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Design for Increased Defect Tolerance in Metamorphic GaAsP-on-Si Top Cells 设计提高非晶态硅基砷化镓顶层电池的缺陷容忍度
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3463974
Tal Kasher;Lauren M. Kaliszewski;Daniel L. Lepkowski;Jacob T. Boyer;Marzieh Baan;Tyler J. Grassman;Steven A. Ringel
To date, the greatest performance limiter in monolithic III-V/Si tandem (multijunction) solar cells, like GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$/Si, is excess threading dislocation densities (TDD) resulting from the lattice-mismatched heteroepitaxy. Recent developments in low-TDD GaAsyP1-y/Si metamorphic buffers were used to grow standalone GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$ top cells on Si with a TDD of 4 × 106 cm−2, ∼2.5 × lower than previous iterations, greatly improving the potential for the production of high-efficiency tandems based on this platform. Nonetheless, these reduced-TDD cells were still found to possess considerable voltage-dependent carrier collection (VDC) losses. As such, to improve JSC and fill factor, without sacrificial reduction in VOC, a doping gradient within the cell base layer was designed and implemented. The updated design reduces VDC losses to levels that would otherwise require further TDD reduction by at least another 2.5 × (to ≤ 1.5 × 106 cm−2) in a typical flat doping profile design. Replacing the p+-Ga$_{0.64}$In$_{0.36}$P back surface field with p+-Al$_{0.2}$Ga$_{0.8}$As$_{0.74}$P$_{0.26}$ provided an additional improvement in both VOC and JSC, yielding device performance equivalent to a 4 × TDD reduction in the previous design. The culmination of these design changes results in a new subcell that outperforms our previous best top cell by ∼4.3% absolute AM1.5G efficiency, with increases in fill factor, JSC, and WOC of about 3.3% absolute, 1.9 mA/cm2, and 0.12 V, respectively. This new design, coupled with the reduced TDD platform, paves a promising path toward the development of higher efficiency GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$/Si tandems upon full device integration.
迄今为止,单片 III-V/Si 串联(多接面)太阳能电池(如 GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$/Si)的最大性能限制是晶格失配异质外延造成的过量穿线位错密度 (TDD)。最近在低 TDD GaAsyP1-y/Si 变质缓冲器方面取得的进展被用于在硅上生长独立的 GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$ 顶层电池,其 TDD 为 4 × 106 cm-2,比以前的迭代低 2.5 倍,从而大大提高了在此平台上生产高效串联电池的潜力。尽管如此,这些缩小的 TDD 电池仍然存在相当大的电压相关载流子收集(VDC)损耗。因此,为了在不降低 VOC 的情况下提高 JSC 和填充因子,设计并实施了电池基底层内的掺杂梯度。更新后的设计将 VDC 损耗降低到了在典型的平掺杂剖面设计中需要进一步将 TDD 降低至少 2.5 倍(至 ≤ 1.5 × 106 cm-2)的水平。用 p+Al$_{0.2}$Ga$_{0.8}$As$_{0.74}$P$_{0.26}$ 取代 p+-Ga$_{0.64}$In$_{0.36}$P 背表面场,在 VOC 和 JSC 方面都有了额外的改进,器件性能相当于先前设计的 TDD 降低了 4 倍。这些设计变更的最终结果是,新子电池的 AM1.5G 绝对效率比以前的最佳顶级电池高出 4.3%,填充因子、JSC 和 WOC 的绝对值分别提高了约 3.3%、1.9 mA/cm2 和 0.12 V。这一新设计与缩小的 TDD 平台相结合,为在器件完全集成后开发更高效率的 GaAs$_{0.75}$P$_{0.25}$/Si tandems 铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Expansion Behavior of a Thermoplastic Polyolefin for Photovoltaic Application Over Hygrothermal Aging 光伏用热塑性聚烯烃在湿热老化过程中的热膨胀行为
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3463950
Vincent Meslier;Bertrand Chambion;Pierre-Olivier Bouchard;Jean-Luc Bouvard
The thermal expansion behavior of polymers is a crucial property for manufacturing photovoltaic (PV) modules. The thermal expansion mismatch between the different module components induces residual stresses in the structure after manufacturing. Some of them are located at the interface between materials, leading to delamination and reliability issues during the PV module lifetime. For tandem applications, the thermal expansion mismatch is also an issue since it leads to the separation between the bottom and top cells. In this article, the thermal expansion behavior of a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) encapsulant used in the PV industry is assessed by stereo digital image correlation. This contactless method measures the thermal expansion in the two directions of the polymer thin film. The method is accurate enough to capture transition phases of the material, namely the crystallites fusion and formation. The thermal expansion behavior of the TPO thin film is shown to be anisotropic and dependent on its thermal history. The material contracts when heated, both after manufacturing and after aging; this has not yet been investigated. The aging temperature has an influence on the thermal contraction temperature but does not erase the shrinking behavior. The thermal expansion behavior is explained by a microstructural approach. The microstructure is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. After crystallites melting, the molecular mobility and residual internal stresses account for the observed shrinking behavior. This behavior may affect the reliability of PV modules through delamination, cells cracks, or separation of the top and bottom cells.
