Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000235
Thayzis d.P. Silva, A. S. Gomes, M. M. de Melo, T. M. de Oliveira, A. Galil, N. Percegoni, V. A. Fonseca, A. N. Bastos, A. S. de Aguiar
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess dried fruit mix and nuts and their effect on craving associated with the serum leptin of tobacco smokers. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical intervention study with a nonprobabilistic sample (n=23). The intervention group (IG) received 30 g of dried fruit and mix, and the control group (CG) received standard interventions. Test craving was analyzed using the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief). Serum leptin was assessed at the beginning and after 3 weeks. The data was tested using the SPSS program through the Shapiro-Wilk, unpaired Student t, or Mann-Whitney tests and multivariate linear regression. Results: The study showed significant difference between initial and final weights and body mass indices. The IG showed a high degree of smoking dependence. The IG showed reduced craving. In the CG, median serum leptin levels showed increased craving in the second and third weeks. Conclusions: Our results establish that craving decreased among smokers only in the IG. In the CG, above-median serum leptin levels reported a greater sense of pleasure in the second week. And in the third week, they experienced difficulties maintaining abstinence.
{"title":"Association of Leptin and Dried Fruit Mix and Nuts With Craving During Smoking Cessation","authors":"Thayzis d.P. Silva, A. S. Gomes, M. M. de Melo, T. M. de Oliveira, A. Galil, N. Percegoni, V. A. Fonseca, A. N. Bastos, A. S. de Aguiar","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000235","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study was to assess dried fruit mix and nuts and their effect on craving associated with the serum leptin of tobacco smokers. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical intervention study with a nonprobabilistic sample (n=23). The intervention group (IG) received 30 g of dried fruit and mix, and the control group (CG) received standard interventions. Test craving was analyzed using the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief). Serum leptin was assessed at the beginning and after 3 weeks. The data was tested using the SPSS program through the Shapiro-Wilk, unpaired Student t, or Mann-Whitney tests and multivariate linear regression. Results: The study showed significant difference between initial and final weights and body mass indices. The IG showed a high degree of smoking dependence. The IG showed reduced craving. In the CG, median serum leptin levels showed increased craving in the second and third weeks. Conclusions: Our results establish that craving decreased among smokers only in the IG. In the CG, above-median serum leptin levels reported a greater sense of pleasure in the second week. And in the third week, they experienced difficulties maintaining abstinence.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42012588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-11DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000234
M. Naeim, A. Rezaeisharif, Samira Ghobadi Bagvand
Background: Preliminary evidence suggests transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy. Because its effects have not been tested on methadone consumers, we investigated its efficacy. Objectives: This research is aimed at determining the effect of tDCS on depression and anxiety in methadone consumers. Methods: The present study was conducted in a pretest-posttest design. In this research, 40 people were studied as a group. These people took a test before and after the 8 days of tDCS. After the primary test, people received device simulation for 8 consecutive days at a specific time. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests were used for analyzing the data. Results: The results show that with the score of 1.69 for the first variable, the patients’ anxiety level ismuch lower at the time of the electric stimulation. Also, regarding the score of 1.62 in the second hypothesis, it can be stated that the depression level wasmuch lower at the time of performing the simulation. Conclusions: It seems that tDCS can improve the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. It can be used as an effective treatment.
