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Salzburgs tränenreiche Urgeschichte – Bernstein als Medium sozialer und kultureller Interaktion 萨尔茨堡——琥珀故事气氛丰富——琥珀作为社会和文化互动的媒介
4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2015
Holger Wendling
Zusammenfassung Bernstein besitzt als fossiles Baumharz aufgrund seiner spezifischen physischen Eigenschaften eine Aura, die ihn bis heute gleichermaßen als Schmuckstein und magisch-religiöses Amulett begehrt machte. Die überregionale, im antiken Sinne ‚globale‘ Verbreitung des baltischen Succinits findet ihren Niederschlag auch in den Ostalpen. Besonders der zentrale Kommunikationskorridor entlang der Salzach und des anschließenden Tauerntransits besticht während aller Epochen durch eine hohe Dichte von Bernsteinobjekten. Die Region dient deshalb als Modellfall zur Untersuchung zeitlich variabler Aspekte der Aneignung, Nutzung, ideellen Bedeutung und Verbreitung des Bernsteins. Neben sehr seltenen bronzezeitlichen Objekten und einer häufigeren Verwendung in der frühen Eisenzeit ist der Dürrnberg bei Hallein neben dem benachbarten Salzrevier von Hallstatt einer der europäischen Schwerpunkte der Bernsteinnutzung während der Späthallstatt- und Frühlatènezeit. Hier liefern neue quantitative und qualitative Analysen Indizien für sich wandelnde Muster in Trageweise, Nutzung und symbolisch-magischer Bedeutung von Bernsteinschmuck. In der jüngeren Latènezeit kommt es regional und in weiteren Bereichen Europas zu einem graduellen Rückgang der Bernsteinnutzung. Er setzt sich in der römischen Kaiserzeit im Gebiet des municipium Claudium Iuvavum fort, bevor ein letztes Aufleben des Bernsteinschmucks im Frühmittelalter einsetzte. In diachroner Perspektive werden zeitspezifische Muster in der Verwendung und Integration des fremdartigen Rohstoffes in die indigene materielle Kultur und magische Vorstellungswelt deutlich. Bernstein erscheint allerdings nicht nur als ‚Beiprodukt‘ rein ökonomischer Kommunikation entlang transregionaler Handels- und Verkehrsbeziehungen der sogenannten ‚Bernsteinstraßen‘. Vielmehr zeigen qualitative und quantitative Analysen, dass der Bernstein zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten bewusst als Medium sozialer Kommunikation gewählt oder verworfen sowie inhaltlich mit konkreten Bedeutungen belegt wurde. In Prozessen intentioneller kultureller Aneignung offenbart das exotische Material damit die differenzierte Entscheidungs- und Handlungskompetenz indigener Gemeinschaften der mitteleuropäischen Ur- und Frühgeschichte.