聚合物的热膨胀行为是制造光伏(PV)组件的关键特性。不同模块组件之间的热膨胀不匹配会在制造后的结构中产生残余应力。其中一些残余应力位于材料之间的界面上,从而导致分层,并在光伏组件的使用寿命期间产生可靠性问题。对于串联应用,热膨胀不匹配也是一个问题,因为它会导致底部和顶部电池之间的分离。本文通过立体数字图像相关性评估了光伏行业使用的热塑性聚烯烃 (TPO) 封装材料的热膨胀行为。这种非接触式方法可测量聚合物薄膜在两个方向上的热膨胀。该方法的精确度足以捕捉到材料的过渡阶段,即晶体的融合和形成。热塑性烯烃薄膜的热膨胀行为被证明是各向异性的,并取决于其热历史。无论是在制造后还是老化后,材料在加热时都会收缩;这一点尚未得到研究。老化温度对热收缩温度有影响,但不会消除收缩行为。热膨胀行为可以用微观结构方法来解释。微观结构通过差示扫描量热法进行研究。晶粒熔化后,分子流动性和残余内应力解释了观察到的收缩行为。这种行为可能会通过分层、电池裂缝或上下电池分离影响光伏组件的可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Indoor Characterization of Solar Concentrator SMALFOC Modules Through Cell-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance Measurements 通过电池对环境热阻测量确定太阳能聚光器 SMALFOC 模块的室内特性
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3456829
N. A. Sadchikov;N. Y. Davidyuk;D. A. Malevskiy;P. V. Pokrovskiy;A. V. Andreeva;V. R. Larionov
To evaluate the overheating temperature of solar cells in concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules during solar radiation conversion, we propose a method for determining the thermal resistivity between the solar cell and its environment (rth) in laboratory conditions at room temperature and in the absence of forced ventilation. The essence of this method is the measurement of the temperature change of the solar cells inside the CPV module under thermal load generated by direct current flow through the solar cell. The change in temperature of the solar cells in CPV modules under thermal load is determined by calculating the voltage difference across the module contacts during fast measurements of the I–V curve at room temperature and the I–V curve when the solar cells of the module are heated by direct current. The developed methodology eliminates uncertainties associated with the location of temperature sensors and unstable meteorological conditions. In the present work, this technique is used to study the overheating temperature of solar cells of “Small lenses, Multijunction cells, All from glass, Lamination, Fresnel, Optics, Concentration” design CPV modules varying in materials and thicknesses of heat sinks. In laboratory conditions, we determined the values of rth of small CPV modules and full-size CPV modules, containing, respectively, 8 and 128 pairs of Fresnel lens—triple-junction InGaP/InGaAs/Ge solar cells soldered to a metal heat sinks of similar design. Copper or steel was used as materials for the heat sinks.
