Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492286
Claudia Buerhop;Eugene Ernest van Dyk;Frederik J. Vorster;Oleksandr Stroyuk;Oleksandr Mashkov;Jacqueline L. Crozier McCleland;Monphias Vumbugwa;Jens Hauch;Ian Marius Peters
This case study highlights the potential of UV fluorescence imaging as an emerging photovoltaic (PV) module inspection tool allowing the cost and time of the field inspection to be considerably reduced and opening a gateway to high-throughput operation. The application of UV fluorescence imaging is advanced beyond its reported capabilities by combining this technique with near-infrared absorption spectroscopy and electrical measurements. This combined approach allows for the identification and assessment of polymer backsheets and encapsulants, i.e., detection of polymer-related features (e.g., degradation, corrosion) as well as other anomalies (e.g., cell cracks and hot cells) with otherwise inaccessible cost- and time-effectiveness. In particular, 1890 PV modules in a 2 MWp PV power station show critical issues, including inner backsheet cracks and an insulation resistance below 1 MΩ identified for 40% of inspected strings and assigned to specific backsheet type populations. With an average throughput of 400–500 modules per hour, the present approach demonstrates a large potential for acceleration and cost-reduction of the PV plant inspection. It provides significant insights into system performance enabling proactive operation and maintenance of PV systems.
{"title":"Enhancing the Cost- and Time-Effectiveness of Field PV Module Inspection by UV-Fluorescence Imaging","authors":"Claudia Buerhop;Eugene Ernest van Dyk;Frederik J. Vorster;Oleksandr Stroyuk;Oleksandr Mashkov;Jacqueline L. Crozier McCleland;Monphias Vumbugwa;Jens Hauch;Ian Marius Peters","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492286","url":null,"abstract":"This case study highlights the potential of UV fluorescence imaging as an emerging photovoltaic (PV) module inspection tool allowing the cost and time of the field inspection to be considerably reduced and opening a gateway to high-throughput operation. The application of UV fluorescence imaging is advanced beyond its reported capabilities by combining this technique with near-infrared absorption spectroscopy and electrical measurements. This combined approach allows for the identification and assessment of polymer backsheets and encapsulants, i.e., detection of polymer-related features (e.g., degradation, corrosion) as well as other anomalies (e.g., cell cracks and hot cells) with otherwise inaccessible cost- and time-effectiveness. In particular, 1890 PV modules in a 2 MWp PV power station show critical issues, including inner backsheet cracks and an insulation resistance below 1 MΩ identified for 40% of inspected strings and assigned to specific backsheet type populations. With an average throughput of 400–500 modules per hour, the present approach demonstrates a large potential for acceleration and cost-reduction of the PV plant inspection. It provides significant insights into system performance enabling proactive operation and maintenance of PV systems.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492283
Nadia Drir;Adel Mellit;Maamar Bettayeb
The global increase in the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) energy accentuates the imperative of maintaining system efficiency amidst environmental variabilities and faults. The processes of identifying, classifying, and rectifying defects are critical for ensuring the long-term sustainability and performance integrity of PV installations. This article introduces an innovative ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) model that employs weighted feature fusion to enhance accuracy beyond what is achievable with a singular CNN architecture. By utilizing three proficient CNNs—VGG16, ResNet, and MobileNet—the fusion of deep features extracted from the last layers of these networks’ augments performance, while also capitalizing on the integration of data from multiple CNNs with distinct configurations. This methodology was applied to a publicly available infrared thermography imaging dataset, which includes 12 distinct defects. The proposed models have been subsequently trained, validated, and tested on this dataset. The outcomes indicate a substantial enhancement in the accuracy of defect classification compared to individual CNN models, with an average accuracy of 96%. This approach underscores its utility in defect identification, particularly demonstrating the capacity of the ensemble CNN to classify defects with high precision