琥珀心太强,成为化石树脂,因为它有神乎其魅力,所以向来深受喜爱。全国在古代指‚全球“亚波罗的海的传播Succinits找到的雨量也Ostalpen .特别地,盐扎克河沿岸及后来的潜水船沿线的指挥通讯走廊,在任何的年代都由一大堆的伯南克珍宝支撑着。因此,这一地区提供了一个样本以考察输入、使用、思想意义和传播伯南克药丸。除了非常稀少的bronzezeitlichen对象和一个更频繁使用的铁器时代早期Dürrnberg向Hallein除了邻近的Salzrevier Hallstatt欧洲重点之一的Bernsteinnutzung Späthallstatt期间及Frühlatènezeit .在这里,新的定量和定性分析提供了伯南克在时态、应用和象征意义上不断变化模式的证据。在近代的"耗资帮"ènezeit地区及欧洲其他领域会放缓。graduellen Bernsteinnutzung .罗马皇帝时期,他继续在乌鲁鲁的皇室地区服务,直到撒母耳缪勒复古。从阳台的角度看,将外来商品与土著物质文化以及与印第安人的魔力联系起来的特定时间模式非常清楚。琥珀却又似乎是‚Beiprodukt吧进来经济沟通沿线transregionaler贸易和Verkehrsbeziehungen所谓‚Bernsteinstraßen . "定性和定量分析显示,伯恩斯坦在不同的时间里有意选择或拒绝作为社交沟通的媒介,而在内容上却有明确的含义。在蓄意种植文化主权的进程中,这种异国的选择性和反应能力凸显出中欧历史和早期土著社区的选择性和反应能力。
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引用次数: 0
A Final Bronze Age hoard from Cierpice, Poland: new evidence for the use and deposition of a horse bridle in the region 来自波兰Cierpice的最后一件青铜时代的宝藏:该地区使用和沉积马勒的新证据
4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2018
Jacek Gackowski, Łukasz Kowalski, Aldona Garbacz-Klempka, Anna Rembisz-Lubiejewska, Agnieszka Noryśkiewicz, Dariusz Kamiński, Andrzej Podgórski, Grażyna Szczepańska, Paweł Molewski, Mateusz Sosnowski, Marek Kołyszko, Magdalena Kozicka, Albin Sokół
Zusammenfassung Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rassel- und Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt.
在2020年秋天的报告中,一群发现了150枚铜器。该发现包括齿盘、细毛、怪状、梗状、带绳索的帽子,这些帽子从前是青铜时代马鞍的一部分。最后,魔法物品跟一块沙包植物的颜料一起用结绳围着,然后小心地放进一个腐烂的囊里。本文以其他考古数据为支撑,提出并讨论了考古学、金属制品和古植物学研究的结论。研究表明这两种相互关联的模式与今天波兰卢座时期金属制品运动模式和消费模式以及北欧青铜时代更广泛的环境有关。
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引用次数: 0
Some remarks on studies of Prehistoric craft production from the perspective of Gottfried Semper’s ideas 从戈特弗里德·森珀的观点看史前工艺生产研究
4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2029
Ilia Palaguta
Abstract The approach developed by Gottfried Semper in the mid-19 th century seems to be quite productive for studying the evolution of forms and decoration of objects of material culture. Based on the relationship between the properties of materials and technologies, it formed the basis of modern design practices. The use of this approach makes it possible to explain many phenomena, particularly, the emergence of skeuomorphic forms of ornament (so-called ‘technical ornament’), and also to expand our understanding of materials and technologies that have not reached our time. The reconstruction of non-preserved elements of culture can be complemented by studies on their visual representation in fine art. The principle of development of material culture can also be represented as a movement from the archetype to the material embodiment of ideas, which is possible at the corresponding level of technological development.
19世纪中期,戈特弗里德·森佩尔(Gottfried Semper)提出了一种研究物质文化物品形态和装饰演变的方法。基于材料特性和技术之间的关系,它形成了现代设计实践的基础。这种方法的使用使得解释许多现象成为可能,特别是拟物化形式的装饰(所谓的“技术装饰”)的出现,也扩大了我们对尚未到达我们时代的材料和技术的理解。对未保存的文化元素的重建可以通过研究它们在美术中的视觉表现来补充。物质文化发展的原则也可以表现为从原型到思想的物质体现的运动,这在相应的技术发展水平上是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
Eisenzeitlicher Bernstein: Analytische Methoden, Möglichkeiten und erste Ergebnisse 琥珀时代:分析方法,机会和初步结果
4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2016
Antje Kozak, Thomas Stöllner
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引用次数: 0
Opening graves and turtles. The pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) from the cemetery of the Wielbark Culture in Czarnówko and the question of post-funeral interferences in the past 打开坟墓和乌龟。Czarnówko Wielbark文化墓地的池塘龟(Emys orbicularis L.)和过去葬礼后的干扰问题
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2023
K. Skóra
Abstract In 2010, the remains of a pond turtle were discovered at the bottom of a secondary pit (“robbery” trench) in one of the graves (feature 963) in the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Czarnówko (PL). This paper attempts to characterise the find from Czarnówko in the context of two important questions: the opening of graves and the presence of turtle remains in the grave against the background of similar finds from the Central and East European Barbaricum. The problem of post-burial manipulation affects about 90 % of the graves in the cemetery at Czarnówko. The situation from grave 963 finds analogies in the burial grounds of the Masłomęcz Group, the Chernyakhiv culture and the Sarmatian and Longobard sites. The problem of the presence of these reptiles in the graves is related as it turns out to the phenomenon of grave opening, a phenomenon of great territorial and chronological extent observed in the areas where inhumation was practised during the Roman Period and the Migration Period.
