Psychologie Francaise最新文献

Introduction

Lexical development of children with intellectual disability has received poor attention in the scientific literature compared to general language development. PubMed and Scopus databases identify around 13,000 peer-reviewed scientific publications on general language development of people with intellectual disabilities and 20 times fewer results on lexical development.

Discussion

The studies analyzed in this article refer to two distinct fields of research: (1) the comparative study of children with disabilities and neurotypical children's developmental trajectories and (2) the description of the referential content of the lexicon and of the learning process. The first line of research describes the general shape of the lexical acquisition trajectory of children with intellectual disabilities; trajectory marked by a later and less important lexical explosion than the one observed in neurotypical children. It is also marked by the highlighting of the respective influence of mental age and chronological age (or life experience) in lexical development; the first being involved in the development of both the expressive and receptive side of the vocabulary and the second impacting only the receptive side. The second line of research gives elements of explanation for the problem identified in the mastery of complex areas of the lexicon (abstract words or relational vocabulary). These difficulties are often interpreted in terms of a deficit of conceptual knowledge and therefore of access to semantic memory. This line of research also describes the use of lexical constraints and principles in children with intellectual disabilities. The conclusions of these studies highlight abilities to generalize new words to new examples comparable to those observed in neurotypical children. The intersyndromic variability, more particularly the specific lexical profiles of people with trisomy 21 and those with Williams syndrome, crosses the two lines of research and makes it possible to identify what is specific to intellectual disability from what is specific to a particular syndrome. However, many questions still remain unanswered.

Introduction

Adolescents have the highest prevalence and incidence rates of delinquency. Several authors have suggested that the rejection of authority figures in adolescence may explain these rates. Other studies have also found a positive relationship between delinquency and negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives.

Objective

The objective was to make an inventory of the current scientific knowledge concerning the link between contact with the penal actors and the adolescents’ attitude towards the law and its representatives. We also want to identify the mediators of this link.

Method

We conducted a systematic review. Of the 802 articles identified, we selected those involving adolescents and focusing on contact with penal actors (i.e., law enforcement officers, court personnel, lawyers, prison personnel, security personnel, social workers) and on attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Our review finally covers the 46 articles corresponding to our inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

Most studies show that contact with penal actors lead to more negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Longitudinal studies suggest that this relationship is causal : contact with penal actors leads adolescents to have less positive attitudes towards the law and its representatives. However, there seem to be differences according to the type of contact studied.

Conclusion

These results, questioning the penal responses brought to adolescents, will be discussed, both on a theoretical and practical level. Methodological issues will also be addressed.

Biological aging impacts many organs including sensory's ones and the brain, and thus, cognition. Research has shown that the sensory and cognitive decline are positively correlated. The main data from this literature are firstly reviewed in the present article. Then, the four main hypotheses that are generally proposed to explain these associations are presented. According to them, sensory decline is supposed to cause cognitive decline, or vice-versa, or these concomitant changes result from the general alteration of the nervous system. However, none of them seems able to account for all of the existing data. Moreover, the precise mechanisms that may drive these associations remain to be clarified. The rest of the article is then dedicated to the embodied and situated cognition approach as it provides a particularly interesting and adequate framework to account for these links. Indeed, according to this approach, cognitive representations are grounded in their sensorimotor properties. In other words, cognitive functioning is not conceived as detached from sensory functioning, but instead directly dependent of it. Representations are thus thought to emerge from the sensorimotor simulation of the properties involved in these representations. Therefore, sensory decline should directly impact cognitive performance. It is then hypothesized that older adults have low-resolution representations decreasing the signal on noise ratio of traces, increasing sensorimotor interferences and thus decreasing cognitive performance. This approach leads to consider low and high levels of sensory and perceptual functioning, which are both impaired in aging. Therefore, the repercussion of the sensory-perceptual decline is not only valid for present processing, but also extend to all past knowledge. Several predictions are then proposed on (1) the link between high-level perceptual functioning and cognitive functioning in older adults; (2) the possible interaction in young adults between sensory and high-level perceptual functioning as a function of the level of interference of the material involved; (3) the possible link between the motor and cognitive functioning in older adults. The clinical consequences in terms of cognitive stimulation of such a perspective will close the article. It is proposed to develop a stimulation program based on pattern separation mechanism to better process sensory interference in order to train older adults to improve cognitive precision and thus performance.

Introduction

Ikigai, a concept originating in Japan, is related to life purpose and has been found to be involved in many studies related to physical and mental health. It is only very recently that it has started to be used in Western studies, through the Ikigai-9 questionnaire, developed in Japan.

Objectives

The objective of our study is the French validation of the Ikigai-9.

Method and results

An exploratory factor analysis on 170 participants resulted in a three-factor structure of the Ikigai-9: “attitudes toward the future”, “acknowledgement of one's own existence” and “emotions toward life”. A confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample of 1205 participants allows us to switch an item to the appropriate dimension. The internal reliability indices of the three dimensions confirm the French validation of the Ikigai-9.

Conclusion

The French version of the Ikigai-9 allows for larger-scale cross-cultural studies and a better understanding of the concept of Ikigai in Western geographical areas.

