Mohamed El Mderssa, Fouad Malki, Hicham Ikraoun, Younes Abbas, Meysara Elmalki, L. Nassiri, J. Ibijbijen
Organic matter in the soil component best reflects the interactions between the soil, the biosphere, and the atmosphere, because it depends both on the nature of the soil and the bioclimatic environment, which makes it an excellent indicator of the environment (Volkoff et al., 1988). Soil organic matter consists of molecules of different sizes which are more or less associated with each other and produced by the chemical transformation of bio-based substances (miscellaneous plant litter and animal) during humification (Borie, 2011). Organic matter transformations are carried out mainly by the processes of recombination (humification) and degradation (mineralization). The formation of stable products, “humus formation or humification”, consists of recombinations and polymerizations of organic molecules, more or less complex. The biochemical nature of the organic matter brought to the soil determines the humification process (Borie, 2011). Complex humification of genesis mechanisms generates humic substances (Stevenson, 1994; Berthe, 2006), including, humin, humic acids (HA), and fulvic acids (FA), involving a variety of chemical reactions and biological transformation processes. Many factors that influence them include the origin and nature of the organic matter, the microorganisms involved in the decomposition process, and the microfauna as biological factors, as well as some physical parameters like pH, temperature, humidity, and soil aeration (Tahiri et al., 2014). The evolution of humification over time is towards obtaining high molecular weights by increasing condensation. Fulvic acids (FA) are the lightest formed early process, followed by humic acids (HA). Humin is the latest step in humification and has a very high molecular weight (Robert, 2008). Moroccan forest ecosystems, like Mediterranean forests, are composed of heterogeneous species, often clear and with diverse structures. These ecosystems generally meet their own nutrient needs through mineralization and organic matter storage in the soil. Humic substances, naturally present in a diffuse way in these * Stability of organic matter in forest soils of the middle Central Atlas: Extraction by biochemical fractionation
土壤成分中的有机质最能反映土壤、生物圈和大气之间的相互作用，因为它既取决于土壤的性质，也取决于生物气候环境，这使其成为一个很好的环境指标(Volkoff et al.， 1988)。土壤有机质由不同大小的分子组成，这些分子或多或少相互关联，是由腐殖化过程中生物基物质(杂项植物凋落物和动物)的化学转化产生的(Borie, 2011)。有机质转化主要通过重组(腐殖化)和降解(矿化)过程进行。稳定产物的形成，“腐殖质形成或腐殖质化”，由有机分子的重组和聚合组成，或多或少复杂。带入土壤的有机物的生化性质决定了腐殖质化过程(Borie, 2011)。复杂的腐殖质形成机制产生腐殖质物质(Stevenson, 1994;Berthe, 2006)，包括腐植酸(humin)、腐植酸(humic acid, HA)和黄腐酸(fulvic acid, FA)，涉及多种化学反应和生物转化过程。影响它们的因素很多，包括有机物的来源和性质、参与分解过程的微生物、作为生物因素的微动物群，以及一些物理参数，如pH、温度、湿度、土壤通气性等(Tahiri et al.， 2014)。随着时间的推移，腐殖质的进化是通过增加冷凝来获得高分子量。黄腐酸(FA)是最轻形成的早期过程，其次是腐植酸(HA)。腐殖质是腐殖质化的最新产物，具有很高的分子量(Robert, 2008)。摩洛哥森林生态系统与地中海森林一样，由异质物种组成，通常是清晰的，结构多样。这些生态系统通常通过矿化和土壤中的有机质储存来满足自身的营养需求。*中部阿特拉斯森林土壤中有机质的稳定性:生物化学分馏提取
{"title":"Stability of organic matter in forest soils of the middle Central Atlas: Extraction by biochemical fractionation","authors":"Mohamed El Mderssa, Fouad Malki, Hicham Ikraoun, Younes Abbas, Meysara Elmalki, L. Nassiri, J. Ibijbijen","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/169154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/169154","url":null,"abstract":"Organic matter in the soil component best reflects the interactions between the soil, the biosphere, and the atmosphere, because it depends both on the nature of the soil and the bioclimatic environment, which makes it an excellent indicator of the environment (Volkoff et al., 1988). Soil organic matter consists of molecules of different sizes which are more or less associated with each other and produced by the