{"title":"Determining the Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Depression and Anxiety in Methadone Consumers: A Randomized Controlled","authors":"M. Naeim, A. Rezaeisharif, Samira Ghobadi Bagvand","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000234","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Preliminary evidence suggests transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy. Because its effects have not been tested on methadone consumers, we investigated its efficacy. Objectives: This research is aimed at determining the effect of tDCS on depression and anxiety in methadone consumers. Methods: The present study was conducted in a pretest-posttest design. In this research, 40 people were studied as a group. These people took a test before and after the 8 days of tDCS. After the primary test, people received device simulation for 8 consecutive days at a specific time. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests were used for analyzing the data. Results: The results show that with the score of 1.69 for the first variable, the patients’ anxiety level ismuch lower at the time of the electric stimulation. Also, regarding the score of 1.62 in the second hypothesis, it can be stated that the depression level wasmuch lower at the time of performing the simulation. Conclusions: It seems that tDCS can improve the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. It can be used as an effective treatment.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49276881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-11DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000236
D. Situmorang
To the Editor: During the COVID-19 outbreak, human activities were quite limited. Each country has conducted large-scale physical distancing, resulting in activities working from home, school from home, to worship from home. All activities that are often carried out from home sometimes cause boredom for many people, so that many people seek entertainment by watching porn videos or engaging in excessive sexual activity, either by doing self-service (such as masturbation) or with a partner. This phenomenon can result in a person becoming a sexual addict, and even experiencing sexuality disorder, which is characterized by abnormally increased sexual activity. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that nonparaphilic conditions like this, as well as addiction to drugs, cocaine, alcohol, nicotine, food, and even games. If this is not handled immediately, it will be quite a big problem. Based on scientific reviews, basically, humans are always looking for pleasure in life. One of them is through sexual activity. By engaging in sexual activity, humans can feel the happiness that is obtained from the dopamine hormone released by the brain. The need for this dopamine hormonewhich can be the basis for our further discussion. Quite a number of studies have shown that the dopamine hormone can be released by our brains through stimulation to listen to and play music. Of course, in this context, this means that music can be used as an alternative treatment to help people who experience sex addiction/sexuality disorder get happiness in a healthier way. Through this article, the author also to encourage clinical and academic scientists to initiate research using music therapy to examine natural dopaminergic agonistic agents that target specific gene polymorphisms to “normalize” sex addiction/hypersexual behavior.
{"title":"Music Therapy as an Alternative Treatment for People With Sex Addictions/Hypersexuality Disorder in COVID-19 Outbreak","authors":"D. Situmorang","doi":"10.1097/adt.0000000000000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000236","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: During the COVID-19 outbreak, human activities were quite limited. Each country has conducted large-scale physical distancing, resulting in activities working from home, school from home, to worship from home. All activities that are often carried out from home sometimes cause boredom for many people, so that many people seek entertainment by watching porn videos or engaging in excessive sexual activity, either by doing self-service (such as masturbation) or with a partner. This phenomenon can result in a person becoming a sexual addict, and even experiencing sexuality disorder, which is characterized by abnormally increased sexual activity. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that nonparaphilic conditions like this, as well as addiction to drugs, cocaine, alcohol, nicotine, food, and even games. If this is not handled immediately, it will be quite a big problem. Based on scientific reviews, basically, humans are always looking for pleasure in life. One of them is through sexual activity. By engaging in sexual activity, humans can feel the happiness that is obtained from the dopamine hormone released by the brain. The need for this dopamine hormonewhich can be the basis for our further discussion. Quite a number of studies have shown that the dopamine hormone can be released by our brains through stimulation to listen to and play music. Of course, in this context, this means that music can be used as an alternative treatment to help people who experience sex addiction/sexuality disorder get happiness in a healthier way. Through this article, the author also to encourage clinical and academic scientists to initiate research using music therapy to examine natural dopaminergic agonistic agents that target specific gene polymorphisms to “normalize” sex addiction/hypersexual behavior.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41407399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01Epub Date: 2020-05-05DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000202
Michelle L Miller, Jack R Cornelius, Levent Kirisci, Antoine Douaihy, Ihsan M Salloum
Objectives: Alcohol craving is often associated with mood symptoms and predicts alcohol use in individuals with alcohol dependence. However, little is known about the impact of mood symptoms on alcohol craving in comorbid mood disorders and alcohol dependence. This study examines the predictive value of depressive and anxiety symptoms for obsessive and compulsive aspects of alcohol craving in adults with comorbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alcohol Dependence.
Methods: Fifty-five adults (47% female; mean age of 39.35 (SD=8.80)) with DSM-IV diagnoses of comorbid MDD and alcohol dependence were prospectively assessed over a six-month period. They completed the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety, the Alcohol Timeline Followback, the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). The linear mixed model analyses for repeated measures was used to test weather depressive and anxiety symptoms predict OCDS subscale scores.