{"title":"A Novel Ensemble CNN Framework With Weighted Feature Fusion for Fault Diagnosis of Photovoltaic Modules Using Thermography Images","authors":"Nadia Drir;Adel Mellit;Maamar Bettayeb","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3492283","url":null,"abstract":"The global increase in the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) energy accentuates the imperative of maintaining system efficiency amidst environmental variabilities and faults. The processes of identifying, classifying, and rectifying defects are critical for ensuring the long-term sustainability and performance integrity of PV installations. This article introduces an innovative ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) model that employs weighted feature fusion to enhance accuracy beyond what is achievable with a singular CNN architecture. By utilizing three proficient CNNs—VGG16, ResNet, and MobileNet—the fusion of deep features extracted from the last layers of these networks’ augments performance, while also capitalizing on the integration of data from multiple CNNs with distinct configurations. This methodology was applied to a publicly available infrared thermography imaging dataset, which includes 12 distinct defects. The proposed models have been subsequently trained, validated, and tested on this dataset. The outcomes indicate a substantial enhancement in the accuracy of defect classification compared to individual CNN models, with an average accuracy of 96%. This approach underscores its utility in defect identification, particularly demonstrating the capacity of the ensemble CNN to classify defects with high precision","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To achieve significant advancements in flexible organic and perovskite solar cells, it is imperative to develop a flexible semitransparent electrode that possesses higher light transmittance, lower square resistance, and a flexible bending quality. In this research, we propose a high-quality flexible polyethyleneimine (PEI)/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode on common polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrates to enhance the transmittance of conventional Ag ultrathin film electrodes in the visible wavelength range. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of flexible OSC devices based on Poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene)-co-(1,3-di(5-thienyl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhex yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PBDB-T-SF): IT-4F active layer achieves an optimal performance by annealing the PEI-Zn layer at 130 °C through chelating Zn ions with PEI. The PEI-Zn layer serves as a high-quality electron transporting property and surface modifying layer on Ag film. Also, the PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode exhibited remarkable mechanical durability of flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs) compared with indium tin oxiden (ITO)-based devices in consecutive bending experiments. PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode was also applied in flexible perovskite solar cells. Their PCE performance reaches as high as 19.24% and also maintains 73% of its initial value after 500 bending cycles, which is much better than ITO-based flexible devices. Above all, both enhancement in light transmittance and PCE performance of both FOSCs and FPSCs underscores the superior properties of PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn flexible electrodes.
为了使柔性有机和钙钛矿太阳能电池取得重大进展，必须开发具有更高透光率，更低方形电阻和柔性弯曲质量的柔性半透明电极。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种高质量的柔性聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)/Ag/PEI- zn电极在普通聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯（PEN）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）柔性衬底上，以提高传统银超薄膜电极在可见光波长范围内的透射率。基于聚[(2,6-(4,8-双（5-（2-乙基己基）-4-氟噻吩-2-基）苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩]-co-(1,3-二（5-噻吩基）-5,7-双（2-乙基己基）苯并[1,2- C:4,5- C ']二噻吩-4,8-二酮](PBDB-T-SF): IT-4F活性层]的柔性OSC器件的功率转换效率（PCE）通过与PEI螯合Zn离子在130℃下退火获得了最佳性能。PEI-Zn层是银膜上高质量的电子传递层和表面改性层。此外，在连续弯曲实验中，PEI/Ag/PEI- zn电极与基于氧化铟锡（ITO）的器件相比，表现出了优异的柔性有机太阳能电池（fosc）的机械耐久性。PEI/Ag/PEI- zn电极也应用于柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池。其PCE性能高达19.24%，在500次弯曲循环后仍保持其初始值的73%，大大优于基于ito的柔性器件。综上所述，FOSCs和FPSCs在透光率和PCE性能上的增强都强调了PEI/Ag/PEI- zn柔性电极的优越性能。
{"title":"High-Quality PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn Semitransparent Electrode for Efficient ITO-Free Flexible Organic Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Hong Lu;Lin Xu;Zihao Wei;Zhanzheng Wang;Keqiang Li;Hanqing Zhang;Changle Yi;Huanran Sun;Juan Wang;Fei Chen;Hainam Do;Jiang Huang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483257","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve significant advancements in flexible organic and perovskite solar cells, it is imperative to develop a flexible semitransparent electrode that possesses higher light transmittance, lower square resistance, and a flexible bending quality. In this research, we propose a high-quality flexible polyethyleneimine (PEI)/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode on common polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrates to enhance the transmittance of conventional Ag ultrathin film electrodes in the visible wavelength range. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of flexible OSC devices based on Poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene)-co-(1,3-di(5-thienyl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhex yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PBDB-T-SF): IT-4F active layer achieves an optimal performance by annealing the PEI-Zn layer at 130 °C through chelating Zn ions with PEI. The PEI-Zn layer serves as a high-quality electron transporting property and surface modifying layer on Ag film. Also, the PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode exhibited remarkable mechanical durability of flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs) compared with indium tin oxiden (ITO)-based devices in consecutive bending experiments. PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn electrode was also applied in flexible perovskite solar cells. Their PCE performance reaches as high as 19.24% and also maintains 73% of its initial value after 500 bending cycles, which is much better than ITO-based flexible devices. Above all, both enhancement in light transmittance and PCE performance of both FOSCs and FPSCs underscores the superior properties of PEI/Ag/PEI-Zn flexible electrodes.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485188