摘要2010年,在Czarnówko(PL)的Wielbark文化墓地的一个坟墓(963)的二级坑(“抢劫”沟)底部发现了一只池塘龟的遗骸。本文试图在两个重要问题的背景下描述Czarnówko的发现:在中欧和东欧Barbaricum类似发现的背景下,坟墓的开放和坟墓中是否存在海龟遗骸。埋葬后操作问题影响约90人 % Czarnówko墓地的坟墓。963号坟墓的情况在MasłomÉcz群的墓地、切尔尼亚基夫文化以及萨尔马提亚和朗戈巴德遗址中都有相似之处。这些爬行动物出现在坟墓中的问题与坟墓开放现象有关,这是一种在罗马时期和移民时期在实施破坏的地区观察到的具有巨大地域和时间意义的现象。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying the original function of vessels deposited in Lusatian Urnfield burials: the case of the Czernikowice cemetery (Poland) 确定卢萨西亚瓮场墓葬中沉积器皿的原始功能:切尔尼科维采公墓(波兰)的案例
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2017
Dagmara Łaciak, Tomasz Stolarczyk, E. Ribechini, J. La Nasa, J. Łucejko
Abstract Usage patterns are one of the leading research issues in archaeological pottery studies. Non-cinerary vessels deposited in burials of the Lusatian Urnfield are particularly intriguing since they did not typically undergo detailed functional analysis. Their function has usually been determined based on the shape and surface treatment. Thus, grave pottery is widely regarded to have been explicitly fashioned for mortuary practices and not used for other purposes. It applies particularly to ceramic items other than containers, such as zoomorphic vessels, figurines, and rattles, which must have played a significant role in funeral ceremonies. The paper presents the outcome of morphological, stylistic and chromatographic analyses of vessels deposited in the Lusatian Urnfield cremation graves found at site 2 in Czernikowice, Legnica district, Poland. The ceramic items come from well-investigated grave contexts dated to Montelius’ periods IV and V. The results indicate that most of the analysed vessels had contact with substances of vegetal and faunal origin.
摘要 使用模式是考古陶器研究的主要问题之一。卢萨特乌恩菲尔德墓葬中出土的非香料器皿尤其引人关注,因为这些器皿通常没有经过详细的功能分析。它们的功能通常是根据形状和表面处理来确定的。因此,人们普遍认为墓葬中的陶器是专门为停尸而制作的,而不是用于其他目的。这种观点尤其适用于容器以外的陶器,如变形器皿、小雕像和拨浪鼓,它们在丧葬仪式中肯定扮演了重要角色。本文介绍了对波兰莱格尼察地区切尔尼科维采 2 号遗址发现的卢萨特乌恩菲尔德火葬墓中沉积的器皿进行形态、风格和色谱分析的结果。分析结果表明,大多数被分析的器皿都与植物和动物源性物质有过接触。
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引用次数: 0
Research methodology of the zolnik (ash hill) at the Scythian cultural circle hillfort in Chotyniec Chotyniec斯基泰人文化圈山丘堡的火山灰研究方法
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2022-2061
S. Czopek, T. Tokarczyk, K. Trybała-Zawiślak, Joanna Adamik-Proksa, M. Burghardt, Ewelina Ocadryga-Tokarczyk, Wojciech Rajpold
Abstract The article presents the methodology of archaeological research on the hillfort in Chotyniec in south-eastern Poland. In addition to other elements, the research project included the discovery and examination of an object known as a zolnik. A zolnik is a unique object which functioned as a cult place where rituals took the form of communal feasts. Similar objects can be found among those located in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe, which in the early Iron Age was influenced by the Scythian culture. The research methodology presented in the article deviates significantly from that used so far in relation to the investigation of zolniks. This is due to the focus on identifying the most complete spatial and functional context possible, as well as creating a permanent excavation documentation for further analysis and verification. Particular emphasis was placed on the accuracy and meticulousness of documenting the discoveries, which would not have been possible without the application and implementation of spatial information systems. Due to its innovative nature, the article is also intended to start a discussion about the way in which the proposed change in the methods of zolnik examination translates into greater interpretation possibilities. This applies to both functional and chronological issues, which in turn leads to a fuller knowledge and reconstruction of these objects.