Introduction

An extensive literature shows that self-esteem is a variable strongly at stake in social functioning and, in particular, in relationships within the couple. It would thus promote satisfaction, confidence in the esteem of the partner of interaction, social well-being and, in return, personal well-being.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the links between women's and men's self-esteem and several components of their conjugal relationship.

Method

Two-hundred and eight participants (55% women, 45% men) filled out a booklet of questionnaires assessing specific attachment to the spouse, perception of conjugal intimacy, self-esteem, and couple esteem – the latter being an exploratory measure created for this study.

Results

Self-esteem is high for both sexes. It relates positively to attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety strategies independently of the sex of the participants. Similarly, it is positively linked with intimacy and couple esteem scores but only for men.

Conclusion

While self-esteem seems to be linked to different dimensions of couple relationship, these links differ partially depending on the gender of the person. This result is discussed in terms of suggestions for research and consideration in couple therapy. The assessment of couple esteem also shows promise for the study of couple relationships. This measure will need to be further explored to evaluate its relevance.

Objective

This work proposes the investigation of the immediate emotional repercussions of the announcements of the third containment in France. In order to respond to this objective, we are interested in the emotional reactions as they were communicated via the social network Twitter between March 11, 2021 and April 08, 2021.

Method

Among the tweets, 481,601 were retrieved via the rtweet library of R software. An automated emotional lexicon analysis was conducted. The data were processed according to two approaches: (i) one cross-sectionally and (ii) the other one considering longitudinally the dynamic aspect of emotions by studying the content of tweets, day after day.

Results

The impact of the containment announcements is not trivial. If positive emotions can be observed, the impact remains mostly negative and global. Over the whole period considered, the dominant feeling was one of discomfort. It is illustrated by an experience of loneliness, feelings of tension, suffering and/or frustration. Depression and suffering are also predominant in all the tweets. The temporal analyses show that the nature and diversity of emotions vary according to the date on which the tweets were published. The reconfinement announcements are thus mainly associated with hatred but appear to be only transient.

Discussion

The results are discussed with respect to the adaptive functions of emotions.

Conclusion

The analysis of the messages posted on social networks brings us information for a real-time understanding of the emotional reactions related to reconfinement announcements. In addition to examining the type of emotions mobilized, a dynamic reading of them will help to bring out the personal meaning that the confinement may have had.

Introduction

The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was a brutal experience that had a lasting impact on people's daily lives.

Objective

The construction of the social representation of this event was monitored over one year in two sampling phases (March 2020 and March 2021).

Method

The evolution of social representation was carried out using the hierarchical verbal association method and a characterisation questionnaire.

Results

The results obtained highlighted, on one hand, the emergence of a figurative core, which is transformed into a central core by the repetition and pressure of the lockdown episodes. On the other hand, the variability of the social representation of confinement according to social status, employees structure the social representation around isolation whereas students are focused on loneliness.

Conclusion

The effects of lockdown are reflected in the social representation of confinement, showing an impact on mental health, particularly on students.

Introduction

The pandemic linked to Covid-19 has changed the daily habits of the population. In this context, some activities have been favored, sometimes even encouraged, such as the use of video games.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on video game use taking into account the type of passion and personality.

Method

A mixed methodology was used. In addition to the amount of gaming use, the Big Five Inventory was used to assess personality and the Passion Scale to distinguish the type of passion according to the dualistic model. A semi-structured interview made assessed the impact of confinements on gaming use and the gamer's feelings during this period. Among the 137 gamers (mean age 30.26) who completed the self-questionnaires, 10 participated in the semi-structured interview.

Results

Whatever the type of passion, gaming use increased during the lockdown period (in frequency and time). A negative relationship was found between Openness and gaming use during the week before and during the pandemic, as well as with obsessive passion. Qualitative data showed that gaming use emerged as an occupational activity, source of pleasure, escape from negative emotions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and social support.

Conclusion

The use of video games was mentioned by participants as an effective strategy to deal with the difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction

Students are at risk for mental health issues due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation of lockdowns as a means to curb the spread of the disease have had an impact on this population, as observed in many international studies. However, few studies have investigated the longitudinal impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on students’ mental health.

Objective

We explored the relation between individual characteristics of students, context of life, difficulties in emotion regulation and psychological distress over the first two lockdowns in France during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodology

160 university students (90% female, mean of 24 years old) responded to an online questionnaire at three times points: once during the first lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in march 2020, a second time after this lockdown and a third time during the second lockdown. Difficulties in emotion regulation, psychological distress, acute stress, academic concerns, financial resources, and exchanges with professors were measured.

Results

An exploratory structural equations model was developed to investigate the factors related to psychological distress (χ² = 1459.18, df = 1064, CFI = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMR = 0.068). During both lockdowns, psychological distress was explained by academic concerns and lack of emotional clarity and acceptance. An indirect and negative significant relation was identified between financial difficulties, lack of exchanges with professors during the first lockdown, emotion clarity and experienced psychological distress during the second lockdown. Repeated measures ANOVAs identified high levels of acute stress during both lockdowns and a diminution during the deconfinement indicating an impact of sanitary measures on student's mental health.

Conclusion

Coherently with the Bruchon-Sweiser translational model of stress, emotion regulation capacities seem to have a central and moderating role in the experience of the pandemic for students. They would benefit greatly from appropriate therapeutic interventions in this pandemic situation and in general.