Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3329615
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Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3327848
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3327848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3327848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"13 6","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71902902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3322305
Angus Rockett
This issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS (JPV) contains a number of articles I think you will find interesting. We have a new opportunity in this issue.We now have cover art developed from the review article that is the first paper. This is the latest update by Haegel and Kurtz on the current status of photovoltaics and other renewable energy technologies in global energy generation. The cover art highlights the figure displaying the fraction of capacity, generation, and new installed capacity from hydrocarbons, nuclear, wind, hydro, and photovoltaic technologies. The history from 2018 to 2022 is provided. In addition to this figure, the article highlights a variety of trends. One of the useful additions to this version of the manuscript is the addition of current trends in energy storage in the United States. Data for global energy storage were not available to the authors, but the United States trend is representative of the trend in energy storage. I hope that you will find the article useful as a reference to set the scene in your papers related to renewable energy.
{"title":"Editorial Introduction to the November 2023 Issue of the IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","authors":"Angus Rockett","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3322305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3322305","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS (JPV) contains a number of articles I think you will find interesting. We have a new opportunity in this issue.We now have cover art developed from the review article that is the first paper. This is the latest update by Haegel and Kurtz on the current status of photovoltaics and other renewable energy technologies in global energy generation. The cover art highlights the figure displaying the fraction of capacity, generation, and new installed capacity from hydrocarbons, nuclear, wind, hydro, and photovoltaic technologies. The history from 2018 to 2022 is provided. In addition to this figure, the article highlights a variety of trends. One of the useful additions to this version of the manuscript is the addition of current trends in energy storage in the United States. Data for global energy storage were not available to the authors, but the United States trend is representative of the trend in energy storage. I hope that you will find the article useful as a reference to set the scene in your papers related to renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"13 6","pages":"767-767"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71903082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304118
Michael Winter;Dominic C. Walter;Jan Schmidt
The fast-firing step commonly applied at the end of solar cell production lines triggers “Light- and elevated-Temperature-Induced Degradation” (LeTID) effects of the carrier lifetime in Ga-doped Cz–Si wafers and solar cells made thereof. As far as the defect formation within the silicon bulk is concerned, the key parameters of the fast-firing step are the peak firing temperature (FT) and the band velocity vband of the conveyor belt, where the latter mainly defines the cooling ramp after the firing peak. In this contribution, we show that the extent of LeTID and the dependence on the applied temperature during degradation increase strongly with increasing measured FT (from 680 °C to 800 °C), vband (from 2.8 to 7.2 m/min), and the refractive index n of the hydrogen-rich silicon nitride layer deposited on the wafer surfaces (from 2.07 to 2.37). Through temperature-dependent degradation experiments, we determine an activation energy of EA = (0.55 ± 0.10) eV of the LeTID mechanism in Ga-doped Cz–Si, which is independent of FT and vband. From this observation we conclude that a single defect activation mechanism is most likely responsible for the examined LeTID effect, independent of the firing conditions. However, the concentration of recombination-active defect centers after LeTID depends critically on FT, vband, and n, which we attribute to variations of the in-diffused hydrogen concentrations from the silicon nitride layers during firing. Our experiments hence point towards an involvement of hydrogen in the LeTID mechanism observed in Ga-doped Cz–Si.
{"title":"Impact of Fast-Firing Conditions on Light- and Elevated-Temperature-Induced Degradation (LeTID) in Ga-Doped Cz–Si","authors":"Michael Winter;Dominic C. Walter;Jan Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304118","url":null,"abstract":"The fast-firing step commonly applied at the end of solar cell production lines triggers “Light- and elevated-Temperature-Induced Degradation” (LeTID) effects of the carrier lifetime in Ga-doped Cz–Si wafers and solar cells made thereof. As far as the defect formation within the silicon bulk is concerned, the key parameters of the fast-firing step are the peak firing temperature (<italic>FT</italic>) and the band velocity <italic>v</italic><sub>band</sub> of the conveyor belt, where the latter mainly defines the cooling ramp after the firing peak. In this contribution, we show that the extent of LeTID and the dependence on the applied temperature during degradation increase strongly with increasing measured <italic>FT</italic> (from 680 °C to 800 °C), <italic>v</italic><sub>band</sub> (from 2.8 to 7.2 m/min), and the refractive index <italic>n</italic> of the hydrogen-rich silicon nitride layer deposited on the wafer surfaces (from 2.07 to 2.37). Through temperature-dependent degradation experiments, we determine an activation energy of <italic>E</italic><sub>A</sub> = (0.55 ± 0.10) eV of the LeTID mechanism in Ga-doped Cz–Si, which is independent of <italic>FT</italic> and <italic>v</italic><sub>band</sub>. From this observation we conclude that a single defect activation mechanism is most likely responsible for the examined LeTID effect, independent of the firing conditions. However, the concentration of recombination-active defect centers after LeTID depends critically on <italic>FT</italic>, <italic>v</italic><sub>band</sub>, and <italic>n</italic>, which we attribute to variations of the in-diffused hydrogen concentrations from the silicon nitride layers during firing. Our experiments hence point towards an involvement of hydrogen in the LeTID mechanism observed in Ga-doped Cz–Si.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"13 6","pages":"849-857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71902903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3324186
Abdel-Menem Elnemr;A. M. Ghander;Ibrahim A. El-Sayed;Hytham Elbohy
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)’ photovoltaic conversion efficiency is decreased by recombination reactions at the photo anode/electrolyte interface. Herein, a new molybdenum trioxide ( $text{MoO}_{3}$ ) function is used as a treatment agent for electrolytes. $text{MoO}_{3}$ added to the electrolyte precludes recombination of electrons with triiodide ( $I_{3}^{-}$ ) ions at photoanodes/electrolyte interface by adsorbing anions (triiodide/iodide) from the electrolyte on its surface. After $text{MoO}_{3}$ treatment, the electrochemical properties of the electrolytes do not change significantly but the power conversion efficiency of the DSSCs have clearly improved from 6.31% to 7.47%, owing primarily to higher open-circuit voltages. Different weight percentages of $text{MoO}_{3}$ were added into the electrolyte: 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt%. $text{MoO}_{3}$ are injected directly into electrolytes, good shake, and followed by centrifugation to obtain clear electrolytes. Clear electrolytes were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott–Schottky, current density–voltage, and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements. This anionic adsorption onto the $text{MoO}_{3}$ in the electrolyte has been confirmed by the scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of molybdenum dioxide particles before and after injected into the electrolyte. UV-Vis measurements were carried out before and after centrifugation for electrolytes.