为了评估聚光光伏(CPV)模块中太阳能电池在太阳辐射转换过程中的过热温度,我们提出了一种在室温和无强制通风的实验室条件下测定太阳能电池与其环境(rth)之间热阻系数的方法。这种方法的精髓在于,在直流电流通过太阳能电池产生热负荷的情况下,测量 CPV 模块内部太阳能电池的温度变化。CPV 模块中太阳能电池在热负荷下的温度变化是通过快速测量室温下的 I-V 曲线和模块太阳能电池被直流电加热时的 I-V 曲线时,计算模块触点上的电压差来确定的。所开发的方法消除了与温度传感器位置和不稳定气象条件相关的不确定性。在本研究中,我们利用这一技术研究了 "小透镜、多接面电池、全玻璃、层压、菲涅尔、光学、聚光 "设计 CPV 模块中不同材料和散热片厚度的太阳能电池的过热温度。在实验室条件下,我们测定了小型 CPV 模块和全尺寸 CPV 模块的 rth 值,这些模块分别包含 8 对和 128 对菲涅耳透镜-三重结合 InGaP/InGaAs/Ge 太阳能电池,并焊接在设计类似的金属散热器上。散热器的材料为铜或钢。
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引用次数: 0
Advanced Transistor-Based Dynamic Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Mesostructured-Based Solar Cells 基于晶体管的介质结构太阳能电池先进动态等效电路建模
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3453653
Eman Sawires;Sameh Abdellatif
This study introduces a pioneering transistor-based equivalent circuit model explicitly tailored for mesostructured-based solar cells, primarily focusing on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). By incorporating the experimental data spanning various inorganic, organic, and hybrid solar cell technologies across different optical injection levels, the model aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the electrical behavior of these advanced photovoltaic devices. In addition to the circuit schematic, a Verilog-A script was created to elucidate the behavior of the cells, facilitating the utilization of such a block by the research community in developing interfacing circuits and implementing dc–dc converters within the framework of CMOS technology. Root-mean-square error analysis assesses the model's accuracy in predicting the experimental data. At the same time, the investigation extends to include the dynamic response of the cells through current–time analysis, as well as power losses. Notably, the response curve of the perovskite cell exhibits rapid escalation to peak current levels and displays heightened sensitivity to changes in illumination levels compared with DSSCs, with a response time of 1 ms for PSCs as opposed to 5 ms for DSSCs.
本研究介绍了一个基于晶体管的开创性等效电路模型,该模型明确针对基于介质结构的太阳能电池量身定制,主要侧重于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)和过氧化物太阳能电池(PSC)。该模型结合了跨越不同光学注入水平的各种无机、有机和混合太阳能电池技术的实验数据,旨在提供对这些先进光伏设备电气行为的全面理解。除电路原理图外,还创建了一个 Verilog-A 脚本,以阐明电池的行为,从而便于研究界在 CMOS 技术框架内开发接口电路和实施直流-直流转换器时利用该模块。均方根误差分析评估了模型预测实验数据的准确性。同时,研究还通过电流-时间分析扩展到电池的动态响应以及功率损耗。值得注意的是,与 DSSC 相比,包晶体电池的响应曲线显示出峰值电流水平的快速上升,并显示出对照明水平变化更高的敏感性,PSC 的响应时间为 1 毫秒,而 DSSC 为 5 毫秒。
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引用次数: 0
Global Progress Toward Renewable Electricity: Tracking the Role of Solar (Version 4) 全球可再生能源电力进展情况:跟踪太阳能的作用(第 4 版)
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3450020
Nancy M. Haegel;Sarah R. Kurtz
Photovoltaics (PV) represented ∼61% of newly installed global electricity generating capacity for 2023. The amount of electricity generated by nonhydro renewables (wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass) reached another record high and exceeded generation by global hydropower for the first time in history. Fractional year-to-year growth in both PV installations and PV-generated electricity continued at remarkable levels (∼35% and ∼24%, respectively), while grid scale battery storage grew even faster (∼120%). Combined fractional electricity generation from all low carbon sources (hydro, nuclear, and renewables) reached ∼39%. Following its initial publication in 2021, this annual article will continue to collect information from multiple sources and present it systematically as a reference for IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics readers.
