Pub Date : 2000-12-11DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949140
D. Anderson, I. Ambats, B. Baller, P. Border, B. Choudhary, J. Grudzinski, R. Heinz, N. Hill, Y. Huang, M. Ignatenko, T. Joffe-Minor, H.Y. Kim, K. Lang, V. Makeev, K. Mellott, D. Michael, L. Miller, W. Oliver, A. Para, A. Pla-Dalmau, K. Ruddick, R. Talaga, J. Trevor, J. Yun
The MINOS experiment is a long-baseline, neutrino-oscillation experiment. In total, 28000 m/sup 2/ of scintillator is needed for the experiment. This is almost 300 tons of finished scintillator. The solution has been the development of an extruded scintillator with a 2 mm deep grove in the upper surface for a wavelength-shifting fiber and a co-extruded TiO/sub 2/ coating as a reflector. The TiO/sub 2/ coating also allows the scintillator to be directly epoxied into panels. Production and quality control techniques are presented.
{"title":"Development of a low-cost extruded scintillator with co-extruded reflector for the MINOS experiment","authors":"D. Anderson, I. Ambats, B. Baller, P. Border, B. Choudhary, J. Grudzinski, R. Heinz, N. Hill, Y. Huang, M. Ignatenko, T. Joffe-Minor, H.Y. Kim, K. Lang, V. Makeev, K. Mellott, D. Michael, L. Miller, W. Oliver, A. Para, A. Pla-Dalmau, K. Ruddick, R. Talaga, J. Trevor, J. Yun","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949140","url":null,"abstract":"The MINOS experiment is a long-baseline, neutrino-oscillation experiment. In total, 28000 m/sup 2/ of scintillator is needed for the experiment. This is almost 300 tons of finished scintillator. The solution has been the development of an extruded scintillator with a 2 mm deep grove in the upper surface for a wavelength-shifting fiber and a co-extruded TiO/sub 2/ coating as a reflector. The TiO/sub 2/ coating also allows the scintillator to be directly epoxied into panels. Production and quality control techniques are presented.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124379509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949290
M. Sugiho, T. Kamae, K. Makishima, T. Takahashi, T. Murakami, M. Tashiro, Y. Fukazawa, M. Kaneda, T. Tamura, N. Iyomoto, M. Sugizaki, H. Ozawa, A. Kubota, K. Nakazawa, K. Yamaoka, M. Kokubun, N. Ota, C. Tanihata, N. Isobe, S. Kubo, Y. Terada, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Uchiyama, D. Yonetoku, I. Takahashi, J. Kotoku, S. Watanabe, Y. Ezoe
The ASTRO-E Hard X-ray Detector utilizes GSO/BGO well-type phoswich counters in compound-eye configuration, to achieve an extremely low background level of about a few times 10/sup -5/ counts s/sup -1/ cm/sup -2/ keV/sup -1/. The GSO scintillators placed at the bottom of the BGO well observe photons in the energy range 30-600 keV. To cover the lower energy range of 10-60 keV, silicon PIN diodes of 2 mm in thickness and 21.5/spl times/21.5 mm/sup 2/ in size were newly developed, and placed in front of the GSO scintillators. The PIN diode exhibits complex spectral responses, including subpeak and low energy tail components. To examine the origin of these components, we measured spatially-resolved response of the PIN diode, and confirmed that the subpeak and the low energy tail are related to the electrode structures and electric fields in the PIN diode, respectively.
