Psychologie Francaise最新文献

“Know thyself”. This famous statement, attributed to Socrates, has gone through the centuries. However, this capacity to know and regulate our cognitive activities, called metacognition, is receiving a growing and ongoing interest, notably because of its essential character for learning. To our knowledge, there is no complete and recent synthesis on metacognition, even less in French. This article aims at clarifying its conceptual framework by presenting what we know about its components, its functioning, its characteristics, and its development, according to the most recent scientific results. This theoretical insight reveals the daily importance of our ability to become aware of the cognitive processes involved in reaching optimal management. It leads us to discuss the perspectives applied to the field of education that result from it. We then address the relevance of metacognition in school learning in order to show that it constitutes an interesting approach to the problem of school failure. Based on the available knowledge about existing metacognitive programs, we discuss the need to implement such programs in francophone schools.

This study focuses on the theme of the influence of adolescents on parents, from a transcultural perspective considering the socio-cultural contexts of Belgium and Togo. The research question is: “How do parents experience the influence of their teenagers who is using the psychoactive substances?”. Through an inductive qualitative approach, the study highlighted, not the incidence of this phenomenon, but its existence and meaning, by the method of the interpretative phenomenological analysis. In order to reinforce the validity of the results, triangulations were made: triangulation of data sources (differences and diversity of participant characteristics), environmental triangulation (data collection from indigenous people in Belgium and Togo) and triangulation of investigators (involvement of co-authors at all stages: choice of methods, data collection and analysis). The analysis of the data collected from participants of Belgium brought out the following themes: (1) it is difficult for a parent to set limits on his child who is using the substances, (2) the substance use has benefits as well, (3) massive upset the parents’ emotions, (4) the society doesn’t offer enough protection against marginality, (5) it is necessary to protect oneself from society's accusing gaze. The themes that emerged from the analysis of data from participants of Togo are: (1) I cannot get respect in my own home, (2) exacerbation of parents’ vulnerabilities, (3) beware that society's judgment is humiliating, (4) the chronic disorders have a religious explanation, (5) the relationship with the adolescent is complex and ambivalent. The results of this study thus show that where some participants refer to the difficult character of the adolescent to explain their educational failure, others may suspect, in addition, the intervention of mystical forces. They also suggest that the influence of substance-using teenager has essentially negative meanings and is a powerful factor of the parents’ feelings and their educational practices that must be considered in psychotherapy.

Objective

The objective of this descriptive study was twofold. First, to examine, for the first time, some psychometric properties of the French version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), assessing intimate partner violence (IPV), and second, to explore the gender symmetry in IPV among young female students (n = 1856).

Method

Both versions of the CTS2, the CTS2-Victimization and the CTS2-Perpetration, were administered to a sample of female students (n = 1856).

Results

Our results confirmed the validity of the initial factor structure of the CTS2, and showed the good reliability of its scores. Also, our results revealed that: (a) gender symmetry concerned psychological and physical violence: female students reported perpetrating this violence more than experiencing it, and (b) gender asymmetry concerned sexual violence and violence causing injuries: female students reported experiencing this violence more than perpetrating it.

Conclusion

This research provides an insight into a poorly documented, if not ignored, phenomenon. And the extent of some IPV allows recommending the implementation of awareness campaigns against IPV in high schools and campuses as often as possible.

This study aims to explore the perceptions of giftedness among 24 gifted students aged 6 to 11 from a Quebec School Board. Subject to an exploratory lexical analysis (using ALCESTE software) and a thematic analysis (using NVivo software), the results highlight the inherent plurality of perceptions of giftedness within a group of gifted students. In addition, the intellectual and socioaffective dimensions are at the heart of how these students perceive their status as gifted children/students. Questioning the perceptions of giftedness with this population allows us to consider the reality of these young people in all its diversity but also highlights their particular needs.

Providing a good education for their child is a daily concern for most parents. Some of them end up adopting overprotective behaviors, thinking they are doing well. The objective of this article is to provide a brief literature review on this topic. In the first part of the article, the definition of parental overprotection and its negative implications for children's and adolescents’ development are exposed. Then, the various child and parental factors that may elicit overprotective behaviors are discussed. Finally, in the last part of the article, special attention is devoted to the macro-contextual factors that allow for a better understanding of this form of contemporary parenting. In particular, overprotective parenting may be influenced by societal expectations regarding how to raise children well, the socio-economic situation of the parents and their perception of the world outside.

Objective

This narrative literature review aims to present the studies on the concept of welcome in the field of health. The concept of reception remains difficult to define by healthcare professionals and their beneficiaries. This is a fruitful concept but whose outlines are still poorly defined. This paper aims to identify the intrinsic dimensions of reception?

Method

A narrative synthesizes systematic reviews was conducted using 4 search engines: PubMed, PsychINFO, Cairn and Science Direct. A total of 17 publications was selected.

Results

Seven dimensions of the welcome have emerged: (1) relational approach; (2) singular and iterative process; (3) conditions of the reception; (4) risks of the encounter; (5) personal qualities of healthcare professionals; (6) gestures at the reception; (7) needs of people welcomed. These results highlight the importance of integrating these dimensions within an integrative model.

Conclusion

It appears that reception must be perceived as a complex iterative process enroll in a relational approach. The major issues to the establishment of a sufficiently good welcome are to be perceive in a reflexive attitude for all the protagonists.