chemical transformation of bio-based substances (miscellaneous plant litter and animal) during humification (Borie, 2011). Organic matter transformations are carried out mainly by the processes of recombination (humification) and degradation (mineralization). The formation of stable products, “humus formation or humification”, consists of recombinations and polymerizations of organic molecules, more or less complex. The biochemical nature of the organic matter brought to the soil determines the humification process (Borie, 2011). Complex humification of genesis mechanisms generates humic substances (Stevenson, 1994; Berthe, 2006), including, humin, humic acids (HA), and fulvic acids (FA), involving a variety of chemical reactions and biological transformation processes. Many factors that influence them include the origin and nature of the organic matter, the microorganisms involved in the decomposition process, and the microfauna as biological factors, as well as some physical parameters like pH, temperature, humidity, and soil aeration (Tahiri et al., 2014). The evolution of humification over time is towards obtaining high molecular weights by increasing condensation. Fulvic acids (FA) are the lightest formed early process, followed by humic acids (HA). Humin is the latest step in humification and has a very high molecular weight (Robert, 2008). Moroccan forest ecosystems, like Mediterranean forests, are composed of heterogeneous species, often clear and with diverse structures. These ecosystems generally meet their own nutrient needs through mineralization and organic matter storage in the soil. Humic substances, naturally present in a diffuse way in these * Stability of organic matter in forest soils of the middle Central Atlas: Extraction by biochemical fractionation","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76058693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dradrach, Natalia Jędroszka, Katarzyna Szopka, Daniel Pruchniewicz, A. Karczewska
Phytotoxic effects caused by soil contaminants depend both on their total concentrations and also on their forms, in particular those that can be easily released into soil pore water. The contaminants introduced into soil in water soluble forms undergo various transformations referred to as “ageing” which causes reduction of their solubility and toxicity. In this study, we examined the dynamics of such changes under controlled conditions in an incubation experiment. Two relatively light soils, differing in texture (loamy sand and sandy loam), and brought to three various pH ranges, were spiked with water solution of sodium arsenate to obtain different soil concentrations of As, up to 1000 mg·kg –1 . The soils were incubated at constant moisture (80% of water holding capacity) for three months. The changes in water extractability of As over time were examined. The phytotoxicity of As was assessed based on the reduction of germination, using the seeds of two different plant species: white mustard and red fescue. We found that the process of As immobilization in light mineral soils, poor in organic matter, proceeded quickly, and the concentrations of water-soluble As in these soils dropped signi fi cantly within one week. The dynamics of those changes depended on soil properties and pH, and As immobilization was most e ffi cient under acidic conditions. There were no signi fi cant differences between the toxicity of As to both plant species examined, as measured in the germination test. The effective concentration of soluble As in soil, resulting in a 50% reduction in the number of germinated seeds, was assessed at about 100 mg·kg –1 . The results provide a reference base for further experiments with spiked soils, and will be used in examination of As binding mechanisms in soils.