摘要本文介绍了波兰东南部乔季涅茨山丘堡的考古研究方法。除了其他元素外,该研究项目还包括发现和检查一种名为佐尔尼克的物体。佐尔尼克是一个独特的物体,它是一个以公共盛宴形式举行仪式的邪教场所。在东欧森林草原地区也可以发现类似的物体,该地区在铁器时代早期受到斯基泰人文化的影响。文章中提出的研究方法与迄今为止在唑类药物研究中使用的方法有很大偏差。这是因为重点是确定尽可能完整的空间和功能背景,以及创建永久性挖掘文件以供进一步分析和验证。特别强调记录这些发现的准确性和细致性,如果没有空间信息系统的应用和实施,这是不可能的。由于其创新性,本文还打算开始讨论拟议的唑尼克检查方法的改变如何转化为更大的解释可能性。这既适用于功能问题,也适用于时间问题,这反过来又导致对这些对象的更全面的了解和重建。
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引用次数: 0
Verifying the chronology of Ukrainian Neolithic 验证乌克兰新石器时代的年表
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2022-2058
Dmytro Kiosak, N. Kotova, Olha Demchenko, A. Bardeckyi, Dagmara H. Werra
Abstract This paper addresses the earliest Neolithic phases in Ukraine: aspects relating to the chronology, methods and time of Neolithisation. In general, the earliest Neolithisation relates to the times of the Linear Pottery culture. Nevertheless, Ukraine has numerous eco-zones so the process could have been different in other zones. The authors emphasize that the key to getting closer to solving this problem is the chronology-re-dating and validation program. Hitherto dates of one culture or period of culture have been treated against each other. This article presents a small series of AMS from well-defined contexts of four sites, previously dated by the Kyiv radiocarbon facility. The results are compared with existing dates in order to establish the validity of existing chronologies for the Neolithic of Ukraine. Obtained results allowed the authors to conclude that the Kyiv dates should not be obligatorily treated as wrong. Furthermore, the authors reopened the discussion to establish what was the role of LBK and Azov-Dnieper culture communities in spreading farming and herding in Ukraine during the second half of the VIth millennium BC.
