Psychologie Francaise最新文献

Introduction

Although orthorexia is described as a pathological obsession over healthy food, its nature remains unclear. The results of the majority of studies, mainly using the ORTO-15 measurement scale, remain limited to certain countries and cannot be generalized to every culture. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that body image should be included in the orthorexia research, in addition to eating disorders.

Objective

The aim of this study was to propose a French adaptation of the ORTO-15 measurement scale using the Vallerand's transcultural validation procedure, explore its psychometric properties and the links between orthorexic behvaiour, symptoms of eating disorders and body image.

Method

Four hundred and nine young adults (89% female), aged 18 to 25 years, completed the online version of the following scales: ORTO-15, Dunn et al. criteria (2016), the Eating-Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively) were carried out on two randomly split samples and links between different variables were explored using Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results

The EFA yielded a single-factor 11-items structure explaining 24% of variance. The adjustment indices from the CFA were excellent. The stability of the scale was satisfactory (ICC = 0.71), despite a questionable internal consistency (α = .50). Links with other scales indicated good structural validity.

Conclusion

ORTO-11-Fr presented satisfactory psychometric properties. Further studies are needed for identifying predictors of orthorexia as well as improving its definition and assessment.

Introduction

Relationship satisfaction is one of the most studied constructs in the field of relationship evaluation because of its impact on various aspects of daily life. It is therefore important to have an instrument in French.

Objectives

This study aims to adapt the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and validate its psychometric properties in French from its original version in English.

Method

Two studies were carried out. In the first study, 200 participants responded to the French version of the Relationship Assessment Scale (EER), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the French version (reliability, convergent validity, incremental validity). In the second study confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the factor structure and to examine the gender invariance of the EER through a multi-factorial analysis in a population of 114 adults.

Results

The results show that the psychometric properties of the EER are acceptable and comparable to the original version of the instrument. The EER presents a one dimensional factor structure. The positive correlations between the EER and the different scales tested support good external validity. The multi-group analysis showed that both women and men similarly understand the items and attribute the same meaning to the questions, confirming gender invariance of the EER.

Conclusion

The French version of the EER is a valid and reliable assessment instrument of relationship satisfaction. The clinical and research implications of this scale are discussed.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is estimated to remain chronic and severe for 25–50% of patients despite psychotherapeutic treatment. Part of the reasons is that patients with PTSD can have difficulties in establishing a good therapeutical alliance with the therapist. Moreover, they often fail to re-think the content of the trauma without being overwhelmed by negative emotions and tend to rely on avoidance strategies and/or to abandon the therapy. MDMA (“ecstasy”) is a drug classified as an entactogen (en “within”, tactus “touch”, and gen “produce”), an amphetamine with psychedelic properties that possesses psychopharmacological properties to overcome these issues. Indeed, MDMA triggers the release of oxytocin, which favors the establishment of interpersonal relationship based on kindness and trust. Moreover, MDMA diminishes the activity of the amygdale, allowing patients to work on challenging memories with less fear and anxiety. Finally, MDMA may also provide access to meaningful spiritual experiences, release of tensions and a sense of healing on a non-verbal level that are not completely understood. But are viewed as important by patients. Today, there is no evidence that the use of MDMA in a clinical setting has bad neurologic, psychological or cognitive consequences. Results of phase II trials in the United States and Europe confirm that MDMA favors psychotherapy's outcome without severe adverse effects. Phase III trials are underway. The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has published online a method proposal and trains therapists in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.

Conclusion

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) could approve this therapeutic tool in the coming years.

Studies on attitudes towards refugees in France have only focused on “native” French people. Extending the study beyond the majority group is important, given the multicultural composition of contemporary Western societies. To this end, 144 “native” French and 109 Maghrebi-French were surveyed. We first tested the model whereby the link between national identification and prosocial intentions towards refugees is mediated by the threat perception, with the group of origin as a moderating variable. This model only applies to “native” French. We then took a closer look at the precursors of prosocial intentions among Maghrebi-French (national identity misrecognition , individualistic/collectivistic orientation). Identity misrecognition correlates positively with prosocial intentions. When controlling for other variables, collectivism is the factor that best predicts the expression of these intentions. Overall, our study showed that depending on the group of origin (“natives” vs. Maghrebi-French), we react differently to refugees. However, even if the feeling of identity misrecognition among Maghrebi-French seems to be associated with the expression of prosocial intentions, the extent of its negative consequences should not be overlooked.

The present research aims to evaluate representational and procedural flexibility by comparing the performances of simultaneous bilingual children French-Arabic (n = 28), successive bilingual children Tamil-French (n = 21) and French monolinguals (n = 24) at 5 years old and at 8 years old educated, in public school, in a disadvantaged neighborhood. The paradigm of the man that does not exist (Karmiloff-Smith, 1990) has been proposed to measure the ability to introduce graphic innovation into a familiar production and drawing a man by starting with the foot (Baldy, 2010) was used to evaluate the ability to make an usual pattern in an unusual way. The results show that bilingual children as young as 5 years old produce significantly more inter-categorical innovations than their monolingual peers while in monolingual children this capacity doesn’t appear until 8 years old. In procedural representations, the results are more nuanced. The underlying mechanisms that explain the best performance of bilingual children are discussed.