{"title":"The effects of ageing process on the release of arsenic into soil pore water and related phytotoxicity assessed based on seed germination","authors":"A. Dradrach, Natalia Jędroszka, Katarzyna Szopka, Daniel Pruchniewicz, A. Karczewska","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/169158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/169158","url":null,"abstract":"Phytotoxic effects caused by soil contaminants depend both on their total concentrations and also on their forms, in particular those that can be easily released into soil pore water. The contaminants introduced into soil in water soluble forms undergo various transformations referred to as “ageing” which causes reduction of their solubility and toxicity. In this study, we examined the dynamics of such changes under controlled conditions in an incubation experiment. Two relatively light soils, differing in texture (loamy sand and sandy loam), and brought to three various pH ranges, were spiked with water solution of sodium arsenate to obtain different soil concentrations of As, up to 1000 mg·kg –1 . The soils were incubated at constant moisture (80% of water holding capacity) for three months. The changes in water extractability of As over time were examined. The phytotoxicity of As was assessed based on the reduction of germination, using the seeds of two different plant species: white mustard and red fescue. We found that the process of As immobilization in light mineral soils, poor in organic matter, proceeded quickly, and the concentrations of water-soluble As in these soils dropped signi fi cantly within one week. The dynamics of those changes depended on soil properties and pH, and As immobilization was most e ffi cient under acidic conditions. There were no signi fi cant differences between the toxicity of As to both plant species examined, as measured in the germination test. The effective concentration of soluble As in soil, resulting in a 50% reduction in the number of germinated seeds, was assessed at about 100 mg·kg –1 . The results provide a reference base for further experiments with spiked soils, and will be used in examination of As binding mechanisms in soils.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89030536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A reliable overview of the spatial distribution of soil properties is a straightforward approach in soil policies and decision-making. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content, SOC stock and bulk density (BD) directly affect soil quality and fertility. Therefore, an accurate assessment of these crucial soil parameters is required. To do this, we used machine learning algorithms (MLAs) including, multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), arti fi cial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) with the help of environmental covariates to predict SOC content, BD, and SOC stock. The study was conducted in two different areas, Látókép and Westsik (East Hungary), both experimental research fi elds but different from physio geographic points of view. Thirty topsoils (0–10 cm) samples were collected for each study area using conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling strategy. Environmental covariates were extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite images based on the representation of soil forming factors. We validated the results by randomly splitting the dataset into a train (two-third) and test (one-third) and calculated the root mean square error and R 2 . Our results showed that RF provided the most accurate spatial prediction with R 2 of about 80% for each soil property in both study areas. This study highlighted the importance of terrain attributes (including plan and pro fi le curvature, elevation and valley depth) and NDVI derived from satellite images in presenting a spatial distribution of selected soil properties in two different areas. We conclude that comparing these methods can help to determine the most accurate maps under diverse geographical conditions and heterogeneities at different scales, which can be used in precision soil quality management.
{"title":"Applicability of machine learning models for predicting soil organic carbon content and bulk density under different soil conditions","authors":"Fatemeh Hateffard, Gábor Szatmári, T. Novák","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/165879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/165879","url":null,"abstract":"A reliable overview of the spatial distribution of soil properties is a straightforward approach in soil policies and decision-making. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content, SOC stock and bulk density (BD) directly affect soil quality and fertility. Therefore, an accurate assessment of these crucial soil parameters is required. To do this, we used machine learning algorithms (MLAs) including, multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), arti fi cial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) with the help of environmental covariates to predict SOC content, BD, and SOC stock. The study was conducted in two different areas, Látókép and Westsik (East Hungary), both experimental research fi elds but different from physio geographic points of view. Thirty topsoils (0–10 cm) samples were collected for each study area using conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling strategy. Environmental covariates were extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite images based on the representation of soil forming factors. We validated the results by randomly splitting the dataset into a train (two-third) and test (one-third) and calculated the root mean square error and R 2 . Our results showed that RF provided the most accurate spatial prediction with R 2 of about 80% for each soil property in both study areas. This study highlighted the importance of terrain attributes (including plan and pro fi le curvature, elevation and valley depth) and NDVI derived from satellite images in presenting a spatial distribution of selected soil properties in two different areas. We conclude that comparing these methods can help to determine the most accurate maps under diverse geographical conditions and heterogeneities at different scales, which can be used in precision soil quality management.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74739886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was (1) the assessment of soil pollution with trace elements along a high-tra ffi c transport route, (2) determination of the content of trace elements in leaves of roadside trees, and (3) comparison of the usefulness of aqua regia with 1 mol dm –3 HCl and 0.01 mol dm –3 CaCl 2 for extraction of phytoavailable forms of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn from urban soil. The analysis covered contents of trace elements in soil and tree leaves along one of the main transport routes in Warsaw. The analysis of total contents of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) showed no exceedance of values acceptable for these elements in soil. The analysed tree species were characterised by variable ability to absorb trace elements. Usually White birch ( Betula pendula Roth) accumulated the highest amounts of the studied elements (especially Zn), and Swedish whitebeam ( Sorbus inter-media ) the lowest. The correlation between analysed trace elements concentration in tree leaves and soil suggests that the assessment of these metals pollution of soils is more e ffi cient by means of 1 mol dm –3 HCl than determination of total forms. It was also evidenced that trees can be used for the assessment of the state of pollution of the environment with trace elements.