摘要本文论述了乌克兰最早的新石器时代阶段:与新石器时代的年代学、方法和时间有关的方面。一般来说,最早的新石器时代与线形陶器文化的时代有关。然而,乌克兰有许多生态区,因此其他地区的过程可能会有所不同。作者强调,接近解决这个问题的关键是年代重新确定和验证程序。迄今为止,一种文化或一段文化时期的日期一直是相互对立的。这篇文章提出了一个小系列的AMS从四个地点的定义良好的背景,以前由基辅放射性碳设施定年。将结果与现有日期进行比较,以确定乌克兰新石器时代现有年表的有效性。所获得的结果使发件人得出结论,基辅日期不应被强制视为错误。此外,作者重新展开了讨论,以确定LBK和亚速夫-第聂伯河文化社区在公元前六千年下半叶在乌克兰传播农业和畜牧业方面的作用。
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引用次数: 2
The marketplace landscape in Santok in the 8th–9th century, NW Poland 8–9世纪波兰西北部桑托克的市场景观
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-12 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2007
Kinga Zamelska-Monczak, A. Piotrowski, P. Sydor
Abstract The results of archaeological research carried out on the early medieval stronghold in Santok prove that from the 2nd half of the 8th century it functioned in the contact zone between Baltic trade centres and inland, as one of the points in the network of goods exchange. We present the centre in a broader context, not only from the perspective of discovered artefacts but from the natural and ideological elements of the landscape of this place created by the communities inhabiting the Warta and Noteć valleys in the 8th and 9th centuries. The settlement was founded in a convergence of waterways in a way that perfectly uses elements of the topography of the area. Wetlands were important ecological niches for residents whose lifestyle was associated with exploring both the valley and upland zones. Santok is difficult to interpret merely as a mere reflection of the practicality of power or economic activity, including manufacturing and trade. It is a clearly legible place in the landscape, with a symbolic structure that represents the concepts of the cosmological order related to the spatial organization of the exchange point and the communication node. So far Santok is the only recognized trading post on a waterway, in this part of the Slavic region, with such an early chronology. Thus we have attempted to present the landscape of this place, considering its many elements, at different levels of perception and in a broad context.
摘要对位于桑托克的中世纪早期据点进行的考古研究结果证明,从8世纪下半叶起,它就处于波罗的海贸易中心和内陆之间的接触区,是货物交换网络中的一个点。我们在一个更广泛的背景下展示了这个中心,不仅从发现的文物的角度,而且从8世纪和9世纪居住在瓦尔塔和诺奇山谷的社区创造的这个地方景观的自然和意识形态元素来看。该定居点建立在水道交汇处,完美地利用了该地区的地形元素。湿地是居民的重要生态位,他们的生活方式与探索山谷和高地有关。桑托克很难仅仅被解释为权力或经济活动(包括制造业和贸易)实用性的反映。它是景观中一个清晰可辨的地方,具有象征性结构,代表了与交换点和通信节点的空间组织相关的宇宙学秩序的概念。到目前为止,桑托克是斯拉夫地区这一地区唯一一个水道上公认的贸易站,其年表如此之早。因此,我们试图呈现这个地方的景观,考虑到它的许多元素,在不同的感知水平和广泛的背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Pottery as a witness of commercialization: The case of 9th-century ‘Great Moravia’ 陶器作为商业化的见证:以9世纪的“大摩拉维亚”为例
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-12 DOI: 10.1515/pz-2023-2012
M. Hlavica, K. Slávicek, Lucie Valášková, J. Petřík, D. Všianský
Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Artikel präsentiert eine archäologische Methode zum Nachweis marktwirtschaftlichen Austausches anhand von Keramik, die hier als typische Handelsware definiert ist. Ein Keramikkomplex aus dem großmährischen (9. Jh.) Zentralort Staré Město bei Uherské Hradiště wurde archäometrisch (XRF, Petrographie, XRD) untersucht. Das Ergebnis zeigt ein komplexes Handelsnetz zwischen dem Zentrum und Teilen des Hinterlandes. Weiterhin bestätigen die Ergebnisse die These einer Einbindung des Zentrums in ein regionales Marktsystem und helfen, die Kommerzialisierungsprozesse der lokalen frühmittelalterlichen Wirtschaft zu verstehen.
本文提出了一种通过陶瓷来检测市场经济交换的考古方法,陶瓷在这里被定义为一种典型的商品。大摩拉维亚时期的陶瓷复合体(9。c.)对UherskéHradištŞ附近的中心位置StaréMŞsto进行了考古调查(XRF、岩石学、XRD)。结果显示,该中心与内陆部分地区之间存在着复杂的贸易网络。此外,研究结果证实了该中心融入区域市场体系的论点,并有助于理解当地中世纪早期经济的商业化过程。
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引用次数: 0
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Praehistorische Zeitschrift
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