Anil Kumar;Yashwant Kashyap;Praveen Divakar
Cloud cover significantly impacts the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thereby influencing the efficiency and output of solar energy systems. Consequently, an accurate cloud segmentation approach is crucial for understanding fluctuations in solar irradiance in real time and future ahead. Such understanding aids in optimizing energy production and grid management. In this article, we designed a novel deep learning architecture called Residual Attention Gated-UNet (ResAG-UNet) for accurate cloud segmentation. The proposed ResAG-UNet integrates residual blocks in both the encoder and decoder paths, along with an attention mechanism in the decoder path. The inclusion of residual blocks facilitates faster gradient movement due to skip pathways across them, thereby enhancing training efficiency. Furthermore, the incorporation of an attention module in ResAG-UNet allows for the learning of attention coefficients for various pixels. This mechanism actively highlights crucial characteristics while suppressing less significant ones in the cloud image. The proposed ResAG-UNet model is assessed and compared with benchmark segmentation models using NITK and SWIMSEG sky datasets. The proposed approach yields mean IOU, precision, recall, F1 score, accuracy of (0.8616, 0.8826), (0.9761,0.9965), (0.9863,0.9764), (0.9237,0.9613), and (0.9424, 0.9651) on the NITK and SWIMSEG sky datasets, respectively.
{"title":"ResAG-UNet: A Novel Residual Attention Gated UNet for Cloud Segmentation in Sky Image","authors":"Anil Kumar;Yashwant Kashyap;Praveen Divakar","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485188","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud cover significantly impacts the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thereby influencing the efficiency and output of solar energy systems. Consequently, an accurate cloud segmentation approach is crucial for understanding fluctuations in solar irradiance in real time and future ahead. Such understanding aids in optimizing energy production and grid management. In this article, we designed a novel deep learning architecture called Residual Attention Gated-UNet (ResAG-UNet) for accurate cloud segmentation. The proposed ResAG-UNet integrates residual blocks in both the encoder and decoder paths, along with an attention mechanism in the decoder path. The inclusion of residual blocks facilitates faster gradient movement due to skip pathways across them, thereby enhancing training efficiency. Furthermore, the incorporation of an attention module in ResAG-UNet allows for the learning of attention coefficients for various pixels. This mechanism actively highlights crucial characteristics while suppressing less significant ones in the cloud image. The proposed ResAG-UNet model is assessed and compared with benchmark segmentation models using NITK and SWIMSEG sky datasets. The proposed approach yields mean IOU, precision, recall, F1 score, accuracy of (0.8616, 0.8826), (0.9761,0.9965), (0.9863,0.9764), (0.9237,0.9613), and (0.9424, 0.9651) on the NITK and SWIMSEG sky datasets, respectively.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"181-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photovoltaic (PV) modules with thermal signatures can be detected by infrared thermography (IRT) and the resulting power loss from these modules can be estimated through analysis of corresponding energy yield time series data. In the present work, we combine these methods to analyze the effect of PV module degradation modes on the overall energy generation in a 75 MWp PV power plant. We find that 0.2% of the PV modules are affected by thermal signatures after 5 years of operation and that the thermal signatures lead to a 0.06% reduction in power plant yield. We calculate a payback time of the IRT scan and subsequent replacement of modules affected by thermal signatures of more than 10 years for the investigated power plant. However, the power loss associated with thermal signatures seems to develop nonlinearly over time. This underlines the importance of continuous, long-term monitoring: it enables monitoring of performance in relation to warranty limits and supports prioritization of replacement actions required for cost-effective operations and maintenance strategies. This information is also required to understand PV module degradation modes, their time dependence and their dependence on module technology and climates.