Objective

The perinatal period is a maturation phase characterised by the appearance of a radical psychological and identity crisis, little studied by projective methods, in particular the Rorschach inkblot test. The objective of this article is to offer a list of Rorschach norms and indicators adapted to the perinatal population. This is to comprehend the psychological modifications occurring during pregnancy.

Materials and method

The projective Rorschach inkblot test was presented to a representative sample of 54 pregnant primiparous French women. Based on the scoring and analysis methods of the Parisian School, the quantitative norms from the analysis of the psychogram, the chosen cards, and the mentalization indicators were compared to those of the general population.

Results

With the exception of F +% and H%, all the normative data for the perinatal population are significantly different from those related to the general population (p .005). On a qualitative level, the interpretation of the data highlights the presence of major inhibition mechanisms, associated with a preconscious functioning stasis.

Conclusion

The normative data in Rorschach of the perinatal population should be specifically used for the study and psychological support devoted to this population. It also allows a better understanding of the feminine psychologic modifications during pregnancy.

Because handicap is the result of how the environments of a person and his/her disorders interact (Chamak, 2018; Poutoux, 2011), the question of supporting this person with disabilities becomes an unavoidable thematic. This study focusses on the scholarship of pupils with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) whose prevalence amounts to one birth on hundred (APA, 2015 – DSM-5), and especially on a kind of support towards their human environment, the less studied. It deals with the sensitization of the school classmates of a pupil with ASD, aged 14. The pupils’ sensitization allows us to measure the changes in representations and inclusive actions after sensitization. This question seems to be sensitive because too many pupils leaving school aged 15 years old have an ASD . As part of a preliminary study, we submitted two kinds of sensitization (informative vs. interactive) to two groups of neurotypic pupils aged 14 years old (who have a classmate with ASD in their classroom). A survey has been filled before and after the sensitization in order to assess the changes in representation and inclusive actions to engage with their ASD classmate to foster his/her apprenticeship. The pupils who benefitted from the interactive sensitization evolve the most: both in the understanding of the special needs of the ASD classmate and in the supportive actions to help their classmate in the classroom. The pupils who received the informative sensitization evolve only in their representations of the special needs of the ASD classmate. The results, which have yet to be confirmed in larger studies, are discussed in the light of inclusive politics and the needs to assess the different kinds of sensitizations towards the human school environment.

Introduction

Cognitive distortions contribute to the maintenance of inappropriate cognitive schemas and play a role in the emergence of pathologies such as anxiety and depression. We developed the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults in order to identify distortions in individuals’ reasoning. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to study the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults, (2) to identify cognitive distortions associated with anxiety and depression in the general population.

Method

The study involved 916 participants (151 men and 765 women) aged 18 to 85-years. The participants completed the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults. The tool presents 42 mini scenarios with a daily life situation and a proposition concerning a cognitive distortion. Participants must give their degree of agreement (0 to 10) with this one. Seven cognitive distortions are operationalized (dichotomous reasoning, disqualification of one of the poles, arbitrary focusing, omission of the neutral, requalification in the other pole, maximization and minimization). They also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Both scales were available online on the Internet. The total duration of the test was approximately 10 minutes. A group of 35 participants completed the two scale 15 days apart.

Results

The sub-dimensions of EDC-A obtain Cronbach alphas higher than .65 and EDC-A has a coherent factor structure. The scale has good temporal stability. Anxiety is predicted by dichotomous reasoning, disqualification of one of the poles, arbitrary focusing and maximization. Depression is predicted by dichotomous reasoning, arbitrary focusing, omission of the neutral and requalification in the other pole. Anxiety and depression are associated with negative cognitive distortions in reasoning. However, depression is also associated with positive cognitive distortions. Subjects with depression produce more varied cognitive distortions than subjects with anxiety.

Discussion

The Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults shows promising psychometric properties. Further studies will need to be conducted to confirm these results. Anxiety would be related to biased information treatment of negative information, whereas depression would be related to more comprehensive biased information treatment, both negative and positive information. Anxiety would be related to suboptimal functioning of reasoning abilities; depression would be more characterized by a structural deficit of reasoning abilities.

The purpose of this article is to present the adaptation and the validation of the Positivity Scale (Caprara, Alessandri, Eisenberg, Kupfer, Steca, Caprara, & Abela, 2012) through three studies of 840 adults. Positivity, which is a common latent factor between self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction (Alessandri, Caprara, & Tisak, 2012; Caprara, Steca, Alessandri, Abela, & McWhinnie, 2010), is “the tendency to view life and experiences with a positive outlook” (Caprara et al., 2012, p. 701). Confirmatory factor analysis supports the unidimensionality of factor G Positivity, coexisting with two specific factors, optimism and self-esteem. The instrument attest very good reliability and the high level of temporal stability indicate a very good fidelity. The validity was demonstrated by a good convergence with self-esteem, optimism, life satisfaction as well as positive affect and good divergence with negative affect. The study of the discriminant validity establishes that it differs from scales measuring self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction. The study of incremental validity shows that it can contribute significantly, through the effect of three constructs in a single dimension, to the prediction of psychological phenomena. This research provides a valid 7-item scale to measure positivity in French.