{"title":"Spatially dependent response of thick and large area PIN diode developed for ASTRO-E hard X-ray detector","authors":"M. Sugiho, T. Kamae, K. Makishima, T. Takahashi, T. Murakami, M. Tashiro, Y. Fukazawa, M. Kaneda, T. Tamura, N. Iyomoto, M. Sugizaki, H. Ozawa, A. Kubota, K. Nakazawa, K. Yamaoka, M. Kokubun, N. Ota, C. Tanihata, N. Isobe, S. Kubo, Y. Terada, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Uchiyama, D. Yonetoku, I. Takahashi, J. Kotoku, S. Watanabe, Y. Ezoe","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949290","url":null,"abstract":"The ASTRO-E Hard X-ray Detector utilizes GSO/BGO well-type phoswich counters in compound-eye configuration, to achieve an extremely low background level of about a few times 10/sup -5/ counts s/sup -1/ cm/sup -2/ keV/sup -1/. The GSO scintillators placed at the bottom of the BGO well observe photons in the energy range 30-600 keV. To cover the lower energy range of 10-60 keV, silicon PIN diodes of 2 mm in thickness and 21.5/spl times/21.5 mm/sup 2/ in size were newly developed, and placed in front of the GSO scintillators. The PIN diode exhibits complex spectral responses, including subpeak and low energy tail components. To examine the origin of these components, we measured spatially-resolved response of the PIN diode, and confirmed that the subpeak and the low energy tail are related to the electrode structures and electric fields in the PIN diode, respectively.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117321348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950102
V. Bettinardi, E. Pagani, S. Alenius, M. Teras, M. Gilardi, C. Labbé, M. Jacobsen, K. Thielemans, M. Sadki, C. Morel, R. Levkovitz, A. Ben-Tal, T. Spinks, G. Mitra, F. Fazio
A 3D OSEM and Median Root Prior (3D OSEM-MRP) algorithm has been evaluated for the reconstruction of 3D PET studies. The algorithm was implemented using the software package developed during the EU project PARAPET. Evaluation was performed using experimental phantom data simulating in terms of shape and size PET brain studies. For each phantom, high (/spl sim/200 Mcounts) and low (<50 Mcounts) count statistics 3D PET data were acquired. The performances of the algorithm were evaluated by calculating simple figures of merit (e.g. contrast, coefficient of variation, activity ratio between two regions) based on the use of regions of interest. The performances of the 3D OSEM-MRP were compared with those of a "pure" 3D OSEM and of the PROMIS algorithm, using different reconstruction filters. In all the considered experimental situations, 3D OSEM-MRP shows: 1) to converge to a stable solution, 2) to be quantitatively accurate, 3) to be very effective in noise reduction, particularly for low statistics data, 4) to maintain "good" spatial resolution. Compared with the 3D OSEM and PROMIS algorithms, 3D OSEM-MRP provides better or comparable results depending on the configuration parameters used for the reconstruction of the images.
{"title":"Implementation and evaluation of a 3D OSEM and median root prior (3D OSEM-MRP) reconstruction algorithm","authors":"V. Bettinardi, E. Pagani, S. Alenius, M. Teras, M. Gilardi, C. Labbé, M. Jacobsen, K. Thielemans, M. Sadki, C. Morel, R. Levkovitz, A. Ben-Tal, T. Spinks, G. Mitra, F. Fazio","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950102","url":null,"abstract":"A 3D OSEM and Median Root Prior (3D OSEM-MRP) algorithm has been evaluated for the reconstruction of 3D PET studies. The algorithm was implemented using the software package developed during the EU project PARAPET. Evaluation was performed using experimental phantom data simulating in terms of shape and size PET brain studies. For each phantom, high (/spl sim/200 Mcounts) and low (<50 Mcounts) count statistics 3D PET data were acquired. The performances of the algorithm were evaluated by calculating simple figures of merit (e.g. contrast, coefficient of variation, activity ratio between two regions) based on the use of regions of interest. The performances of the 3D OSEM-MRP were compared with those of a \"pure\" 3D OSEM and of the PROMIS algorithm, using different reconstruction filters. In all the considered experimental situations, 3D OSEM-MRP shows: 1) to converge to a stable solution, 2) to be quantitatively accurate, 3) to be very effective in noise reduction, particularly for low statistics data, 4) to maintain \"good\" spatial resolution. Compared with the 3D OSEM and PROMIS algorithms, 3D OSEM-MRP provides better or comparable results depending on the configuration parameters used for the reconstruction of the images.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121429451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950077
T. Pan, Yun Shen
Summary form only given. We have developed a new multi-sector reconstruction for multi-slice CT with EKG-gating to improve the temporal resolution of cardiac CT imaging. The reconstruction utilizes the sub-second gantry speed and large coverage of the multi-slice CT and EKG-gating to image the heart with thin-slice collimation in a single breath hold. The scan data are taken at pitch of about 1, and gantry speed of 0.8 or 1.0 sec chosen based on the patient heart rate. Utilizing the periodicity cardiac motion, the multi-sector reconstruction improves temporal resolution of reconstructed images up to 4 times. When the gantry speed is faster or slower than the cardiac cycle, a phase difference is created and the phase difference enables the data of current cycle to be combined with the data of the same cardiac phase in the next cardiac cycle for the same temporal resolution. If we combine two to four sectors of the data from 2 to 4 cardiac cycles to make up the data for reconstruction, the temporal resolution will be improved by 2 to 4 times. Phantom and patient studies are included to demonstrate the improvement of temporal resolution by the new multi-sector reconstruction.