{"title":"The Effect of Different Concentrations of Molybdenum Trioxide in Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Performance Enhancement of DSSCs","authors":"Abdel-Menem Elnemr;A. M. Ghander;Ibrahim A. El-Sayed;Hytham Elbohy","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3324186","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3324186","url":null,"abstract":"Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)’ photovoltaic conversion efficiency is decreased by recombination reactions at the photo anode/electrolyte interface. Herein, a new molybdenum trioxide (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) function is used as a treatment agent for electrolytes. \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 added to the electrolyte precludes recombination of electrons with triiodide (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$I_{3}^{-}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) ions at photoanodes/electrolyte interface by adsorbing anions (triiodide/iodide) from the electrolyte on its surface. After \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 treatment, the electrochemical properties of the electrolytes do not change significantly but the power conversion efficiency of the DSSCs have clearly improved from 6.31% to 7.47%, owing primarily to higher open-circuit voltages. Different weight percentages of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 were added into the electrolyte: 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt%. \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 are injected directly into electrolytes, good shake, and followed by centrifugation to obtain clear electrolytes. Clear electrolytes were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott–Schottky, current density–voltage, and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) measurements. This anionic adsorption onto the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MoO}_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the electrolyte has been confirmed by the scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of molybdenum dioxide particles before and after injected into the electrolyte. UV-Vis measurements were carried out before and after centrifugation for electrolytes.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"14 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135363126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304113
S. Sakthivel, V. Arunachalam, Karthickraja Jagatheesan
Solar PV arrays are exponentially employed in all possible spheres, ranging from a few hundred watts to megawatts. In this context, fault detection, classification, and location identification are the major objective for the efficient operation and maximum power extraction from the solar PV array. In spite of the numerous existing algorithms carried out for this objective, a new experimental study on the PV fault is put forward by obtaining all the module voltages (MVs), assisted by a simple low-cost relay with a single voltage sensor. Faults taken for this study are open-circuit (OC), bypass diode OC, short-circuit (SC), and bypass diode SC types. These fault types are implemented on a 300-W (5×3) PV array system and their MVs are obtained and analyzed. The obtained results are found to be satisfactory in nature and proposed methodology can be implemented in a wide range of the PV system.
{"title":"Detection, Classification, and Location of Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Faults in Solar Photovoltaic Array: An Approach Using Single Sensor","authors":"S. Sakthivel, V. Arunachalam, Karthickraja Jagatheesan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304113","url":null,"abstract":"Solar PV arrays are exponentially employed in all possible spheres, ranging from a few hundred watts to megawatts. In this context, fault detection, classification, and location identification are the major objective for the efficient operation and maximum power extraction from the solar PV array. In spite of the numerous existing algorithms carried out for this objective, a new experimental study on the PV fault is put forward by obtaining all the module voltages (MVs), assisted by a simple low-cost relay with a single voltage sensor. Faults taken for this study are open-circuit (OC), bypass diode OC, short-circuit (SC), and bypass diode SC types. These fault types are implemented on a 300-W (5×3) PV array system and their MVs are obtained and analyzed. The obtained results are found to be satisfactory in nature and proposed methodology can be implemented in a wide range of the PV system.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"1 1","pages":"986-990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90230976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304359
Tao Song, Rafell Williams, L. Ottoson, C. Mack, J. Geisz, Jeremy Brewer, N. Kopidakis
Reference solar cells play a crucial role in determining the performance of photovoltaic (PV) devices. In the performance calibration chain of mainstream single-junction PV technologies, common reference cell types include Si, KG-filtered Si, and GaAs cells. For emerging multijunction (MJ) PV technologies, such as CdTe/Si and perovskite/Si, Si reference cells with colored glass near-infrared-longpass (LP) filters like Schott RG-715 and 850 glass have been proposed. They offer a better spectral response that matches the bottom junctions of the emerging MJs, which could lead to lower uncertainties in performance measurements. However, this article reveals a prominent decrease in short-circuit current (ISC) during National Renewable Energy Laboratory's primary calibration over the course of minutes when using this type of LP-filtered reference cell, which could result in unacceptable measurement errors. Unlike quartz or KG filter glasses, LP colored glass filters demonstrate temperature-sensitive cut-on wavelength. When incident irradiance reaches these LP-filtered reference cells, the increased temperature due to light absorption causes a shift of the cut-on to longer wavelength. As a result, the device ISC exhibits a continuous decrease (approximately a 2.5% drop with RG850 LP filter in a 5-min duration) even when the device temperature is controlled at 25 °C. To address the temperature gradient issue between colored glass LP filter and the reference cell, we propose the direct integration of thin-film LP semiconductor layer on reference cells. This type of LP-filter-integrated cell has shown minimal temperature-related ISC variation and can serve as a more reliable reference cell source for accurate performance measurements.
