s China? China is not a capitalist economy, but a market economy without capitalism. She is also a democracy but without direct voting for the highest posts. The doctrinal roots of “democratic capitalism” are in liberalism and the Chinese system is ingrained in Confucianism. For this reason, what is in use in China can be called “Confucian system” or, alternatively “Confucian meritocracy”. This kind of meritocracy is not limited to Chinese state, it operates through entire society. As Confucians argue, state is a function of family. Thus, only when family is a meritocracy, so is the state, actually the whole society. Chinese meritocracy is an ethical concept, because in Confucian tradition “merit” means “virtue”. Two thousand years old, Chinese system of ethics has continued. But two hundred years ago, parallel Western ethical vision of society has been assaulted by liberalism. This marked a gigantic split between the two civilizations. Escaping from ethics to – call it – logic, is the reason why liberalism has been failing to accurately reflect economic reality. As a consequence, Western economies work below their potential. In contrast, sticking to her ethical philosophy – of life – China has been excelling. To properly address this dynamic, it is necessary to determine what constitutes Chinese view of economy as a study of wealth. Not yet formalized, it is her peoples’ “second nature”. It all begins with a claim that goal of people is the extension of life to next generations. But liberalism – with “liberal (classical) economics” – argues that the goal is an “instant gratification”, i.e., consumption of goods. In pursuit of personal satisfaction, individuals face no moral dilemma. But since life is a gift, for Confucians choices are moral. Chinese reject the liberal notion of scarcity and claim abundance of resources. With excess, people can “afford” morality which is about sharing. Since there is no need for live-or-die competition for resources, to survive people need only to work. For Confucians, not market but family is the prime form of organization. This is so, since morality comes from family. Market can enhance efficiency only when “embedded” in morality. This is true about other key institution – state. China continues her “success story” by restoring Confucian past, with meritocracy at the core. To stimulate its economy, Western civilization also needs a return to the past. It needs to re","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115804296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aniela Dylus, Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturą polityczną: przejściowy czy trwały? Przykład Chin [The relation between free market economy and political dictatorship – is it of temporary or permanent nature? The example of China] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 103–119, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The relation between free market economy and democracy has been assumed as a paradigm in the western culture since the Enlightenment. However, this paradigm seems to be violated by markets that flourish under the political dictatorship. Are these markets the exceptions to the rule or maybe their scale does not indicate the necessity of paradigm change? Or maybe we are wrong to assume that capitalism flourish mainly in democratic systems? Is it possible that the relation between communist political dictatorship and liberal economy system is only of temporary nature and people that have economical freedom will demand sooner or later their political freedom? To answer these questions, (1) the paradigm of relationship between free market, its prosperity and democracy and (2) the arguments supporting this relationship have been discussed. Referring to Samuel Huntington’s theory, (3) it has been reminded that many factors, not only economical ones, decide about democratization of political life and some exceptions to this rule have been mentioned. (4) The example of contemporary China is one of the most spectacular example. The short characteristic of (5) its economic condition, (6) its economic system and political dictatorship has been presented and then the attempts have been made to give the arguments either for (7) temporary or (8) permanent relationship between free market and political dictatorship in China. Although the idea of democracy, the rule of law and human rights seems not to be the only alternative base of economical market system, it appears to be prevalent and the only one in a longer period.
Aniela Dylus, Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturopolitycznze: przejściowy czy trwały?Przykład Chin[自由市场经济与政治独裁的关系——是暂时的还是永久的?《中国的例子》，W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka，“Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem主编。Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego[在中国和西方之间]。《中国经济奇迹的来源探析》，《波兹纳霍》，2018年，第103-119页，亚当·米奇维茨大学。社会科学学院出版社。ISSN 0239 - 3271。自启蒙运动以来，自由市场经济与民主的关系一直被视为西方文化的一种范式。然而，这种模式似乎被在政治独裁统治下蓬勃发展的市场所违背。这些市场是规则的例外，还是它们的规模并不表明范式改变的必要性?又或者，我们认为资本主义主要在民主制度中繁荣的想法是错误的?共产主义政治专政与自由经济制度的关系是否只是暂时的，有经济自由的人迟早会要求政治自由?为了回答这些问题，本文讨论了(1)自由市场、繁荣和民主之间的关系范式，以及(2)支持这种关系的论据。参考塞缪尔·亨廷顿的理论，(3)提醒我们，决定政治生活民主化的不仅仅是经济因素，还有许多因素，并提到了这一规律的一些例外。(4)当代中国就是一个最引人注目的例子。(5)中国的经济状况，(6)中国的经济制度和政治独裁的短暂性，然后试图给出(7)中国的自由市场和政治独裁之间的暂时或(8)永久关系的论据。虽然民主、法治和人权的概念似乎不是经济市场制度的唯一替代基础，但它似乎是普遍的，并且在较长时期内是唯一的。