{"title":"New multi-sector reconstruction for cardiac CT","authors":"T. Pan, Yun Shen","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950077","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. We have developed a new multi-sector reconstruction for multi-slice CT with EKG-gating to improve the temporal resolution of cardiac CT imaging. The reconstruction utilizes the sub-second gantry speed and large coverage of the multi-slice CT and EKG-gating to image the heart with thin-slice collimation in a single breath hold. The scan data are taken at pitch of about 1, and gantry speed of 0.8 or 1.0 sec chosen based on the patient heart rate. Utilizing the periodicity cardiac motion, the multi-sector reconstruction improves temporal resolution of reconstructed images up to 4 times. When the gantry speed is faster or slower than the cardiac cycle, a phase difference is created and the phase difference enables the data of current cycle to be combined with the data of the same cardiac phase in the next cardiac cycle for the same temporal resolution. If we combine two to four sectors of the data from 2 to 4 cardiac cycles to make up the data for reconstruction, the temporal resolution will be improved by 2 to 4 times. Phantom and patient studies are included to demonstrate the improvement of temporal resolution by the new multi-sector reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124990968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949361
R. Pani, M. Cinti, R. Scafè, A. Soluri, R. Pellegriti, L. Indovina, G. de Vincentis, G. Trotta, N. Burgio, C. Ciavola, F. Garibaldi, G. Urciuoli, G. Zavattini, G. Di Domenico, D. Bollini, N. Lanconelli, A. Olivo, S. Pani, L. Rigon, A. Del Guerra
We propose the use of Hamamatsu R7600-C8 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) as a practical tool for imaging in scintimammography, through the evaluation of performance as a function of scintillation array pixellation in collimated configurations. A number of CsI(Tl) scintillating arrays with different pixel size and thickness are tested. The very high intrinsic spatial resolution of R7600 PSPMTs made it easy to implement a look up table to correct accurately the gain nonuniformity response and position distortion. Finally, an SNR analysis of a small tumor in scintimammography as a function of crystal pixellation is performed by means of a simple breast phantom.
{"title":"Imaging evaluation of CsI(Tl) arrays for scintimammography","authors":"R. Pani, M. Cinti, R. Scafè, A. Soluri, R. Pellegriti, L. Indovina, G. de Vincentis, G. Trotta, N. Burgio, C. Ciavola, F. Garibaldi, G. Urciuoli, G. Zavattini, G. Di Domenico, D. Bollini, N. Lanconelli, A. Olivo, S. Pani, L. Rigon, A. Del Guerra","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949361","url":null,"abstract":"We propose the use of Hamamatsu R7600-C8 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) as a practical tool for imaging in scintimammography, through the evaluation of performance as a function of scintillation array pixellation in collimated configurations. A number of CsI(Tl) scintillating arrays with different pixel size and thickness are tested. The very high intrinsic spatial resolution of R7600 PSPMTs made it easy to implement a look up table to correct accurately the gain nonuniformity response and position distortion. Finally, an SNR analysis of a small tumor in scintimammography as a function of crystal pixellation is performed by means of a simple breast phantom.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125899543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949173
I. Yousuke, S. Daiki, K. Hirohiko, S. Nobuhiro, I. Kenji
The pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is often made for liquid organic scintillators for the purpose of separating neutrons from gamma-rays. Particles emitted from spallation reactions induced by protons of GeV range were measured with an NE213 liquid scintillator, 12.7 cm in diameter and 12.7 cm thick. The pulse shape characteristics were studied by the use of charged-particles incident on the detector. A two-gate integration method. The charged particles (protons and pions) having velocities below /spl beta/=0.133 were identified into the conventional recoil-proton like events. On the contrary, the charged particles above /spl beta/=0.133 were classified as the electron-like events in the PSD. The PSD was useful only for neutrons which produce recoil protons stopping within the scintillator. The experimental results suggest that a great care should be taken in the PSD for separation of intermediate-energy neutrons from gamma-rays.