{"title":"Accumulation of selected trace elements in soil and roadside trees – case study","authors":"M. Fidos, B. Rutkowska","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/163082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/163082","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was (1) the assessment of soil pollution with trace elements along a high-tra ffi c transport route, (2) determination of the content of trace elements in leaves of roadside trees, and (3) comparison of the usefulness of aqua regia with 1 mol dm –3 HCl and 0.01 mol dm –3 CaCl 2 for extraction of phytoavailable forms of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn from urban soil. The analysis covered contents of trace elements in soil and tree leaves along one of the main transport routes in Warsaw. The analysis of total contents of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) showed no exceedance of values acceptable for these elements in soil. The analysed tree species were characterised by variable ability to absorb trace elements. Usually White birch ( Betula pendula Roth) accumulated the highest amounts of the studied elements (especially Zn), and Swedish whitebeam ( Sorbus inter-media ) the lowest. The correlation between analysed trace elements concentration in tree leaves and soil suggests that the assessment of these metals pollution of soils is more e ffi cient by means of 1 mol dm –3 HCl than determination of total forms. It was also evidenced that trees can be used for the assessment of the state of pollution of the environment with trace elements.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80553554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Diego Duque Zapata, Jaime Eduardo Muñoz Flórez, D. Lopez Alvarez
{"title":"Metagenomics approaches to understanding soil health in environmental research - a review","authors":"Juan Diego Duque Zapata, Jaime Eduardo Muñoz Flórez, D. Lopez Alvarez","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/163080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/163080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75393993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Wicharuck, Nuttapon Khongdee, Nipon Mawan, K. Stahr
Soil erosion is a severe risk on the sloping agricultural land due to improper managements. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the dynamics of soil loss and runoff under different land use types in order to fi nd the best soil erosion control for sustainable land use planning. A fi eld trial was conducted in Bor Krai village, Mea Hong Son Province, North-Western Thai Highlands during 2008–2009. Four land use types were selected for comparative measurement, including i) 4-year-fal-low land (FaL), ii) mixed orchard (MixO), iii) maize (M) and iv) upland rice (UR). Surface runoff (SR) and soil loss (SL) were monitored after each effective rainstorm using modi fi ed Gerlach troughs (GT). The GT was made of a bamboo and linked to a 50-litre container by a rubber hose. The size of GTs was 0.5–0.7 m long and 0.1–0.2 m diameter. The GTs were installed perpendicular to the contour line at the lower part of each land use. The results showed that, during the 2-yr, monoculture with inappropriate soil water conservation caused the fi rst average highest values of SR and SL (SR=299 m 3 ha –1 ) and (SL=3.4 t ha –1 ) while FaL yielded the lowest SR (41 m 3 ha –1 ) and SL (0.01 t ha –1 ) amounts. Moreover, further study is required for long-term prediction to estimate annual soil loss under different land use types.