{"title":"Global Progress Toward Renewable Electricity: Tracking the Role of Solar (Version 4)","authors":"Nancy M. Haegel;Sarah R. Kurtz","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3450020","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3450020","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaics (PV) represented ∼61% of newly installed global electricity generating capacity for 2023. The amount of electricity generated by nonhydro renewables (wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass) reached another record high and exceeded generation by global hydropower for the first time in history. Fractional year-to-year growth in both PV installations and PV-generated electricity continued at remarkable levels (∼35% and ∼24%, respectively), while grid scale battery storage grew even faster (∼120%). Combined fractional electricity generation from all low carbon sources (hydro, nuclear, and renewables) reached ∼39%. Following its initial publication in 2021, this annual article will continue to collect information from multiple sources and present it systematically as a reference for <sc>IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics</small> readers.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 2","pages":"206-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10673798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electric Orbit Raising Radiation-Induced Coverglass Darkening and Its Impact on III-V Multijunction Solar Cell Performance 电轨道提升辐射诱发的盖板玻璃暗化及其对 III-V 多接面太阳能电池性能的影响
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3453601
Samuel Beyene;Bao Hoang;Catherine C. Keys;B. D. Weaver;Ani Khachatrian
Electric orbit raising (EOR) radiation-induced coverglass (CG) damage reduces the amount of light that reaches underlying solar cells and decreases photoconversion efficiency. This article describes the modeling, simulation, and ground-based radiation tests using Qioptiq CMG borosilicate CG for five selected EOR trajectories, and the impact on the performance of III-V multijunction (MJ) solar cells. The CG optical transmission loss reaches a maximum of ∼20% around 350 nm. However, the spectral response of the MJ solar cells at this wavelength is minimal. The test results show a darkening related to solar cell performance degradation of up to 5% for the worst-case EOR trajectory.
电轨道提升(EOR)辐射引起的盖玻片(CG)损坏会减少到达底层太阳能电池的光量并降低光电转换效率。本文介绍了针对五种选定的 EOR 轨道使用 Qioptiq CMG 硼硅酸盐 CG 进行的建模、模拟和地面辐射测试,以及对 III-V 多结 (MJ) 太阳能电池性能的影响。CG 的光学传输损耗在 350 nm 左右达到最大值 ∼ 20%。然而,MJ 太阳能电池在这一波长的光谱响应很小。测试结果表明,在最坏的 EOR 轨迹下,与太阳能电池性能下降有关的暗化可达 5%。
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引用次数: 0
Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Prediction Based on CEEMDAN and Hybrid Neural Networks 基于 CEEMDAN 和混合神经网络的短期光伏发电功率预测
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3453651
Songmei Wu;Hui Guo;Xiaokang Zhang;Fei Wang
Accurate photovoltaic (PV) power prediction technology plays a crucial role in effectively addressing the challenges posed by the integration of large-scale PV systems into the grid. In this article, we propose a novel PV power combination prediction model based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) in conjunction with a hybrid neural network. To mitigate the influence of strong fluctuations in PV power on prediction outcomes, we employ CEEMDAN to decompose the PV data into several subsequences. Subsequently, sample entropy (SE) is used to quantify the complexity of each subsequence. Subsequences with similar SE values are then restructured to reduce computational load. Moreover, to overcome the limitations of a single neural network in capturing historical data features of PV power, a hybrid sequential convolutional neural network-gate recurrent unit (CNN-GRU) neural network is proposed. The effectiveness of our proposed model is validated through case studies involving PV power stations in two regions. To provide a comprehensive assessment, we conduct comparative validation by building and evaluating alternative models, including long-short term memory (LSTM), GRU, CEEMDAN-LSTM, CEEMDAN-GRU, and CNN-GRU. The results unequivocally demonstrate that the model presented in this article exhibits exceptional prediction performance, characterized by high accuracy and robust generalization.