{"title":"Deterioration of pulse-shape discrimination in liquid organic scintillator at high energies","authors":"I. Yousuke, S. Daiki, K. Hirohiko, S. Nobuhiro, I. Kenji","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949173","url":null,"abstract":"The pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is often made for liquid organic scintillators for the purpose of separating neutrons from gamma-rays. Particles emitted from spallation reactions induced by protons of GeV range were measured with an NE213 liquid scintillator, 12.7 cm in diameter and 12.7 cm thick. The pulse shape characteristics were studied by the use of charged-particles incident on the detector. A two-gate integration method. The charged particles (protons and pions) having velocities below /spl beta/=0.133 were identified into the conventional recoil-proton like events. On the contrary, the charged particles above /spl beta/=0.133 were classified as the electron-like events in the PSD. The PSD was useful only for neutrons which produce recoil protons stopping within the scintillator. The experimental results suggest that a great care should be taken in the PSD for separation of intermediate-energy neutrons from gamma-rays.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949943
I. Lazarus, D. Appelbe, P. Butler, P. Coleman-Smith, J. Cresswell, S. Freeman, R. Herzberg, I. Hibbert, D. Joss, S. Letts, R. Page, V. Pucknell, P. Regan, J. Sampson, J. Simpson, J. Thornhill, R. Wadsworth
Recoil Decay Tagging (RDT) is a very powerful method for the spectroscopy of exotic nuclei. RDT is a delayed coincidence technique between detectors usually at the target position and at the focal plane of a spectrometer. Such measurements are often limited by dead time. This paper describes a novel triggerless data acquisition method which is being developed for the Gamma Recoil Electron Alpha Tagging (GREAT) spectrometer that overcomes this limitation by virtually eliminating dead time. Our solution is a Total Data Readout (TDR) method where all channels run independently and are associated in software to reconstruct events. The TDR method allows all the data from both target position and focal plane to be collected with practically no dead time losses. Each data word is associated with a timestamp generated from a global 100 MHz clock. Events are then reconstructed in real time in the event builder using temporal and spatial associations defined by the physics of the experiment.
{"title":"The GREAT triggerless total data readout method","authors":"I. Lazarus, D. Appelbe, P. Butler, P. Coleman-Smith, J. Cresswell, S. Freeman, R. Herzberg, I. Hibbert, D. Joss, S. Letts, R. Page, V. Pucknell, P. Regan, J. Sampson, J. Simpson, J. Thornhill, R. Wadsworth","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949943","url":null,"abstract":"Recoil Decay Tagging (RDT) is a very powerful method for the spectroscopy of exotic nuclei. RDT is a delayed coincidence technique between detectors usually at the target position and at the focal plane of a spectrometer. Such measurements are often limited by dead time. This paper describes a novel triggerless data acquisition method which is being developed for the Gamma Recoil Electron Alpha Tagging (GREAT) spectrometer that overcomes this limitation by virtually eliminating dead time. Our solution is a Total Data Readout (TDR) method where all channels run independently and are associated in software to reconstruct events. The TDR method allows all the data from both target position and focal plane to be collected with practically no dead time losses. Each data word is associated with a timestamp generated from a global 100 MHz clock. Events are then reconstructed in real time in the event builder using temporal and spatial associations defined by the physics of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116148247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950101
H. Baghaei, J. Uribe, Hongdi Li, Yu Wang, W. Wong
The authors used the high-resolution prototype PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET) to scan a cylindrical uniform phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four hot small lesions in a warm background, and the Hoffman brain phantom. The MDAPET camera is a multiring scanner having no septa that allows for three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition. The acquired data were used to test several methods of rebinning 3D-projection data into two-dimensional (2D) sinograms. For this study, first, the 3D data were reconstructed using the 3D-reprojection (3DRP) algorithm; then images were used as a reference for testing the rebinning methods. The methods the authors tested were single-slice rebinning (SSRB), multi-slice rebinning (MSRB), and Fourier rebinning (FORE). After the data were rebinned, the 2D filtered-backprojection (2DFB) or 2D ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm was used for image reconstruction. Rebinning the 3D data and using a 2D reconstruction technique resulted in noise reduction when compared with 3DRP; however, it reduced the contrast recovery and also showed some degradation in spatial resolution. The results also indicated that for the authors' prototype camera, the SSRB followed by 2DFB, which significantly reduces reconstruction time, provides a reasonable alternative to 3DRP.