Background

Setting up a personalised project for any person with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) requires an evaluation of their cognitive skills. Nevertheless an international literature review highlights: a lack of adequate tools for evaluation of the cognitive skills of people with PIMD; the need to create standardised protocols. In 2009, Scelles et al. proposed the P2CJP–Profil de Compétences Cognitives du Jeune Polyhandicapé. This tool was designed for children up to 14 years of age. In 2017, this scale has been revised and extended to the adults, and called ECP (Evaluation-Cognition-PIMD).

Method

To elaborate and validate this tool, a statistical methodology has been combined with a qualitative process close to professionals and parents. The aim was to assess the relevance and the ergonomic of the ECP, the comprehension of items, the facility of use, the guideline and at least the effects regarding the practice.

Results

The qualitative analyse of user backgrounds, at all validation stages, let adapt the ECP as well on the content as on the form. This work reveals the necessity to continue to adapt the ECP through interactions between users and searchers.

Women diagnosed with fibromyalgia face a wide range of challenges impacting multiple aspects of their lives, such as their relationship with their partner. This study aims to examine how women diagnosed with fibromyalgia manage stress in their own couple and to investigate the role of dyadic coping in anxiety and depression symptoms, and in life satisfaction. Seventy-three women diagnosed with fibromyalgia and 73 matched women filled questionnaires to examine dyadic coping, anxiety and depression symptoms, and life satisfaction. Results show that women diagnosed with fibromyalgia perceived themselves and their partner as using more negative dyadic coping, more delegated dyadic coping and less common dyadic coping. Moreover, negative dyadic coping predicted higher anxiety symptoms and poorer life satisfaction. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of dyadic stress management in understanding psychological adjustment better in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia and the need to develop better-adapted interventions to support them effectively.

Introduction

These last years have been marked by an evolution as to how people feed themselves, highlighting a growing interest for vegetarian food. Vegetarianism at large refers to several types of food that are characterized by the partial or total exclusion of animal foods. This study aims at relating various elements associated to vegetarianism, such as eating motives, behaviors, self-perception and others’ perception, in relation with the notion of identity.

Method

Participants were recruited via vegetarian and vegan (for food and for lifestyle) groups on Facebook, once their agreement was obtained. Six interviews were conducted by a clinical psychologist around the notion of being and identity related to food, as well as the food history of the individual and his/her family. The use of retrospective investigation makes possible to establish a continuity between the past and the current eating behavior. These interviews, once manually transcribed, were the subject of a complex semantic analysis via TROPES software (version 8.4).

Results

The results showed a major use of state's and identity's verbs (being, becoming, “I”) and the personal pronoun “we”, referring to a construction of both individual and collective identity around the diet. The commitment to vegetarian/vegan diet has been primarily motivated by ethical concern. And, positive feelings have emerged following the adoption of this type of diet, such as pride, inner purity and a sense of being healthy and holy. Despite the fact that their diet is ethically focused, participants spontaneously addressed the issue of weight and body image.

Discussion/conclusion

Whatever the food's history of participants, identifications to disorders related to body image or identifications to weight categories have preceded the identification to a specific diet. And the following of a vegetarian/vegan diet appears at the base of positive feelings toward oneself and a better self-esteem. So, we can assume that adopting a vegetarian/vegan diet could improve self-perception. Otherwise, the ethical choice mentioned by the participants, may be an acceptable sociable justification to control more or less the fate of their body (inside and outside). More research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of vegetarian/vegan diet, to explore the personality profiles of individuals and their relation to the body.

Although it has largely been studied since the 1970s, it remains controversial to accurately define what the concept of burnout encompasses. Indeed, burnout is not consensually defined and, although some consider that it is a work-related illness, there is no clear diagnostic criteria. This problem is intensified by the fact that some studies present methodological limitations, thus impeding an appropriate characterization of burnout. As a consequence of this lack of agreement, burnout is not acknowledged as a work-related illness, which minimizes the pain of those individuals who are suffering from it. The present paper will review findings that can help to disentangle whether burnout should be considered as a medical diagnosis. Cultural differences concerning the consideration of burnout as a medical condition will be pointed out and the distinctiveness of burnout compared to depression, adjustment disorder or other stress related symptoms will be highlighted. Moreover, we will explain why considering that burnout belongs to broader diagnostic categories implies that the weight of employees’ discomfort mainly relies on personal causes and therefore weakens the role of existing working conditions. This paper will also summarize clinical, psychological and biological evidences for and against the inclusion of burnout as a medical condition, before embedding them in a wider social, political and economic context. More specifically, we will explain why burnout is intimately related to the political and economic situation of a country: when society promotes cost-effectiveness, it increases stress and psychological pressure, which makes a burnout more likely to appear. Furthermore, if burnout is recognized as a work-related disease, the consequences for organizations will be that they will have to pay for additional health care charges. Finally, more effective prevention techniques could be developed, and more appropriate care could be provided to patients, but only if an agreement on diagnostic criteria was obtained and if reliable assessment tools were developed. As long as these issues are not addressed, treatments specifically targeting burnout symptoms will be further delayed although it is a serious clinical condition associated with physical and psychological symptoms impairing patients’ quality of life. In conclusion, we suggest that burnout should be considered as a medical condition despite the economic and political impediments. Nevertheless, up to now, several methodological limitations preclude to reliably establish a pathological cut-off and to delineate burnout from other mental illnesses.