准确的光伏(PV)功率预测技术在有效应对大规模光伏系统并入电网所带来的挑战方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于自适应噪声的完整集合经验模式分解(CEEMDAN)和混合神经网络的新型光伏功率组合预测模型。为减轻光伏发电量的强烈波动对预测结果的影响,我们采用 CEEMDAN 将光伏数据分解为多个子序列。随后,样本熵(SE)被用来量化每个子序列的复杂性。然后,对具有相似 SE 值的子序列进行重组,以减少计算负荷。此外,为了克服单一神经网络在捕捉光伏发电历史数据特征方面的局限性,我们提出了一种混合序列卷积神经网络-栅递归单元(CNN-GRU)神经网络。通过对两个地区的光伏发电站进行案例研究,验证了我们提出的模型的有效性。为了提供全面的评估,我们通过构建和评估替代模型进行了比较验证,包括长短期记忆(LSTM)、GRU、CEEMDAN-LSTM、CEEMDAN-GRU 和 CNN-GRU。结果明确表明,本文介绍的模型具有卓越的预测性能,其特点是准确性高、泛化能力强。
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引用次数: 0
Using SegFormer for Effective Semantic Cell Segmentation for Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Arrays 使用 SegFormer 进行有效的语义单元分割,以检测光伏阵列中的故障
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3450009
Zaid Mahboob;M. Adil Khan;Ehtisham Lodhi;Tahir Nawaz;Umar S. Khan
Photovoltaic (PV) industries are susceptible to manufacturing defects within their solar cells. To accurately evaluate the efficacy of solar PV modules, the identification of manufacturing defects is imperative. Conventional industrial defect inspections predominantly rely on highly skilled inspectors conducting manual defect assessments, leading to sporadic and subjective identification outcomes. Deep-learning-based fault detection in PV or solar cells has emerged as a primary research area due to its superior efficiency and applicability. Hence, this study introduces a SegFormer-based fault detection framework to automate the visual defect inspection process in PV modules, complete with defect pseudocolorization. The proposed SegFormer-based framework effectively classifies defects into five categories: crack defects, front grid defects, interconnect defects, contact corrosion defects, and bright disconnect. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed between the SegFormer model and the state-of-the-art fault detection algorithms, such as Deeplab v3, UNET, Deeplab v3+, PAN, PSPNet, and feature pyramid network (FPN). The experimental results reveal that the proposed SegFormer-based framework achieves highly encouraging performance, with a pixelwise accuracy of 96.24%, a weighted F1-score of 96.22%, an unweighted F1-score of 81.96%, and a mean intersection over union of 56.54%, outperforming other existing methods.
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引用次数: 0
Data-Driven Digital Inspection of Photovoltaic Panels Using a Portable Hybrid Model Combining Meteorological Data and Image Processing 使用结合气象数据和图像处理的便携式混合模型,对光伏电池板进行数据驱动的数字化检测
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3437736
Ayoub Oufadel;Alae Azouzoute;Hicham Ghennioui;Chaimae Soubai;Ibrahim Taabane
This article proposes a novel approach to photovoltaic panel inspection through the integration of image classification and meteorological data analysis. Utilizing two convolutional neural network models with distinct architectures for classifying thermal and red, green, blue (RGB) images of photovoltaic installations, in addition to an support vector machines model for meteorological data classification, the results from these models are concatenated, allowing the fusion of visual and meteorological information for comprehensive defect detection. Data collection from photovoltaic panels is achieved using a portable device, followed by the application of advanced image processing techniques to identify faults rapidly and accurately with up to 96% accuracy. The inspection results are presented in a user-friendly format, facilitating straightforward interpretation and analysis. This new approach has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and durability of solar energy systems, enabling timely maintenance and repair for photovoltaic panel issues.
本文提出了一种整合图像分类和气象数据分析的光伏面板检测新方法。利用两个具有不同架构的卷积神经网络模型对光伏设备的热图像和红、绿、蓝(RGB)图像进行分类,并利用支持向量机模型对气象数据进行分类。使用便携式设备从光伏电池板采集数据,然后应用先进的图像处理技术快速准确地识别故障,准确率高达 96%。检测结果以用户友好的格式呈现,便于直接解释和分析。这种新方法有可能大大提高太阳能系统的效率和耐用性,及时维护和修理光伏电池板。
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引用次数: 0
Call for Papers: Special Issue on Intelligent Sensor Systems for the IEEE Journal of Electron Devices 征稿:电气和电子工程师学会电子器件学报》智能传感器系统特刊
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3444009
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
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