{"title":"Combining Production Data Timeseries and Infrared Thermography to Assess the Impact of Thermal Signatures on Photovoltaic Yield Over Time","authors":"Bjørn Lupton Aarseth;Magnus Moe Nygård;Gaute Otnes;Erik Stensrud Marstein","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483248","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) modules with thermal signatures can be detected by infrared thermography (IRT) and the resulting power loss from these modules can be estimated through analysis of corresponding energy yield time series data. In the present work, we combine these methods to analyze the effect of PV module degradation modes on the overall energy generation in a 75 MWp PV power plant. We find that 0.2% of the PV modules are affected by thermal signatures after 5 years of operation and that the thermal signatures lead to a 0.06% reduction in power plant yield. We calculate a payback time of the IRT scan and subsequent replacement of modules affected by thermal signatures of more than 10 years for the investigated power plant. However, the power loss associated with thermal signatures seems to develop nonlinearly over time. This underlines the importance of continuous, long-term monitoring: it enables monitoring of performance in relation to warranty limits and supports prioritization of replacement actions required for cost-effective operations and maintenance strategies. This information is also required to understand PV module degradation modes, their time dependence and their dependence on module technology and climates.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"126-136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485166
Fabio Bisegna;Alice Zaghini;Leonardo Micheli
In floating photovoltaics (FPV), modules are installed on bodies of water to alleviate the land competition arising from the growing deployment of photovoltaics (PV). However, the installation of artificial structures on water basins can affect the landscape and raise concerns even among those in favor of renewables. This work specifically investigates the public acceptance of FPV among renewable energy supporters to identify its main drivers and barriers. The investigation was conducted through a public survey, which counted more than 300 respondents favorable to renewable energies. The findings reveal that, while public acceptance of FPV remains positive, it is lower than that experienced by renewable energy systems in general. This disparity is mainly due to concerns surrounding the landscape and fauna impacts of this novel technology. In particular, an inverse relationship between FPV acceptance and its perceived alteration of the landscape beauty is found. Notably, respondents expressing a negative opinion on FPV are also those most concerned by the landscape impact of traditional PV. The investigation also proposes some preliminary solutions for enhancing FPV's social acceptance. The effectiveness of these potential measures is evaluated, providing valuable insights for stakeholders and policymakers in the renewable energy sector.