由于管理不善，水土流失是坡耕地面临的严重风险。本研究旨在评价和比较不同土地利用类型下土壤流失和径流的动态变化，为可持续土地利用规划寻找最佳的土壤侵蚀控制方案。2008-2009年期间在泰国高地西北部Mea Hong Son省的Bor Krai村进行了实地试验。选择4种土地利用类型进行对比测量，分别为:1)4年荒地(FaL)、2)混合果园(MixO)、3)玉米(M)和4)旱稻(UR)。利用模拟Gerlach槽(GT)监测每次有效暴雨后的地表径流(SR)和土壤流失量(SL)。GT由竹子制成，通过一根橡胶管与一个50升的容器相连。GTs的尺寸为0.5-0.7 m长，0.1-0.2 m直径。在每个土地用途的下部垂直于等高线安装GTs。结果表明:2年期间，水土保持不合理的单作导致土壤的SR和SL平均最高(SR=299 m 3 ha -1)和(SL=3.4 tha -1)，而放养导致土壤的SR和SL最低(41 m 3 ha -1)和SL (0.01 tha -1)。此外，对不同土地利用类型下的年土壤流失量进行长期预测还需进一步研究。
{"title":"Soil erosion assessment under different land use types using modified Gerlach trough in North-Western Thailand Highland","authors":"S. Wicharuck, Nuttapon Khongdee, Nipon Mawan, K. Stahr","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/163079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/163079","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a severe risk on the sloping agricultural land due to improper managements. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the dynamics of soil loss and runoff under different land use types in order to fi nd the best soil erosion control for sustainable land use planning. A fi eld trial was conducted in Bor Krai village, Mea Hong Son Province, North-Western Thai Highlands during 2008–2009. Four land use types were selected for comparative measurement, including i) 4-year-fal-low land (FaL), ii) mixed orchard (MixO), iii) maize (M) and iv) upland rice (UR). Surface runoff (SR) and soil loss (SL) were monitored after each effective rainstorm using modi fi ed Gerlach troughs (GT). The GT was made of a bamboo and linked to a 50-litre container by a rubber hose. The size of GTs was 0.5–0.7 m long and 0.1–0.2 m diameter. The GTs were installed perpendicular to the contour line at the lower part of each land use. The results showed that, during the 2-yr, monoculture with inappropriate soil water conservation caused the fi rst average highest values of SR and SL (SR=299 m 3 ha –1 ) and (SL=3.4 t ha –1 ) while FaL yielded the lowest SR (41 m 3 ha –1 ) and SL (0.01 t ha –1 ) amounts. Moreover, further study is required for long-term prediction to estimate annual soil loss under different land use types.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78409823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study objective was the assessment of the effect of anthills on changes in the physico-chemical properties in sandy soil. The research covered two sites (an anthill and a control object) in the Idzbark village in the Stare Jab ł onki Forest District, N Poland. Soil samples were collected from the edges of an anthill (from the northern, southern, eastern, and western side)
{"title":"Effect of anthills on changes in the physico-chemical properties in sandy soil","authors":"Daria Urbańczyk, W. Szulc","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/162336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/162336","url":null,"abstract":"The study objective was the assessment of the effect of anthills on changes in the physico-chemical properties in sandy soil. The research covered two sites (an anthill and a control object) in the Idzbark village in the Stare Jab ł onki Forest District, N Poland. Soil samples were collected from the edges of an anthill (from the northern, southern, eastern, and western side)","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85968346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdelhakim Lahjouj, A. El Hmaidi, Boufala M'hamed, Bouhafa Karima
In this study, we used HYDRUS-1D software to simulate soil water and nitrate (NO 3 -N) transport in a rainfed wheat fi eld under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer scenarios (0 to 126 kg ha –1 ) in Mo-rocco. We used inverse modeling to calibrate the input parameters involved in the simulation. The comparison between simulated and measured soil water (SWC) and NO 3 -N contents at different soil layers was carried out using the index of agreement ( d ), determination coe ffi cient ( R 2 ), RMSE , and MAE . By considering the soil pro fi le (0–100 cm), acceptable SWC simulation accuracies were obtained for the calibration and validation steps ( d =0.88–0.94, R 2 =0.67 to 0.80, RMSE =0.034–0.051 cm 3 cm –3 , and MAE =0.024–0.038 cm 3 cm –3 ), while NO 3 -N simulation was less accurate ( d =0.49–0.82, R 2 =0.20–0.58, RMSE =0.015–0.068 mg cm –3 , and MAE =0.012–0.046 mg cm –3 ). In addition, the observed NO 3 -N contents showed a lack of signi fi cant differences in the root zone (20–100 cm) between N fertilizer rates (p>0.05), which was consistent with the lack of N fertilizer effects on simulated NO 3 -N leaching below the soil pro fi le by HYDRUS-1D. The NO 3 -N leached amount accounted for 25 kg ha –1 and was derived mainly from the initial soil N contents. The simulated N balance of the soil pro fi le revealed that volatilization and denitri fi cation were the major pathways of N fertilizer loss, accounting for about 3.8 and 51.7% of the N fertilizer rates, respectively. We suggest further studies to improve the simulation accuracies of HYDRUS-1D using su ffi cient calibration data from long-term wheat experiments to ensure effective N fertilization management in the study area.