Results: Depressive and anxiety symptoms were strongly associated with obsessive and compulsive subscales of the OCDS. Baseline ASI-alcohol scores were associated with both the obsessive and compulsive and with the obsessive subscale scores in the predictive model including depressive symptoms, and that including anxiety symptoms respectively.
Conclusions: Results suggest that depressive and anxiety symptoms predict obsessive and compulsive aspects of alcohol craving in adults with comorbid MDD and alcohol dependence. Assessing the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms and alcohol use in this population may identify those more likely to experience intense alcohol craving states and at increased risk of relapse.
{"title":"Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Predict Obsessive and Compulsive Cravings among Depressed Alcoholics.","authors":"Michelle L Miller, Jack R Cornelius, Levent Kirisci, Antoine Douaihy, Ihsan M Salloum","doi":"10.1097/adt.0000000000000202","DOIUrl":"10.1097/adt.0000000000000202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Alcohol craving is often associated with mood symptoms and predicts alcohol use in individuals with alcohol dependence. However, little is known about the impact of mood symptoms on alcohol craving in comorbid mood disorders and alcohol dependence. This study examines the predictive value of depressive and anxiety symptoms for obsessive and compulsive aspects of alcohol craving in adults with comorbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alcohol Dependence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-five adults (47% female; mean age of 39.35 (SD=8.80)) with DSM-IV diagnoses of comorbid MDD and alcohol dependence were prospectively assessed over a six-month period. They completed the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety, the Alcohol Timeline Followback, the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). The linear mixed model analyses for repeated measures was used to test weather depressive and anxiety symptoms predict OCDS subscale scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Depressive and anxiety symptoms were strongly associated with obsessive and compulsive subscales of the OCDS. Baseline ASI-alcohol scores were associated with both the obsessive and compulsive and with the obsessive subscale scores in the predictive model including depressive symptoms, and that including anxiety symptoms respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results suggest that depressive and anxiety symptoms predict obsessive and compulsive aspects of alcohol craving in adults with comorbid MDD and alcohol dependence. Assessing the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms and alcohol use in this population may identify those more likely to experience intense alcohol craving states and at increased risk of relapse.</p>","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10956405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41924924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000224
D. Situmorang
To the Editor: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people experienced anxiety, stress, and depression. This has resulted in many people drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, and using illegal drugs. Without realizing it, they can finally become addicts. In many studies, one of the unique interventions that can cure people who are addicted to substances is through music therapy. From the past to the present, the application of music therapy has been variably applied as primary and secondary care for people with addictions to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. In fact, music therapy has been used to improve the health and wellbeing of patients with various disorders, including those with addictions. In patients with addiction disorders, music therapy has been shown to generate positive responses by increasing selfesteem and motivation, increasing socialization and communication, increasing emotional expression, increasing information transfer related to relaxation, increasing physical and emotional healing, and increasing the ability to identify learning styles which is used for coping and self-expression. Through general improvements in the behavioral, emotional, and social aspects of addicted patients, music therapy can become a unique mode of treatment as part of an overall treatment plan, especially in treatment settings where little treatment variability (eg, individual counseling/therapy and group counseling/therapy). Previous research reported that music therapy was beneficial in enabling them to experience positive emotions without the need to substances use. In addition, in the next research has proven that music therapy can create positive emotions so that substance addicts can reduce their dependence on substances. Hopefully this article can be an input for all of us to be able to deal with patients with addictions through music therapy interventions, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Music Therapy for the Treatment of Patients With Addictions in COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"D. Situmorang","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000224","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people experienced anxiety, stress, and depression. This has resulted in many people drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, and using illegal drugs. Without realizing it, they can finally become addicts. In many studies, one of the unique interventions that can cure people who are addicted to substances is through music therapy. From the past to the present, the application of music therapy has been variably applied as primary and secondary care for people with addictions to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. In fact, music therapy has been used to improve the health and wellbeing of patients with various disorders, including those with addictions. In patients with addiction disorders, music therapy has been shown to generate positive responses by increasing selfesteem and motivation, increasing socialization and communication, increasing emotional expression, increasing information transfer related to relaxation, increasing physical and emotional healing, and increasing the ability to identify learning styles which is used for coping and self-expression. Through general improvements in the behavioral, emotional, and social aspects of addicted patients, music therapy can become a unique mode of treatment as part of an overall treatment plan, especially in treatment settings where little treatment variability (eg, individual counseling/therapy and group counseling/therapy). Previous research reported that music therapy was beneficial in enabling them to experience positive emotions without the need to substances use. In addition, in the next research has proven that music therapy can create positive emotions so that substance addicts can reduce their dependence on substances. Hopefully this article can be an input for all of us to be able to deal with patients with addictions through music therapy interventions, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46493574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30eCollection Date: 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000233