{"title":"Drivers and Barriers to the Public Acceptance of Floating Photovoltaics Compared to Land-Based Photovoltaics","authors":"Fabio Bisegna;Alice Zaghini;Leonardo Micheli","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3485166","url":null,"abstract":"In floating photovoltaics (FPV), modules are installed on bodies of water to alleviate the land competition arising from the growing deployment of photovoltaics (PV). However, the installation of artificial structures on water basins can affect the landscape and raise concerns even among those in favor of renewables. This work specifically investigates the public acceptance of FPV among renewable energy supporters to identify its main drivers and barriers. The investigation was conducted through a public survey, which counted more than 300 respondents favorable to renewable energies. The findings reveal that, while public acceptance of FPV remains positive, it is lower than that experienced by renewable energy systems in general. This disparity is mainly due to concerns surrounding the landscape and fauna impacts of this novel technology. In particular, an inverse relationship between FPV acceptance and its perceived alteration of the landscape beauty is found. Notably, respondents expressing a negative opinion on FPV are also those most concerned by the landscape impact of traditional PV. The investigation also proposes some preliminary solutions for enhancing FPV's social acceptance. The effectiveness of these potential measures is evaluated, providing valuable insights for stakeholders and policymakers in the renewable energy sector.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483931
Brian Li;Yiteng Wang;Adrian Birge;Bora Kim;Xizheng Fang;Minjoo Larry Lee
We investigate (Al)GaAsP distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on Si (001) to improve the quantum efficiency (QE) of 1.7 eV GaAsP solar cells in GaAsP/Si tandem devices. Samples were grown on Si (001) by molecular beam epitaxy and consisted of a 2.1 $mu mathrm{m}$ GaAsP/GaP buffer followed by a ∼2 $mu mathrm{m}$ DBR with 20 periods of GaAsP/Al x Ga 1-x AsP alternating layers. Two different DBR designs were studied with x = 0.4 and x = 0.8, both targeting a peak reflectance wavelength of 700 nm. The average threading dislocation density on the DBRs was 1.4 × 10 7 cm −2 , suitable for high-performance GaAsP cells. The reflectance profiles matched well to simulations, and the GaAsP/Al 0.8 Ga 0.2 AsP DBR had a significantly higher peak reflectance and reflectance bandwidth than the GaAsP/Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 AsP DBR due to the higher refractive index contrast. QE simulations of GaAsP cells showed an improvement of ∼1 mA/cm 2 in short-circuit current density with a DBR, which should enable a ∼5% relative efficiency boost in the GaAsP cell and superior current matching to a Si bottom cell in tandem devices.
{"title":"AlGaAsP Distributed Bragg Reflectors for GaAsP/Si Solar Cells","authors":"Brian Li;Yiteng Wang;Adrian Birge;Bora Kim;Xizheng Fang;Minjoo Larry Lee","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483931","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate (Al)GaAsP distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on Si (001) to improve the quantum efficiency (QE) of 1.7 eV GaAsP solar cells in GaAsP/Si tandem devices. Samples were grown on Si (001) by molecular beam epitaxy and consisted of a 2.1 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 GaAsP/GaP buffer followed by a ∼2 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 DBR with 20 periods of GaAsP/Al\u0000<italic><sub>x</sub></i>\u0000Ga\u0000<sub>1-</sub>\u0000<italic><sub>x</sub></i>\u0000AsP alternating layers. Two different DBR designs were studied with \u0000<italic>x</i>\u0000 = 0.4 and \u0000<italic>x</i>\u0000 = 0.8, both targeting a peak reflectance wavelength of 700 nm. The average threading dislocation density on the DBRs was 1.4 × 10\u0000<sup>7</sup>\u0000 cm\u0000<sup>−2</sup>\u0000, suitable for high-performance GaAsP cells. The reflectance profiles matched well to simulations, and the GaAsP/Al\u0000<sub>0.8</sub>\u0000Ga\u0000<sub>0.2</sub>\u0000AsP DBR had a significantly higher peak reflectance and reflectance bandwidth than the GaAsP/Al\u0000<sub>0.4</sub>\u0000Ga\u0000<sub>0.6</sub>\u0000AsP DBR due to the higher refractive index contrast. QE simulations of GaAsP cells showed an improvement of ∼1 mA/cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 in short-circuit current density with a DBR, which should enable a ∼5% relative efficiency boost in the GaAsP cell and superior current matching to a Si bottom cell in tandem devices.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10747282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483262
Yazan J. K. Musleh;Willow Herring;Carlos D. Rodríguez-Gallegos;Stuart A. Boden;Tasmiat Rahman