{"title":"Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturą polityczną: przejściowy czy trwały? Przykład Chin","authors":"Aniela Dylus","doi":"10.14746/cis.2018.46.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.46.6","url":null,"abstract":"Aniela Dylus, Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturą polityczną: przejściowy czy trwały? Przykład Chin [The relation between free market economy and political dictatorship – is it of temporary or permanent nature? The example of China] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 103–119, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The relation between free market economy and democracy has been assumed as a paradigm in the western culture since the Enlightenment. However, this paradigm seems to be violated by markets that flourish under the political dictatorship. Are these markets the exceptions to the rule or maybe their scale does not indicate the necessity of paradigm change? Or maybe we are wrong to assume that capitalism flourish mainly in democratic systems? Is it possible that the relation between communist political dictatorship and liberal economy system is only of temporary nature and people that have economical freedom will demand sooner or later their political freedom? To answer these questions, (1) the paradigm of relationship between free market, its prosperity and democracy and (2) the arguments supporting this relationship have been discussed. Referring to Samuel Huntington’s theory, (3) it has been reminded that many factors, not only economical ones, decide about democratization of political life and some exceptions to this rule have been mentioned. (4) The example of contemporary China is one of the most spectacular example. The short characteristic of (5) its economic condition, (6) its economic system and political dictatorship has been presented and then the attempts have been made to give the arguments either for (7) temporary or (8) permanent relationship between free market and political dictatorship in China. Although the idea of democracy, the rule of law and human rights seems not to be the only alternative base of economical market system, it appears to be prevalent and the only one in a longer period.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115796439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halina Zboroń, Niekontekstualne rozumienie kultury gospodarczej [Non-contextual understanding an economic culture] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 187–201, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The article aims to critical analyze the way of understanding an economic culture, especially a contextual approach which characterizes economists’ beliefs concerning as well economy as individuals participating in a social practice of production, exchange and consumption of goods and services. Moreover the author aims to present an alternative, non-contextual approach of an economic culture considered as a direct regulation of economic activities.
《中国经济文化的非语境理解》，刘海娜，王晓明，《中国经济文化的非语境理解》Sójka，《Człowiek i Społeczeństwo》vol. 16: Między。Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego[在中国和西方之间]。《中国经济奇迹的来源探析》，波兹纳奇，2018，页187-201，亚当·米奇维奇大学。社会科学学院出版社。ISSN 0239 - 3271。本文旨在批判性地分析理解经济文化的方式，特别是一种语境方法，这种方法表征了经济学家对经济的看法，以及参与商品和服务的生产、交换和消费的社会实践的个人。此外，作者旨在提出一种替代的、非语境的方法，将经济文化视为对经济活动的直接调节。
{"title":"Niekontekstualne rozumienie kultury gospodarczej","authors":"Halina Zboroń","doi":"10.14746/cis.2018.46.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.46.11","url":null,"abstract":"Halina Zboroń, Niekontekstualne rozumienie kultury gospodarczej [Non-contextual understanding an economic culture] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 187–201, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The article aims to critical analyze the way of understanding an economic culture, especially a contextual approach which characterizes economists’ beliefs concerning as well economy as individuals participating in a social practice of production, exchange and consumption of goods and services. Moreover the author aims to present an alternative, non-contextual approach of an economic culture considered as a direct regulation of economic activities.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116470949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara Pogonowska, Korporacje jako podmiot etyczny a koncepcja degrowth economy [Corporates as a ethical units regarding ‘degrowth economy’ concept] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 175–185, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The article attempts to present a selective part of sphere of corporate social responsibility idea and practice’ evaluation. This idea and practice have been compared to some official EU & UN documents and ‘degrowth economy’ concept.
芭芭拉·波戈诺夫斯卡，《关于“去增长经济”概念的伦理单位——企业》，W.巴纳赫，M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka，《Człowiek i Społeczeństwo》vol. XLVI: Między china a Zachodem。Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego[在中国和西方之间]。《中国经济奇迹的来源探析》，《波兹纳奇》，2018年，第175-185页，亚当·米奇维茨大学。社会科学学院出版社。ISSN 0239 - 3271。本文试图对企业社会责任理念与实践领域的评价作一选择。这一理念和实践与欧盟和联合国的一些官方文件和“去增长经济”概念进行了比较。
{"title":"Korporacje jako podmiot etyczny a koncepcja degrowth economy","authors":"Barbara Pogonowska","doi":"10.14746/cis.2018.46.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.46.10","url":null,"abstract":"Barbara Pogonowska, Korporacje jako podmiot etyczny a koncepcja degrowth economy [Corporates as a ethical units regarding ‘degrowth economy’ concept] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 175–185, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The article attempts to present a selective part of sphere of corporate social responsibility idea and practice’ evaluation. This idea and practice have been compared to some official EU & UN documents and ‘degrowth economy’ concept.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"431 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114831435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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