In this paper, I summarize research regarding known issues with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) software design and subsequent implementation. I consider the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' cash incentive for EMR adoption, and the "meaningful use" criteria that mediate that incentive (Table 1). Based on this research and my own small-scale study of real time EMR use, I outline the ways that the same problems had by EMR usability researchers are also had by actual EMR users, themselves. Specifically, questions about how to account for both embodied and cognitive effects, how to discern noise from useful information, and how to make useful what is available are all concerns shared by both care providers using EMRs and those who study EMR usability. As a result, I propose that communication design researchers design usability studies that use Mol et al's [9] construct of "care" (as a practice) as the gold standard for "meaningful use." That is, meaningful use of EMR software ought to be articulated less in terms of task-oriented record-keeping practices and the time it takes to accomplish them, but in terms of Mol et al's three components of good care: embodied practices, attuned attentiveness, and adaptive tinkering.
{"title":"Investigating usability and \"meaningful use\" of electronic medical records","authors":"Christa Teston","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379101","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I summarize research regarding known issues with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) software design and subsequent implementation. I consider the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' cash incentive for EMR adoption, and the \"meaningful use\" criteria that mediate that incentive (Table 1). Based on this research and my own small-scale study of real time EMR use, I outline the ways that the same problems had by EMR usability researchers are also had by actual EMR users, themselves. Specifically, questions about how to account for both embodied and cognitive effects, how to discern noise from useful information, and how to make useful what is available are all concerns shared by both care providers using EMRs and those who study EMR usability. As a result, I propose that communication design researchers design usability studies that use Mol et al's [9] construct of \"care\" (as a practice) as the gold standard for \"meaningful use.\" That is, meaningful use of EMR software ought to be articulated less in terms of task-oriented record-keeping practices and the time it takes to accomplish them, but in terms of Mol et al's three components of good care: embodied practices, attuned attentiveness, and adaptive tinkering.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"6 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133913856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital backchannels have become an increasingly important field of study for researchers investigating educational technologies. We designed and deployed one such backchannel integrated with a public display -- ClassCommons -- in a 15-week field study that took place in a university classroom. We extracted and analyzed the communication patterns that emerged in the use of ClassCommons. In this paper, we use these data to address the following research questions: how do students appropriate public digital backchannels in classrooms, what communication patterns are typical in classroom digital public backchannels, how if at all do students' participation in the digital public backchannels evolve over an extended period of time and what are the characteristics of the messages that get more responses from other students?
{"title":"Communication patterns for a classroom public digital backchannel","authors":"Honglu Du, M. Rosson, John Millar Carroll","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379081","url":null,"abstract":"Digital backchannels have become an increasingly important field of study for researchers investigating educational technologies. We designed and deployed one such backchannel integrated with a public display -- ClassCommons -- in a 15-week field study that took place in a university classroom. We extracted and analyzed the communication patterns that emerged in the use of ClassCommons. In this paper, we use these data to address the following research questions: how do students appropriate public digital backchannels in classrooms, what communication patterns are typical in classroom digital public backchannels, how if at all do students' participation in the digital public backchannels evolve over an extended period of time and what are the characteristics of the messages that get more responses from other students?","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131562273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benedikt Schmidt, Sebastian Döweling, M. Mühlhäuser
Interaction histories have been identified as a promising direction to support information workers in the execution of their work processes. However, to increase the workers' awareness about the structure of their work and to help them with the execution of their work processes, a suitable visualization is necessary. Up to now, interaction histories have typically been visualized with the classical Gantt, bar or line charts, neglecting the information contained in links between the individual items in an interaction history. Moreover, clear and empirically grounded guidance for the choice of the visualization is currently lacking. We present two graph-based visualizations for interaction histories and evaluate them against the classical visualizations in a controlled experiment. From the results, we derive a set of recommendations for the visualizations best suited for the different tasks within information workers' work processes.
{"title":"Interaction history visualization","authors":"Benedikt Schmidt, Sebastian Döweling, M. Mühlhäuser","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379107","url":null,"abstract":"Interaction histories have been identified as a promising direction to support information workers in the execution of their work processes. However, to increase the workers' awareness about the structure of their work and to help them with the execution of their work processes, a suitable visualization is necessary. Up to now, interaction histories have typically been visualized with the classical Gantt, bar or line charts, neglecting the information contained in links between the individual items in an interaction history. Moreover, clear and empirically grounded guidance for the choice of the visualization is currently lacking. We present two graph-based visualizations for interaction histories and evaluate them against the classical visualizations in a controlled experiment. From the results, we derive a set of recommendations for the visualizations best suited for the different tasks within information workers' work processes.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126374638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This poster argues that recent theories in project management put technical communicators in a powerful position to move into project management--not just as managers of documentation and documentation projects but as managers of projects across industries.
