Psychologie Francaise最新文献

Introduction

The lockdown decided in France to prevent the spread of Covid-19 has temporarily modified the structure of daily activities. But, daily activities and the intention underlying actions influence well-being.

Objectives

This study explored three variables hypothetically related to well-being under lockdown: the time spent on each activity, the motivation underlying the activity, and a potential moderating effect of time by motivation.

Method

Weekly longitudinal tracking of a selection of activities potentially related to well-being in confined individuals was conducted over four weeks (N = 461, 1213 total observations, April 16–May 20, 2020) and then processed by linear mixed model analyses.

Results

At the activity level, the time spent giving social support, volunteering, physical activity, and meditation were positively associated with well-being. In addition, hedonic, eudemonic, and altruistic motivations were positively related to well-being, whereas extrinsic motivation was negatively related. Motivations were generally more associated to well-being than time spent on activities. Finally, interactions were found between time spent on activities and motivations, particularly with hedonic and altruistic motivations.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the distribution of activity time in confinement and the motivations associated with well-being in such a situation.

Introduction

Professional orchestra musicians frequently suffer from musculoskeletal disorders related to their working conditions. In the spring of 2020, the lockdown and the interruption of their professional activities because of the COVID-19 pandemic could have presented an opportunity for them to recuperate but could also have increased their professional uncertainty and been a source of negative emotions.

Objective

The first objective is to evaluate the evolution of musicians’ musculoskeletal disorders in relation to the interruption of their professional activities due to COVID-19. The second is to examine the impact of professional uncertainty caused by the pandemic on their instrument practice as a function of the emotions it generated.

Method

A questionnaire concerning instrument practice and musculoskeletal disorders was completed by 439 French orchestra musicians in 2019 (period of professional activity). During lockdown (April 2020), a second questionnaire measuring these variables as well as professional uncertainty, emotions, emotional exhaustion, and the lockdown experience was completed by 172 musicians.

Results

Instrument practice and musculoskeletal disorders decreased between the periods of activity and lockdown. Professional uncertainty during lockdown correlated with negative emotions. Emotional exhaustion mediated the relations between uncertainty and the effort perceived when practicing one's instrument on the one hand and the pleasure experienced during practice on the other.

Conclusion

For orchestra musicians in lockdown, uncertainty was related to negative emotions. Playing their instrument required more effort and was not associated with well-being, emphasizing the difficulties regarding the resumption of their professional activity in conditions which would limit the risk of injury.

Introduction

The health crisis that France has experienced since the beginning of 2020 has justified the introduction of new health rules requiring changes in behaviour. The context of the implementation of these health rules, instituted very recently and for a limited period of time, raises the question of their perception and respect among the population.

Objective

Mobilising the social developmental psychology, the objective of this article is to explore inter-individual differences in the perception of these health rules measured through the wearing of masks. It aims also at studying the links between these perceptions with the experience of the health context and the perception of other legal public health rules, apprehended through some road safety rules.

Method

The questionnaire survey, carried out during the second confinement with a representative sample of 4999 people, made it possible to measure the experience of the health context, the internalisation of the rules and their justifications, the usefulness of the rules and the perception of the legal system.

Results

The results show the links between internalisation, the type of arguments used to justify it for wearing a mask and for road rules respectively, as well as the links between internalisation and the perception of the legal system. They also show that women use moral and prudential arguments more to justify their internalisation of rules and that they have internalised the traffic rules (but not the wearing of masks) more than men.

Conclusion

These results show that the perception of the rule of wearing a mask is more related to the general perception that individuals have of the legal system and other legal public health rules involving the relationship with others than to the context in which these rules were put in place.

Introduction

The COVID-19 containment measures had many effects on parents and children (stress, concerns), and the functioning of the whole family has been disrupted (lifestyle, habits, relationships).

Objective

The objective of this work is to highlight the idiosyncratic nature of the experience of confinement, its psychological consequences, and the changes it has induced within families.