{"title":"Impact of Irradiation-Induced Filter Heating on Calibration of NIR-Longpass-Filtered Reference Solar Cells","authors":"Tao Song, Rafell Williams, L. Ottoson, C. Mack, J. Geisz, Jeremy Brewer, N. Kopidakis","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3304359","url":null,"abstract":"Reference solar cells play a crucial role in determining the performance of photovoltaic (PV) devices. In the performance calibration chain of mainstream single-junction PV technologies, common reference cell types include Si, KG-filtered Si, and GaAs cells. For emerging multijunction (MJ) PV technologies, such as CdTe/Si and perovskite/Si, Si reference cells with colored glass near-infrared-longpass (LP) filters like Schott RG-715 and 850 glass have been proposed. They offer a better spectral response that matches the bottom junctions of the emerging MJs, which could lead to lower uncertainties in performance measurements. However, this article reveals a prominent decrease in short-circuit current (ISC) during National Renewable Energy Laboratory's primary calibration over the course of minutes when using this type of LP-filtered reference cell, which could result in unacceptable measurement errors. Unlike quartz or KG filter glasses, LP colored glass filters demonstrate temperature-sensitive cut-on wavelength. When incident irradiance reaches these LP-filtered reference cells, the increased temperature due to light absorption causes a shift of the cut-on to longer wavelength. As a result, the device ISC exhibits a continuous decrease (approximately a 2.5% drop with RG850 LP filter in a 5-min duration) even when the device temperature is controlled at 25 °C. To address the temperature gradient issue between colored glass LP filter and the reference cell, we propose the direct integration of thin-film LP semiconductor layer on reference cells. This type of LP-filter-integrated cell has shown minimal temperature-related ISC variation and can serve as a more reliable reference cell source for accurate performance measurements.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"11 1","pages":"793-799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80902988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3309922
N. Haegel, Sarah R. Kurtz
2022 was a milestone year for photovoltaics (PV), with cumulative installed global capacity exceeding 1 TW. PV represented 56% of newly installed global electricity generating capacity for 2022, the second year in a row that this metric exceeded 50%. The combined contributions of nonhydro renewable electricity generation (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass) was comparable to that of hydropower for the first time in history. However, the total combination of carbon-free generation sources (hydro, nuclear, and renewables) stayed constant at ∼38% of total electricity, with the annual growth in overall generation (∼2%) balancing the large fractional growth in solar (25%) and wind (14%). Following its initial publication in 2021 with 1990–2020 data, this annual article will continue to collect information from multiple sources and present it systematically as a convenient reference for IEEE JPV readers. This year, for the first time, we present data on the growth of storage capacity. We find that growth of stationary battery storage now exceeds growth of pumped hydropower storage. That same annual investment in new stationary batteries, however, is small compared to the growth of battery storage in electric vehicles.
{"title":"Global Progress Toward Renewable Electricity: Tracking the Role of Solar (Version 3)","authors":"N. Haegel, Sarah R. Kurtz","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3309922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3309922","url":null,"abstract":"2022 was a milestone year for photovoltaics (PV), with cumulative installed global capacity exceeding 1 TW. PV represented 56% of newly installed global electricity generating capacity for 2022, the second year in a row that this metric exceeded 50%. The combined contributions of nonhydro renewable electricity generation (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass) was comparable to that of hydropower for the first time in history. However, the total combination of carbon-free generation sources (hydro, nuclear, and renewables) stayed constant at ∼38% of total electricity, with the annual growth in overall generation (∼2%) balancing the large fractional growth in solar (25%) and wind (14%). Following its initial publication in 2021 with 1990–2020 data, this annual article will continue to collect information from multiple sources and present it systematically as a convenient reference for IEEE JPV readers. This year, for the first time, we present data on the growth of storage capacity. We find that growth of stationary battery storage now exceeds growth of pumped hydropower storage. That same annual investment in new stationary batteries, however, is small compared to the growth of battery storage in electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"23 1","pages":"768-776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74658693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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