{"title":"Technical communication and project management","authors":"Kathie Gossett","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379132","url":null,"abstract":"This poster argues that recent theories in project management put technical communicators in a powerful position to move into project management--not just as managers of documentation and documentation projects but as managers of projects across industries.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121703196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) often must develop instructional materials associated with its mission to provide essential metadata vocabularies. DCMI undertook an effort to create a consistent framework for documentation that would streamline creation of instructional resources specific to internal tools, processes, and activities. Extensive documentation also describes applications of the Dublin Core metadata schema, but those materials require their own structure and content priorities. DCMI's preferred meeting management tool, Open Conference System (OCS), was used as an exemplar to develop a comprehensive and flexible structure for documentation of internal tools, procedures, and activities. The model rests on a solid foundation of theory and experience accumulated by researchers. The resulting integrative review informed development of a theoretically justified and practically useful template for internal DCMI documentation.
{"title":"A process documentation model for DCMI","authors":"David Talley","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379111","url":null,"abstract":"The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) often must develop instructional materials associated with its mission to provide essential metadata vocabularies. DCMI undertook an effort to create a consistent framework for documentation that would streamline creation of instructional resources specific to internal tools, processes, and activities. Extensive documentation also describes applications of the Dublin Core metadata schema, but those materials require their own structure and content priorities. DCMI's preferred meeting management tool, Open Conference System (OCS), was used as an exemplar to develop a comprehensive and flexible structure for documentation of internal tools, procedures, and activities. The model rests on a solid foundation of theory and experience accumulated by researchers. The resulting integrative review informed development of a theoretically justified and practically useful template for internal DCMI documentation.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132624062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Evia, Michael Stewart, T. Lockridge, S. Scerbo, Manuel A. Pérez-Quiñones
TechCommix is an XML grammar and GUI that allows technical communicators to build comics based on the principles of structured authoring. TechCommix XML uses elements of two markup languages--ComicsML and DITA--the combination of which offers a means of tagging elements connected to a comics narrative (such as speech, action, narration) and to structured technical documentation (such as context, step, example). The resulting language allows a technical writer to differentiate between instructional and entertainment content, facilitating content analysis and reuse. Additionally, the TechCommix GUI provides assisted means of building web comics from DITA input. In this online environment, a technical writer can transform an XML file into an HTML deliverable with multiple presentation options--extending usability and accessibility beyond the current standard of image-based web comics. Future work will examine the efficacy of these comics in communicating procedural information.
{"title":"Structured authoring meets technical comics in techcommix","authors":"C. Evia, Michael Stewart, T. Lockridge, S. Scerbo, Manuel A. Pérez-Quiñones","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379123","url":null,"abstract":"TechCommix is an XML grammar and GUI that allows technical communicators to build comics based on the principles of structured authoring. TechCommix XML uses elements of two markup languages--ComicsML and DITA--the combination of which offers a means of tagging elements connected to a comics narrative (such as speech, action, narration) and to structured technical documentation (such as context, step, example). The resulting language allows a technical writer to differentiate between instructional and entertainment content, facilitating content analysis and reuse. Additionally, the TechCommix GUI provides assisted means of building web comics from DITA input. In this online environment, a technical writer can transform an XML file into an HTML deliverable with multiple presentation options--extending usability and accessibility beyond the current standard of image-based web comics. Future work will examine the efficacy of these comics in communicating procedural information.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134209890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this poster, we describe the types of problems that the SIGDOC community addresses as complex, socially-situated and wicked. As we consider the future professionals who will address these problems, it is important to understand how we can prepare students and early career professionals to continue this work. To this end, we draw on research that describes different stages people might go through in developing design skills to meet human needs, and then suggest educational experiences that would help students and early-career professionals develop competencies in these areas.
{"title":"Developing human-centered design approaches: preparing professionals to address complex problems","authors":"M. Cardella, C. Zoltowski, W. Oakes","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379128","url":null,"abstract":"In this poster, we describe the types of problems that the SIGDOC community addresses as complex, socially-situated and wicked. As we consider the future professionals who will address these problems, it is important to understand how we can prepare students and early career professionals to continue this work. To this end, we draw on research that describes different stages people might go through in developing design skills to meet human needs, and then suggest educational experiences that would help students and early-career professionals develop competencies in these areas.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"8 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132399137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ACT testing service had suspicions that their 16-page booklet, "Using Your ACT Results" was not well suited to today's high-school seniors. They enlisted the Seattle-based consultancy Blink Interactive to conduct user research with high school students in three cities. It was determined that (1) the students resisted the text-intensive design and that (2) there were nuggets of information that the high-school students would have found valuable, if they had found them. The study prompted a redesign in which expository text was in large part replaced by infographics and a narrative focused around the experience of an individual student. This project recommends ways in which information will need to be communicated to future generations of young readers.