Method

Interested in the experiences of parents who had been confined within their families, we conducted interviews with parents and analyzed their discourse using the IPA method. We interviewed five parents (38–44 years old) with at least two children each (3–13 years old). Three of the interviewees were women.

Results

We have identified seven major axes that illustrate the confinement experience of these families: accompanied by extracts from participants’ interviews (verbatims). The subjects lived this experience in confinement as a unique opportunity to spend time with their family and recalibrate what matters to them fundamentally in life.

Conclusion

The experience of confinement has brought changes in the daily lives of these parents as well as in their way of understanding their existence. A form of positive revaluation emanates from their discourse.

In recent years, the interest in the quality of food is getting increasingly widespread in our society. From now on, consumers are paying more attention to food components and are trying to adopt a more environmentally friendly by consuming, for example, products from short circuits. However, this attention to the quality of food can be pathological. The neologism orthorexia nervosa, invented in 1997, describes this obsessive relationship with food. People with orthorexia develop obsessions related to food quality and may develop eating rituals in order to stay “healthy”. Orthorexia nervosa is not yet considered a psychiatric disorder due to a lack of consensus on its definition, but it is associated with impaired somatic, social, professional and/or academic functioning. Indeed, although orthorexia nervosa has been the subject of increasing scientific interest, it remains poorly understood because the main tools used to assess it offer a partial measure of the concept. For example, the “ORTHO” self-questionnaire, which is the most widely used in the scientific literature, assesses an interest in healthy eating rather than psychopathological obsessions. The current data and knowledge on orthorexia nervosa are therefore uncertain, making it difficult to understand this concept. In order to better understand the issues at stake in the assessment of orthorexia nervosa, a critical reading of these tools is proposed in this article. Moreover, a new conceptualization of orthorexia emerged a few years ago. It offers a better understanding of this concept with a healthy side (i.e., healthy orthorexia) and a pathological side (i.e., orthorexia nervosa). In an attempt to clarify the knowledge on orthorexia, the main objective of this critical review of the literature is to present orthorexia nervosa according to its initial conceptualization and its current understanding in accordance with scientific advances. The second objective is to distinguish orthorexia nervosa from anorexia nervosa. The third objective is to highlight the emergence of a growing, and sometimes pathological, interest in healthy eating within the context of societal development. To achieve these objectives, a review of the literature on orthorexia and healthy eating was conducted.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in two periods of confinement during the year 2020 that led to changes in lifestyle patterns. The purpose of our study was to assess the impact of the lockdowns on the quantity (i.e., schedule and time in bed) and quality (i.e., difficulties and parasomnias) of sleep in French college students. During the first and second lockdowns, students were asked to answer an online questionnaire consisting of 23 questions. This questionnaire gathered information on the real and ideal schedules of getting up and going to bed, the time in bed, as well as the parasomnias and difficulties related to sleep (difficulties in falling asleep, waking up, lack of sleep feeling). The results showed that students slept later and spent more time in bed on week-ends than during the week, with these effects being more pronounced during the first confinement than during the second. The majority of students reported poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, early awakening, and a feeling of sleep deprivation. The most common parasomnias were episodes of nightmares and sleepiness. Sleep difficulties and reported parasomnias were greater during the second confinement than during the first. Sleep debt, was still present during the lockdowns. The reported sleep difficulties and parasomnias reflect poor sleep quality, despite the reduction in social constraints. Explanatory hypotheses as well as prevention perspectives regarding sleep hygiene were considered.

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures instituted by the French government to limit the virus spread, such as lockdowns or curfews, have drastically limited the freedoms and changed the way of living among French population. What is the short-term psychological impact of these measures and who are the most emotionally affected in France?

Aim

The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of individual differences to understand difficulties in affective experiences during the lockdown periods by identifying distinctly positive and negative affects and activation level. 2367 French inhabitants completed a set of questionnaires via Qualtrics between March 20 and 30, 2020. The questionnaires assess affects with the MAVA (Measure of Affectivity: Valence/Activation, Congard et al., 2011), life situations and sociodemographic data. Descriptive analysis and multiple regressions were conducted using R software.