Dominikus David Biondi Situmorang
{"title":"The COVID-19 Rapid and Swab Tests Takes the Lives of Pregnant Women and Their Babies: Does It Violate Human Rights?","authors":"Dominikus David Biondi Situmorang","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143146/pdf/adt-20-149.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39056137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000231
M. Mobasher, H. Eid, A. Soliman, Hadeel M. El-Hanafi, S. El-Makawi
Introduction: Oxytocin (OT), a known hormone and neurotransmitter, has been lately known to be involved in the drug addiction cycle especially during developing tolerance, in relation to craving and during withdrawal. Objectives: The aimwas to assess serum OT level in patients with active opiate dependency in comparison with abstinent patients and healthy controls, and its relation with craving among patients and abstinent patients. Materials and Methods: A consecutive sample of 30 opiate-dependent patients who fully meet the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for opiate dependence, in addition to 30 patients fulfilling DSM-5 criteria of opiate dependence with at least 6 months of abstinence were assessed regarding serum OT levels, craving levels using immunoassay kit and brief substance craving scale, respectively. They were compared with each other and with a sample of 30 healthy controls matching both groups. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the patient and the control groups in serum OT levels (P<0.05) but not between the other 2 groups, that is, patient versus abstinent and abstinent versus controls. Craving levels showed a statistically significant difference between the patient and the abstinent groups (P<0.001). A negative correlation was found between OT level and craving in the abstinent group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The interaction between serum OT levels and craving should be considered when dealing with opiate-dependent patients as they affect and are affected by opiate dependence.Furtherstudies regardinghowto implement this during patients treatment should be considered.
{"title":"Serum Oxytocin Level Among Male Patients With Opioid Dependence and Its Relation to Craving","authors":"M. Mobasher, H. Eid, A. Soliman, Hadeel M. El-Hanafi, S. El-Makawi","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000231","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Oxytocin (OT), a known hormone and neurotransmitter, has been lately known to be involved in the drug addiction cycle especially during developing tolerance, in relation to craving and during withdrawal. Objectives: The aimwas to assess serum OT level in patients with active opiate dependency in comparison with abstinent patients and healthy controls, and its relation with craving among patients and abstinent patients. Materials and Methods: A consecutive sample of 30 opiate-dependent patients who fully meet the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for opiate dependence, in addition to 30 patients fulfilling DSM-5 criteria of opiate dependence with at least 6 months of abstinence were assessed regarding serum OT levels, craving levels using immunoassay kit and brief substance craving scale, respectively. They were compared with each other and with a sample of 30 healthy controls matching both groups. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the patient and the control groups in serum OT levels (P<0.05) but not between the other 2 groups, that is, patient versus abstinent and abstinent versus controls. Craving levels showed a statistically significant difference between the patient and the abstinent groups (P<0.001). A negative correlation was found between OT level and craving in the abstinent group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The interaction between serum OT levels and craving should be considered when dealing with opiate-dependent patients as they affect and are affected by opiate dependence.Furtherstudies regardinghowto implement this during patients treatment should be considered.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41874488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-23DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000232
F. N. Khalifa, Somaya H. Shaheen, M. Magdi, H. Basyoni
Objectives: Digit ratio (2D:4D ratio), the ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers, is considered a putative biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure relative to estrogen exposure, consequently it has been linked to several behaviors within the personality such as academic performance, nicotine and alcohol misuse, and also with other behaviors. Our aim is to investigate any possible association between 2D:4D ratios and tramadol dependence. Participants and Methods: A group of 99 male patients with tramadol dependence [diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)] were interviewed and their digital ratios were (2D:4D ratios) measured, then the findings were compared with 99 healthy males. Results: Patients with tramadol dependence had lower 2D:4D ratios of their right and left hands when compared with those without tramadol use disorder. There was no significant correlation between 2D:4D ratio and age of patients, age of onset, duration, and amount of tramadol use. Conclusion: These findings suggest that high prenatal exposure to testosterone levels could be associated with tramadol dependence as detected by a lower 2D:4D ratio.