Feasibility software for photovoltaic (PV) systems leverage decomposition-transposition model pairs to approximate Plane-of-Array (POA) irradiance. This study analyses the accuracy of 15 optical model pairs, using minute input irradiance, to assess POA predictions in a temperate setting by comparing to measured POA for both a tracker and a 55° south-facing tilted system. Using the Mean Absolute error (MAE) of ≤5% as the benchmark, variations were revealed across diverse sky conditions. Model estimates showcased a range of errors, from 2.67% to 51.07%, influenced by condition and system type. For the tracking system, the evaluation showed that in clear conditions, 10 pairs maintained errors within the range. However, this success diminished under intermediate skies, with 5 models remaining within range, and further reduced to 2 models in overcast conditions. The fixed-tilt system demonstrated similar trends but with fewer models meeting the required thresholds; 4 in clear and 2 in intermediate conditions. Only the DISC-SO model pair met the threshold in overcast conditions, exhibiting an MAE of 2.67%. Thus, DISC-SO made it a preferred choice for transposing horizontal irradiance. However, R2 values highlighted challenges due to the high temporal resolution of input data and the hourly data-based SO transposition model. Moreover, the study also examined the impact of decomposition and transposition models on percentage errors. Decomposition changes caused up to 2.43% for tracking systems and 5.34% for fixed-tilt systems. Transposition errors were higher, at 8.53% and 11.51%. Using hourly data reduced errors to 2.35%, 1.44%, and −2.15% in clear, intermediate, and overcast conditions.
{"title":"Subhourly Error Analysis of Decomposition–Transposition Model Pairs for Temperate Climates","authors":"Yazan J. K. Musleh;Willow Herring;Carlos D. Rodríguez-Gallegos;Stuart A. Boden;Tasmiat Rahman","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483262","url":null,"abstract":"Feasibility software for photovoltaic (PV) systems leverage decomposition-transposition model pairs to approximate Plane-of-Array (POA) irradiance. This study analyses the accuracy of 15 optical model pairs, using minute input irradiance, to assess POA predictions in a temperate setting by comparing to measured POA for both a tracker and a 55° south-facing tilted system. Using the Mean Absolute error (MAE) of ≤5% as the benchmark, variations were revealed across diverse sky conditions. Model estimates showcased a range of errors, from 2.67% to 51.07%, influenced by condition and system type. For the tracking system, the evaluation showed that in clear conditions, 10 pairs maintained errors within the range. However, this success diminished under intermediate skies, with 5 models remaining within range, and further reduced to 2 models in overcast conditions. The fixed-tilt system demonstrated similar trends but with fewer models meeting the required thresholds; 4 in clear and 2 in intermediate conditions. Only the DISC-SO model pair met the threshold in overcast conditions, exhibiting an MAE of 2.67%. Thus, DISC-SO made it a preferred choice for transposing horizontal irradiance. However, R2 values highlighted challenges due to the high temporal resolution of input data and the hourly data-based SO transposition model. Moreover, the study also examined the impact of decomposition and transposition models on percentage errors. Decomposition changes caused up to 2.43% for tracking systems and 5.34% for fixed-tilt systems. Transposition errors were higher, at 8.53% and 11.51%. Using hourly data reduced errors to 2.35%, 1.44%, and −2.15% in clear, intermediate, and overcast conditions.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483266
Jiali Xuan;Tianxiang Shao;Yue Zang;Yang Liu;Wensheng Yan
The monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (PSTSCs) with high performance and low costs bring a new dawn to the photovoltaic industry. The unprecedented rapid growth of the power conversion efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem devices has been accompanied by a continuous refinement of suitable materials for charge-selective contacts. Herein, we reviewed the recent studies about the monolithic PSTSCs, emphasizing on the current developments of charge carrier transporting layers over the last years. The potential and merits of new charge transporting materials have been summarized, followed by a short discussion on each part. Self-assembled monolayers present the most evocative prospect by measuring performance experimentally. Based on this kind of materials, the efficiency of tandem solar cells has risen to above 30% with texture surface and other strategies. Then, we focus on the further enhancements to propose the suggestion about further optimization on the basis of most promising charge transporting layers. A great scope of research brings many innovative experimental results about outdoor performance, presenting both opportunities and challenges to future researches.