本研究采用HYDRUS-1D软件模拟Mo-rocco不同氮肥方案(0 ~ 126 kg ha -1)下旱作麦田土壤水分和硝态氮(NO 3 -N)的运移。我们使用逆建模来校准仿真中涉及的输入参数。采用一致性指数(d)、测定系数(r2)、RMSE和MAE对不同土层土壤水分(SWC)和NO 3 -N含量的模拟值与实测值进行比较。考虑土壤剖面(0 ~ 100 cm)，校准和验证步骤的SWC模拟精度可接受(d =0.88 ~ 0.94, r2 =0.67 ~ 0.80, RMSE =0.034 ~ 0.051 cm ~ 3 cm ~ 3, MAE =0.024 ~ 0.038 cm ~ 3 cm ~ 3)，而no3 -N模拟精度较低(d =0.49 ~ 0.82, r2 =0.20 ~ 0.58, RMSE =0.015 ~ 0.068 mg cm ~ 3, MAE =0.012 ~ 0.046 mg cm ~ 3)。此外，在根区(20 ~ 100 cm)不同施氮量间no3 -N含量无显著差异(p>0.05)，这与HYDRUS-1D模拟土壤剖面下no3 -N淋溶过程中无施氮效应一致。硝态氮的淋滤量为25 kg ha -1，主要来源于土壤初始氮含量。土壤氮素平衡模拟结果表明，挥发和反硝化是氮肥损失的主要途径，分别占氮肥损失率的3.8%和51.7%。建议进一步研究利用长期小麦试验数据，提高HYDRUS-1D的模拟精度，确保研究区氮肥的有效管理。
{"title":"Simulation of soil water and nitrate transport in wheat field under various nitrogen fertilizer rates and rainfed conditions using HYDRUS-1D","authors":"Abdelhakim Lahjouj, A. El Hmaidi, Boufala M'hamed, Bouhafa Karima","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/161944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/161944","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used HYDRUS-1D software to simulate soil water and nitrate (NO 3 -N) transport in a rainfed wheat fi eld under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer scenarios (0 to 126 kg ha –1 ) in Mo-rocco. We used inverse modeling to calibrate the input parameters involved in the simulation. The comparison between simulated and measured soil water (SWC) and NO 3 -N contents at different soil layers was carried out using the index of agreement ( d ), determination coe ffi cient ( R 2 ), RMSE , and MAE . By considering the soil pro fi le (0–100 cm), acceptable SWC simulation accuracies were obtained for the calibration and validation steps ( d =0.88–0.94, R 2 =0.67 to 0.80, RMSE =0.034–0.051 cm 3 cm –3 , and MAE =0.024–0.038 cm 3 cm –3 ), while NO 3 -N simulation was less accurate ( d =0.49–0.82, R 2 =0.20–0.58, RMSE =0.015–0.068 mg cm –3 , and MAE =0.012–0.046 mg cm –3 ). In addition, the observed NO 3 -N contents showed a lack of signi fi cant differences in the root zone (20–100 cm) between N fertilizer rates (p>0.05), which was consistent with the lack of N fertilizer effects on simulated NO 3 -N leaching below the soil pro fi le by HYDRUS-1D. The NO 3 -N leached amount accounted for 25 kg ha –1 and was derived mainly from the initial soil N contents. The simulated N balance of the soil pro fi le revealed that volatilization and denitri fi cation were the major pathways of N fertilizer loss, accounting for about 3.8 and 51.7% of the N fertilizer rates, respectively. We suggest further studies to improve the simulation accuracies of HYDRUS-1D using su ffi cient calibration data from long-term wheat experiments to ensure effective N fertilization management in the study area.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77424663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term agricultural experiments allow for the determination of the in fl uence of agricultural practices on soil properties. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of 96-year-old fertilization (NPK mineral fertilization and farmyard manure (FYM) use) on selected physical and chemical soil properties. The research was carried out in an experimental fi eld in Skierniewice, central Poland, where the experiments have been conducted since 1923. Seven soil pro fi les (Reti-sols or Luvisols) were studied. Long-term fertilization caused various changes in the chemical properties of the studied soil (pH, the content