{"title":"Applying user research, usability testing and visual design techniques to a printed publication targeted at teenagers","authors":"Joe Welinske","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379091","url":null,"abstract":"The ACT testing service had suspicions that their 16-page booklet, \"Using Your ACT Results\" was not well suited to today's high-school seniors. They enlisted the Seattle-based consultancy Blink Interactive to conduct user research with high school students in three cities. It was determined that (1) the students resisted the text-intensive design and that (2) there were nuggets of information that the high-school students would have found valuable, if they had found them. The study prompted a redesign in which expository text was in large part replaced by infographics and a narrative focused around the experience of an individual student. This project recommends ways in which information will need to be communicated to future generations of young readers.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134111742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated how social media support the acculturation process for an expatriate group: Chinese students in the United States. We interviewed 20 participants and found that 1) students extensively used Chinese social media to maintain their original self, especially through social bonding and information surveillance activities, while facing culture shock; 2) social media were also critical in helping students assimilate into their new (American) culture, through affordances for scaffolding, bridging, and surveillance; 3) the use of social media across the acculturation process is evolving in the context of the changing ecology of social media. This study expands existing HCI work on inter-cultural communication and collaboration activities toward consideration of acculturation strategies, online support for identity, and designing for individual development.
{"title":"Babel or great wall: social media use among chinese students in the United States","authors":"Shaoke Zhang, Hao Jiang, John Millar Carroll","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379067","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated how social media support the acculturation process for an expatriate group: Chinese students in the United States. We interviewed 20 participants and found that 1) students extensively used Chinese social media to maintain their original self, especially through social bonding and information surveillance activities, while facing culture shock; 2) social media were also critical in helping students assimilate into their new (American) culture, through affordances for scaffolding, bridging, and surveillance; 3) the use of social media across the acculturation process is evolving in the context of the changing ecology of social media. This study expands existing HCI work on inter-cultural communication and collaboration activities toward consideration of acculturation strategies, online support for identity, and designing for individual development.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"511 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133599217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technical communicators are now generating large amounts of content (which may or may not be web-based), that is used to communicate concepts and ideas for decision making. They are creating information that helps readers reduce their uncertainty about the overall situation and its future development as they read to decide. The information needs of complex information situations can be redefined as working to reduce the uncertainty people have about the situation. It helps people build a clearer picture of the overall situation and reduces uncertainty about the future development of the situation. This redefinition reshapes a design team's goal from answering the question of "what information does the reader need?" to "what information reduces the reader's uncertainty?" As design teams work with their personas or other information analysis methods, they need to remain focused on determining how people use that information to reduce their uncertainty. Too many information creation projects suffer from different groups all lobbing for their content to be included; a focus on reducing uncertainty helps cut through that lobbying. By focusing on the reduction of uncertainty, we have a basis for determining what information is needed, measuring what information is used, and judging the communication effectiveness. Questions posed before, during or after a usability test should be constructed specifically to measure the reduction in uncertainty.
{"title":"Communication as reducing uncertainty","authors":"M. Albers","doi":"10.1145/2379057.2379059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2379057.2379059","url":null,"abstract":"Technical communicators are now generating large amounts of content (which may or may not be web-based), that is used to communicate concepts and ideas for decision making. They are creating information that helps readers reduce their uncertainty about the overall situation and its future development as they read to decide. The information needs of complex information situations can be redefined as working to reduce the uncertainty people have about the situation. It helps people build a clearer picture of the overall situation and reduces uncertainty about the future development of the situation. This redefinition reshapes a design team's goal from answering the question of \"what information does the reader need?\" to \"what information reduces the reader's uncertainty?\" As design teams work with their personas or other information analysis methods, they need to remain focused on determining how people use that information to reduce their uncertainty. Too many information creation projects suffer from different groups all lobbing for their content to be included; a focus on reducing uncertainty helps cut through that lobbying. By focusing on the reduction of uncertainty, we have a basis for determining what information is needed, measuring what information is used, and judging the communication effectiveness. Questions posed before, during or after a usability test should be constructed specifically to measure the reduction in uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":447848,"journal":{"name":"ACM International Conference on Design of Communication","volume":"387 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115912714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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