{"title":"Relationship Between Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (as a Biomarker) and Tramadol Dependence","authors":"F. N. Khalifa, Somaya H. Shaheen, M. Magdi, H. Basyoni","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000232","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Digit ratio (2D:4D ratio), the ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers, is considered a putative biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure relative to estrogen exposure, consequently it has been linked to several behaviors within the personality such as academic performance, nicotine and alcohol misuse, and also with other behaviors. Our aim is to investigate any possible association between 2D:4D ratios and tramadol dependence. Participants and Methods: A group of 99 male patients with tramadol dependence [diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)] were interviewed and their digital ratios were (2D:4D ratios) measured, then the findings were compared with 99 healthy males. Results: Patients with tramadol dependence had lower 2D:4D ratios of their right and left hands when compared with those without tramadol use disorder. There was no significant correlation between 2D:4D ratio and age of patients, age of onset, duration, and amount of tramadol use. Conclusion: These findings suggest that high prenatal exposure to testosterone levels could be associated with tramadol dependence as detected by a lower 2D:4D ratio.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47416921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-09DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000229
Daniela Altavilla, Alessandro Acciai, Valentina Deriu, A. Chiera, I. Adornetti, F. Ferretti, Alessia Bassi, Zaida Colonna, V. De Luca, S. Canali
Aim of the present study was to investigate affective and cognitive processes underlying self-narratives of patients with gambling disorder through a verbal language analysis. A semistructured interview was administered to 30 patients with gambling disorder (GD) (24 males and 6 females; mean age: 46.63±9.08) concerning the various thematic areas of their condition: definition of addiction, onset and maintenance of the addiction, relapses, desire, loss of control, control strategies, and treatment. Word usage in the self-narratives was categorized using James Pennebaker’s Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text-analysis software. Specifically, variables analyzed were emotion-related words, the use of pronoun-related words, and tense-related words. The findings showed a higher percentage of negative emotion-related words in the thematic areas of the definition of addiction, maintenance, and loss of control compared with other areas, which may suggest an emotional dysregulation; a higher percentage of first person singular-related words than other person-related words which decreases in the thematic areas of the desire, relapse, and loss of control, which may suggest dissociative phenomena; lastly, a high percentage of present tense-related words, which suggested a static and rigid representation of one’s dependency condition in GD patients and a difficulty to self-project into the future. Overall, the linguistic analysis revealed critical issues in affective and cognitive processes in specific phases of addiction in GD patients which could help guide treatment.