of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total sulphur (TS); exchangeable acidity (EA), total potential acidity (hydrolytic acidity) (TPA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), the total exchangeable bases (TEB), base saturation (BS)). The effect of long-term fertilization is most evident in the topsoil (the Ap horizon). The NPK fertilization led to acidi fi cation which was expressed by the decrease of soil pH (down to the value of 5.1), as well as the increase of EA, TPA, and exchangeable Al. Long-term high-dose FYM application (40 t and 60 t ha –1 per year) led to the stabilization of soil pH to a level of 6.2–6.5 throughout the soil pro fi le (down to 120 cm). The use of a combination of NPK fertilization and FYM application led to acidi fi - cation of the topsoil similar to the soil in which NPK fertilizers were applied alone. Long-term FYM application led to the increase in TOC, TN, and TS concentrations in the Ap horizons of the studied soils. Long-term use of NPK fertilizers had no signi fi cant effect on soil CEC, however long-term use of FYM increased the CEC in the Ap horizon of soils. An overall positive effect has been con fi rmed in the use of high doses of FYM (40 t and 60 t ha –1 per year), which improves the chemical properties (soil pH, TOC, TN, and TS content, as well as CEC) of the soil compared to the control plot and plots with NPK fertilization alone. These fi ndings were con fi rmed by PCCA analysis.
长期农业试验可以确定农业实践对土壤性质的影响。本研究的目的是确定96年施肥(氮磷钾矿肥和农家肥)对土壤理化性质的影响。这项研究是在波兰中部斯基尔尼维采的一个试验田进行的，自1923年以来一直在那里进行实验。研究了7种土壤亲性物质(红壤壤和露壤壤)。长期施肥对土壤化学性质(pH、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总硫(TS)含量)产生了不同程度的影响;交换酸度(EA)、总电位酸度(水解酸度)(TPA)、阳离子交换容量(CEC)、总交换碱(TEB)、碱饱和度(BS))。长期施肥的效果在表层土壤(Ap层)最为明显。施用氮磷钾导致土壤酸化，表现为土壤pH降低(降至5.1)，EA、TPA和交换性Al增加。长期高剂量施用(每年40 t和60 t ha -1)导致土壤pH在整个土壤剖面(低至120 cm)稳定在6.2-6.5的水平。氮磷钾和化肥混合施用导致表土酸化，与单独施用氮磷钾的土壤类似。长期施用FYM导致研究土壤Ap层TOC、TN和TS浓度升高。长期施用氮磷钾对土壤CEC影响不显著，而长期施用FYM可提高土壤Ap层的CEC。使用高剂量的FYM(每年40 t和60 t / h -1)总体上具有积极作用，与对照区和单独施用氮磷钾的区相比，它改善了土壤的化学性质(土壤pH、TOC、TN和TS含量以及CEC)。这些发现被PCCA分析证实。
{"title":"Influence of 96 years of mineral and organic fertilization on selected soil properties: a case study from long-term field experiments in Skierniewice, central Poland","authors":"Q. Hoang","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/161945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/161945","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term agricultural experiments allow for the determination of the in fl uence of agricultural practices on soil properties. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of 96-year-old fertilization (NPK mineral fertilization and farmyard manure (FYM) use) on selected physical and chemical soil properties. The research was carried out in an experimental fi eld in Skierniewice, central Poland, where the experiments have been conducted since 1923. Seven soil pro fi les (Reti-sols or Luvisols) were studied. Long-term fertilization caused various changes in the chemical properties of the studied soil (pH, the content of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total sulphur (TS); exchangeable acidity (EA), total potential acidity (hydrolytic acidity) (TPA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), the total exchangeable bases (TEB), base saturation (BS)). The effect of long-term fertilization is most evident in the topsoil (the Ap horizon). The NPK fertilization led to acidi fi cation which was expressed by the decrease of soil pH (down to