{"title":"Comparison of the SSRB, MSRB, and FORE methods with the 3DRP algorithm using data from a high resolution PET scanner","authors":"H. Baghaei, J. Uribe, Hongdi Li, Yu Wang, W. Wong","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950101","url":null,"abstract":"The authors used the high-resolution prototype PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET) to scan a cylindrical uniform phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four hot small lesions in a warm background, and the Hoffman brain phantom. The MDAPET camera is a multiring scanner having no septa that allows for three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition. The acquired data were used to test several methods of rebinning 3D-projection data into two-dimensional (2D) sinograms. For this study, first, the 3D data were reconstructed using the 3D-reprojection (3DRP) algorithm; then images were used as a reference for testing the rebinning methods. The methods the authors tested were single-slice rebinning (SSRB), multi-slice rebinning (MSRB), and Fourier rebinning (FORE). After the data were rebinned, the 2D filtered-backprojection (2DFB) or 2D ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm was used for image reconstruction. Rebinning the 3D data and using a 2D reconstruction technique resulted in noise reduction when compared with 3DRP; however, it reduced the contrast recovery and also showed some degradation in spatial resolution. The results also indicated that for the authors' prototype camera, the SSRB followed by 2DFB, which significantly reduces reconstruction time, provides a reasonable alternative to 3DRP.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122905350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950049
E. Asma, Thomas E. Nichols, J. Qi, R. Leahy
We describe a method for computing a continuous time estimate of tracer density using list mode PET data. The rate function in each voxel is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process whose rate function can be represented using a cubic B-spline basis. The rate functions are estimated by maximizing the likelihood of the arrival times of detected photon pairs over the control vertices of the spline, modified by quadratic spatial and temporal smoothness penalties and a penalty term to enforce non-negativity. Random rate functions are estimated by assuming independence between the spatial and temporal randoms distributions. Similarly, scatter rate functions are estimated by assuming spatiotemporal independence and that the temporal distribution of the scatter is proportional to the temporal distribution of the trues. A quantitative evaluation was performed using simulated data and the method was also demonstrated in human studies using O-15 water and C-11 raclopride.
{"title":"4D PET image reconstruction from list mode data","authors":"E. Asma, Thomas E. Nichols, J. Qi, R. Leahy","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.950049","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a method for computing a continuous time estimate of tracer density using list mode PET data. The rate function in each voxel is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process whose rate function can be represented using a cubic B-spline basis. The rate functions are estimated by maximizing the likelihood of the arrival times of detected photon pairs over the control vertices of the spline, modified by quadratic spatial and temporal smoothness penalties and a penalty term to enforce non-negativity. Random rate functions are estimated by assuming independence between the spatial and temporal randoms distributions. Similarly, scatter rate functions are estimated by assuming spatiotemporal independence and that the temporal distribution of the scatter is proportional to the temporal distribution of the trues. A quantitative evaluation was performed using simulated data and the method was also demonstrated in human studies using O-15 water and C-11 raclopride.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122982298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949269
K. Deiters, A. Dorokhov, Q. Ingram, S. Nicol, I. Musienko, B. Patel, D. Renker, S. Reucroft, R. Rusack, T. Sakhelashvili, A. Singovski, J. Swain, P. Vikas
The CERN LHC experiment CMS has selected for the readout of the barrel crystal calorimeter a 5/spl times/5 mm/sup 2/ avalanche photodiode (APD) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics. In the detector we will equip each crystal with two APDs for a total of 122400 diodes. As the calorimeter will be almost completely inaccessible during the life of the detector, the assurance that they will survive with a high probability in the intense radiation field is an essential part of the of the APD qualification process. In this paper the properties of the APD selected will be described, as well as the procedures we have developed to assure their radiation hardness and reliability.
{"title":"Avalanche photodiodes for the CMS detector","authors":"K. Deiters, A. Dorokhov, Q. Ingram, S. Nicol, I. Musienko, B. Patel, D. Renker, S. Reucroft, R. Rusack, T. Sakhelashvili, A. Singovski, J. Swain, P. Vikas","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949269","url":null,"abstract":"The CERN LHC experiment CMS has selected for the readout of the barrel crystal calorimeter a 5/spl times/5 mm/sup 2/ avalanche photodiode (APD) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics. In the detector we will equip each crystal with two APDs for a total of 122400 diodes. As the calorimeter will be almost completely inaccessible during the life of the detector, the assurance that they will survive with a high probability in the intense radiation field is an essential part of the of the APD qualification process. In this paper the properties of the APD selected will be described, as well as the procedures we have developed to assure their radiation hardness and reliability.","PeriodicalId":445100,"journal":{"name":"2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132050321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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