{"title":"Linguistic Analysis of Self-Narratives of Patients With Gambling Disorder","authors":"Daniela Altavilla, Alessandro Acciai, Valentina Deriu, A. Chiera, I. Adornetti, F. Ferretti, Alessia Bassi, Zaida Colonna, V. De Luca, S. Canali","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000229","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of the present study was to investigate affective and cognitive processes underlying self-narratives of patients with gambling disorder through a verbal language analysis. A semistructured interview was administered to 30 patients with gambling disorder (GD) (24 males and 6 females; mean age: 46.63±9.08) concerning the various thematic areas of their condition: definition of addiction, onset and maintenance of the addiction, relapses, desire, loss of control, control strategies, and treatment. Word usage in the self-narratives was categorized using James Pennebaker’s Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text-analysis software. Specifically, variables analyzed were emotion-related words, the use of pronoun-related words, and tense-related words. The findings showed a higher percentage of negative emotion-related words in the thematic areas of the definition of addiction, maintenance, and loss of control compared with other areas, which may suggest an emotional dysregulation; a higher percentage of first person singular-related words than other person-related words which decreases in the thematic areas of the desire, relapse, and loss of control, which may suggest dissociative phenomena; lastly, a high percentage of present tense-related words, which suggested a static and rigid representation of one’s dependency condition in GD patients and a difficulty to self-project into the future. Overall, the linguistic analysis revealed critical issues in affective and cognitive processes in specific phases of addiction in GD patients which could help guide treatment.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45691271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-09DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000227
A. Arria, Brittany A. Bugbee, Joel Mader, Jacqueline M. Smith, K. Winters
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the alcohol and other drug use patterns among adolescents discharged from a unique long-term semiresidential treatment program in Canada; (2) compare graduates and nongraduates on alcohol and other drug use, and 12-step program attendance; and (3) evaluate the relationship between psychosocial outcomes and continuous abstinence during the 2 years following discharge from the program (ie, obtaining education, becoming employed, maintaining a steady relationship with a significant other, and less involvement in deviant behaviors). Materials and Methods: Fifty individuals (41 treatment graduates and 9 treatment nongraduates) were interviewed by telephone after discharge. The time interval between discharge from treatment and study interview ranged from 2 to 9 years, with a median of 5 years. Additional data for 48 participants were obtained from administrative records at the treatment program. Results: Among the overall sample, 50.0% were abstinent for the first 2 years postdischarge, and maintaining abstinence for 2 years was more prevalent among program graduates than nongraduates (58.5% vs. 11.1%). Nearly all relapses involved alcohol or cannabis. With the exception of being in a serious relationship, continuous abstinence was unrelated to other psychosocial variables. Conclusions: This specialized, long-term residential program yielded high continuous abstinence rates for program graduates, but intensive support during and following treatment discharge for these young adults is warranted to improve educational attainment and employment prospects, and decrease deviant behaviors following discharge. Additional research is needed to more fully understand the long-term outcomes of adolescents attending community-based drug treatment programs.
{"title":"Postdischarge Outcomes of Adolescents Attending a Long-term Addiction Treatment Program","authors":"A. Arria, Brittany A. Bugbee, Joel Mader, Jacqueline M. Smith, K. Winters","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000227","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the alcohol and other drug use patterns among adolescents discharged from a unique long-term semiresidential treatment program in Canada; (2) compare graduates and nongraduates on alcohol and other drug use, and 12-step program attendance; and (3) evaluate the relationship between psychosocial outcomes and continuous abstinence during the 2 years following discharge from the program (ie, obtaining education, becoming employed, maintaining a steady relationship with a significant other, and less involvement in deviant behaviors). Materials and Methods: Fifty individuals (41 treatment graduates and 9 treatment nongraduates) were interviewed by telephone after discharge. The time interval between discharge from treatment and study interview ranged from 2 to 9 years, with a median of 5 years. Additional data for 48 participants were obtained from administrative records at the treatment program. Results: Among the overall sample, 50.0% were abstinent for the first 2 years postdischarge, and maintaining abstinence for 2 years was more prevalent among program graduates than nongraduates (58.5% vs. 11.1%). Nearly all relapses involved alcohol or cannabis. With the exception of being in a serious relationship, continuous abstinence was unrelated to other psychosocial variables. Conclusions: This specialized, long-term residential program yielded high continuous abstinence rates for program graduates, but intensive support during and following treatment discharge for these young adults is warranted to improve educational attainment and employment prospects, and decrease deviant behaviors following discharge. Additional research is needed to more fully understand the long-term outcomes of adolescents attending community-based drug treatment programs.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44038466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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