the value of 5.1), as well as the increase of EA, TPA, and exchangeable Al. Long-term high-dose FYM application (40 t and 60 t ha –1 per year) led to the stabilization of soil pH to a level of 6.2–6.5 throughout the soil pro fi le (down to 120 cm). The use of a combination of NPK fertilization and FYM application led to acidi fi - cation of the topsoil similar to the soil in which NPK fertilizers were applied alone. Long-term FYM application led to the increase in TOC, TN, and TS concentrations in the Ap horizons of the studied soils. Long-term use of NPK fertilizers had no signi fi cant effect on soil CEC, however long-term use of FYM increased the CEC in the Ap horizon of soils. An overall positive effect has been con fi rmed in the use of high doses of FYM (40 t and 60 t ha –1 per year), which improves the chemical properties (soil pH, TOC, TN, and TS content, as well as CEC) of the soil compared to the control plot and plots with NPK fertilization alone. These fi ndings were con fi rmed by PCCA analysis.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75304159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Application of amino acids to soils is reportedly associated with controversial responses in soil enzyme activities. The effects of L-arginine application on the fl uorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and protease activity in an oak forest soil was investigated. The FDA hydrolysis and protease activity were regularly measured over a standard incubation period. The addition of L-arginine increased both FDA hydrolysis and protease activity after a lag time of 10 days. After 30 days, the ratio of FDA hydrolysis and protease activity in L-arginine-amended soil samples to those in the control reached 2.0 and 3.7, respectively. Moreover, FDA hydrolysis was found signi fi cantly (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) correlated with protease activity. It was concluded that L-arginine was able to stimulate FDA hydrolysis and protease activity, thereby making the soil hydrolytic system capable of facing more complicated substrates.
{"title":"L-arginine application triggered soil hydrolytic activity","authors":"Sajedeh Khosrozadeh, F. Nourbakhsh","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/161147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/161147","url":null,"abstract":"Application of amino acids to soils is reportedly associated with controversial responses in soil enzyme activities. The effects of L-arginine application on the fl uorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and protease activity in an oak forest soil was investigated. The FDA hydrolysis and protease activity were regularly measured over a standard incubation period. The addition of L-arginine increased both FDA hydrolysis and protease activity after a lag time of 10 days. After 30 days, the ratio of FDA hydrolysis and protease activity in L-arginine-amended soil samples to those in the control reached 2.0 and 3.7, respectively. Moreover, FDA hydrolysis was found signi fi cantly (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) correlated with protease activity. It was concluded that L-arginine was able to stimulate FDA hydrolysis and protease activity, thereby making the soil hydrolytic system capable of facing more complicated substrates.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90383886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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