{"title":"Recent Developments of Charge Transporting Layers for High-Performance Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells","authors":"Jiali Xuan;Tianxiang Shao;Yue Zang;Yang Liu;Wensheng Yan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483266","url":null,"abstract":"The monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (PSTSCs) with high performance and low costs bring a new dawn to the photovoltaic industry. The unprecedented rapid growth of the power conversion efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem devices has been accompanied by a continuous refinement of suitable materials for charge-selective contacts. Herein, we reviewed the recent studies about the monolithic PSTSCs, emphasizing on the current developments of charge carrier transporting layers over the last years. The potential and merits of new charge transporting materials have been summarized, followed by a short discussion on each part. Self-assembled monolayers present the most evocative prospect by measuring performance experimentally. Based on this kind of materials, the efficiency of tandem solar cells has risen to above 30% with texture surface and other strategies. Then, we focus on the further enhancements to propose the suggestion about further optimization on the basis of most promising charge transporting layers. A great scope of research brings many innovative experimental results about outdoor performance, presenting both opportunities and challenges to future researches.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483317
Paul Gebhardt;Simone Marletti;Jochen Markert;Ulli Kräling;Mai Tu;Ingrid Haedrich;Daniel Philipp
Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) is set to become the new mainstream cell technology despite pending reliability concerns. This work compares commercially available TOPCon photovoltaic (PV) module types from five different manufacturers in a variety of electrical characterization and accelerated aging tests. This case study represents a selection process of PV modules for larger PV installations. Therefore, the work features an in-depth comparison of the electrical performance (energy rating) that can serve as a reference for state-of-the-art TOPCon modules. The aging results confirm previously reported degradation mechanisms of the TOPCon technology due to humidity ingress. In the case of UV aging, a new pattern of strong degradation (up to –12% after 60 kWh/m 2 ;) and subsequent recovery after humidity freeze test is presented, which could have implications on the results of certification tests (IEC61730-2, Sequence B). Though not directly connected to the TOPCon cell technology, the mechanical load tests revealed weaknesses of several module types, related to module dimensions, frame height, and glass properties. Based on the results, the necessity for more focused testing and technological development is highlighted.
{"title":"Comparison of Commercial TOPCon PV Modules in Accelerated Aging Tests","authors":"Paul Gebhardt;Simone Marletti;Jochen Markert;Ulli Kräling;Mai Tu;Ingrid Haedrich;Daniel Philipp","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3483317","url":null,"abstract":"Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) is set to become the new mainstream cell technology despite pending reliability concerns. This work compares commercially available TOPCon photovoltaic (PV) module types from five different manufacturers in a variety of electrical characterization and accelerated aging tests. This case study represents a selection process of PV modules for larger PV installations. Therefore, the work features an in-depth comparison of the electrical performance (energy rating) that can serve as a reference for state-of-the-art TOPCon modules. The aging results confirm previously reported degradation mechanisms of the TOPCon technology due to humidity ingress. In the case of UV aging, a new pattern of strong degradation (up to –12% after 60 kWh/m\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000;) and subsequent recovery after humidity freeze test is presented, which could have implications on the results of certification tests (IEC61730-2, Sequence B). Though not directly connected to the TOPCon cell technology, the mechanical load tests revealed weaknesses of several module types, related to module dimensions, frame height, and glass properties. Based on the results, the necessity for more focused testing and technological development is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 1","pages":"24-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10746853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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