Results and conclusion

The results show affect dysregulations (increase in negative affect) during the first week of lockdown. Women are more affected by COVID-19 and the lockdown compared to men. Results also indicate that unemployed participants and people who live in the smallest housing conditions show the most affective dysregulation during the first week of lockdown. Exposure to COVID-risk is the variable that most predicts poor negative affective regulation. During this first week of confinement, knowing someone with COVID-19 or having contracted it oneself is thus a factor of vulnerability in the regulation of affects. We discuss these results and their psychosocial implications.

Introduction

Mandatory for professionals working in collective care facilities with children aged 3 months to 3 years, the wearing of a mask modifies information that is crucial for verbal and non-verbal communication, which is essential for social development.

Objective

An exploratory survey aims to collect the perception of these professionals of the children's reactions to the wearing and removal of the mask.

Method

In mid-December 2020, 586 people recorded 895 observed reactions to the wearing of masks and 793 to their removal in a questionnaire posted on a site dedicated to early childhood professionals.

Results

The content analysis of the discursive corpus indicates that 75% of the observations on the wearing of the mask mainly concern problems in interactional experiences and difficulties in language activities, with 25% indicating no notable reaction in the children. When the mask is removed, more than half of the observations refer to positive effects: improved relational exchanges, better involvement in activities, particularly language activities, positive emotional reactions, etc. The testimonies also evoke an ostensible attentional activity to the (re)discovery of the adult's whole face, negative emotional reactions and sometimes a non identification of the adult.

Conclusion

The majority of professionals perceive difficulties in the areas of language communication and social-emotional interaction. The overall data, although not conclusive due to the inherent limitations of the method used, are consistent with the results of other studies on the effects of wearing a mask on speech and social perception.

Introduction

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the French state implemented containment measures requiring parents to stay at home with their children, while ensuring, in addition to daily tasks and work, their schooling.

Objective

The objective of this publication is to present the modifications of parent-child and spousal relationships during this period and their main sources according to the parents.

Method

An online questionnaire from 28 April 2020 to 29 May 2020 collected data from 490 French families with at least one child from birth to six years old. A content analysis of the discursive corpus was carried out with NVivo software (version 10). Quantitative statistical processing (using STATA software, version 16.1) tested the relationships between socio-demographic variables, as well as those relating to the parents’ experiences, and “strained” and “strengthened” intrafamily relationships.

Results

While for 33.3% of the respondents, family relationships did not change, they became stronger for 42.5% and tense for almost a quarter (24.3%).

Conclusion

Understanding the sources of tension experienced by families of young children during lockdown, as well as what enabled other families to better cope with this situation, may enable measures to be implemented to deal with the consequences of the discomfort generated by the lockdown and to avoid further psychological problems during possible future ones.

Introduction

An impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotions and behaviors of children has been found in several studies. However, this impact is not found in all studies. Attachment could be linked to different reactions and levels of anxiety.

Objective

The main aim of this study was to analyze the links between children's insecure attachment and variables related to anxiety, emotional and behavioral management of children during the pandemic.

Method

Study participants (n = 83 parents and their child aged 6 to 12) completed anonymously online questionnaires assessing attachment insecurity, state-anxiety, coping strategies and emotional regulation. They also answered socio-demographic questions related to their context of life and experience of the pandemic.

Results

State-anxiety is significantly related to children's emotional dysregulation but not to emotion-oriented coping strategy. Significant links were observed between attachment insecurity on the one hand, and children's state-anxiety, emotion-oriented coping strategy and children's emotional dysregulation on the other hand. Emotional dysregulation mediates the link between disorganized attachment and state anxiety.

Conclusion

The links between attachment insecurity and children's state-anxiety on the one hand, and the emotion-oriented coping strategy on the other hand highlight the importance of taking individual and interactional factors into account in children's socio-emotional manifestations during the COVID-19 pandemic.