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Women and Economic Reform in Egypt: Impact of Production Changes on Female Waged Labor Force Participation 埃及的妇女与经济改革:生产变化对女性劳动参与率的影响
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2022.2030984
Osama Diab, S. Hindy
Abstract: The IMF discourse on women’s unemployment in Egypt mostly has focused on infrastructural issues as a key barrier to women’s access to the job market. The scarcity of public nurseries and the unavailability of safe transportation are especially challenging. Our interviews confirmed that these two issues are of utmost importance to women. Nevertheless, we argue that there has been no to little focus on the deeper structural issues concerning the productive side of the economy and its relation to women employment, especially the impact of production changes on women in the aftermath of the 2016 Economic Reform Program (ERP).
摘要:国际货币基金组织关于埃及妇女失业问题的讨论主要集中在基础设施问题上,这是妇女进入就业市场的主要障碍。公共托儿所的缺乏和安全交通的缺乏尤其具有挑战性。我们的采访证实,这两个问题对女性至关重要。然而,我们认为,关于经济生产方面及其与妇女就业的关系的更深层次的结构性问题,特别是2016年经济改革计划(ERP)之后生产变化对妇女的影响,很少或很少受到关注。
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引用次数: 0
Editor’s Note 编者按
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989556
Eric Hooglund
(2021). Editor’s Note. Middle East Critique: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 323-325.
(2021).编者注。中东评论》:第 30 卷,第 4 期,第 323-325 页。
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引用次数: 0
IMF’s Social Protection between Rhetoric and Action: The Case of Egypt IMF在言论与行动之间的社会保护——以埃及为例
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989551
Osama Diab, S. Hindy
Abstract: A substantial body of literature has been produced about the IMF’s drift away from neoliberal orthodoxy in the aftermath of the 2007/08 global financial crisis. This article assesses the degree to which the IMF’s post-crisis change in discourse toward adding more emphasis on social protection was put into action in Egypt’s 2016 economic reform program. Beyond a noticeable discursive change, our research found that there was very little—if any—practical change. First, we demonstrate how the social component of the program was much smaller than the neoliberal or ‘business-as-usual’ component, not only as a share of program measures but also in terms of their magnitude. Second, we found that even this small component had a very similar equivalent in the last major program between the IMF and Egypt in 1991, thus rendering it less novel, and therefore casting doubt on the IMF’s claims of change.
摘要:在2007/08年全球金融危机之后,国际货币基金组织(IMF)偏离了新自由主义的正统观念,这方面的文献已经大量涌现。本文评估了国际货币基金组织在危机后关于加强社会保护的话语变化在埃及2016年经济改革计划中的落实程度。我们的研究发现,除了明显的话语变化之外,几乎没有任何实际变化。首先,我们展示了该计划的社会组成部分如何比新自由主义或“一切照旧”的组成部分小得多,不仅作为计划措施的份额,而且就其规模而言。其次,我们发现,即使是这个很小的组成部分,在1991年IMF与埃及之间的最后一个重大项目中也有非常相似的内容,因此使其不那么新颖,因此对IMF声称的变革产生了怀疑。
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引用次数: 0
Afghanistan’s Political Settlement Puzzle: The Impact of the Breakdown of Afghan Political Parties to an Elite Polity System (2001–2021) 阿富汗的政治解决难题:阿富汗政党瓦解对精英政治体系的影响(2001-2021)
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989554
Safiullah Taye
Abstract: The rapid collapse of the Afghan Republic in August 2021 was in part the result of two decades of disintegrating political parties at the hands of former Presidents Karzai and Ghani. After the 2001 US intervention, political parties did not play a significant role in the politics of Afghanistan. The country’s nascent democracy experienced major shifts in the aftermath of the US intervention, largely concerning the behaviour and structure of its parties, which impacted the government’s prospects of reaching a political settlement. In this period, politics began to shift toward a more elite-centric model. By applying a political settlement conceptual framework and case studies, especially with reference to the presidential elections, this article argues that the transformation to an elite-centric model intensified political rivalries in Afghanistan. The resulting polarisation consequently had decreased Afghanistan’s chances of reaching a political settlement, an essential component of state-building in this fragile, linguistically fragmented country with multiple politico-military factions.
摘要:阿富汗共和国于2021年8月迅速垮台,部分原因是在前总统卡尔扎伊和加尼的领导下,20年来政党不断瓦解。2001年美国干预之后,政党在阿富汗政治中没有发挥重要作用。在美国干预之后,该国新生的民主经历了重大转变,主要涉及其政党的行为和结构,这影响了政府达成政治解决方案的前景。在这一时期,政治开始转向更以精英为中心的模式。通过运用政治解决的概念框架和案例研究,特别是参考总统选举,本文认为向精英中心模式的转变加剧了阿富汗的政治竞争。由此产生的两极分化减少了阿富汗达成政治解决的机会,而政治解决是这个脆弱、语言支离破碎、有多个政治军事派别的国家建设的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 1
10 Years On: New Contextual Factors in the Study of Islamism 10年:伊斯兰主义研究的新语境因素
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989552
Lucia Ardovini, E. Biagini
Abstract: Although the popular protests that swept across the Middle East and North Africa in 2011 were short-lived, their long-term consequences are still resonating through the region a decade after their outbreak. Islamist movements have been affected in different ways by the drastic change in the political, social and geographical contexts in which they historically operated, highlighting the need for a renewed examination of these changed circumstances. Based on the case study of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, we argue that three key factors need to be accounted for when studying Islamist movements in the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings. These are the dimension of exile; the increased role played by women and youth; and the emergence of cross-generational and cross-ideological alliances. The article analyzes these three factors through a comparative study of responses by Muslim Brotherhood and Muslim Sisterhood members to repression across Egypt, Turkey and the UK.
摘要:尽管2011年席卷中东和北非的民众抗议活动是短暂的,但在爆发十年后,其长期后果仍在该地区引起共鸣。伊斯兰运动在历史上运作的政治、社会和地理环境发生了巨大变化,以不同的方式受到了影响,这突出表明需要重新审视这些变化的环境。基于对埃及穆斯林兄弟会的案例研究,我们认为,在研究2011年起义后的伊斯兰运动时,需要考虑三个关键因素。这些是流亡的维度;妇女和青年发挥的作用增加;以及跨代和跨意识形态联盟的出现。文章通过对穆斯林兄弟会和穆斯林姐妹会成员对埃及、土耳其和英国镇压的反应进行比较研究,分析了这三个因素。
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引用次数: 3
The Principled Fine Line in Egypt’s Sociology: Farewell Mona Abaza1 埃及社会学中的原则性细线:告别莫娜·阿巴扎1
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989555
Atef Said
In 2001, a colleague at the American University in Cairo (AUC) asked me if I would be interested in taking over her position as a research assistant to an exceptional sociologist. At the time, I was a student in the Master’s Program in SociologyAnthropology and was nervous about stepping into that role, as my knowledge of the field was still nascent. Ultimately, I took her up on the offer. And little did I know I was stepping into a foundational experience that would shape my intellectual trajectory for decades to come. That scholar was Professor Mona Abaza, who died peacefully in Berlin on 5 July 2021 after a long battle with cancer. She left us far too soon, but while leaving behind a rich legacy by ways of cutting-edge research, enduring mentorship, and conscientious scholarly activism. When I worked with Professor Abaza, she was in the process of finishing her book Debates on Islam and Knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt: Shifting Worlds. I came to develop a deep sense of appreciation and admiration for her work. In fact, decades later, I have come to realize how much my own work on Egypt and my approach to teaching have been influenced by the example she set as a scholar who studied the country through the lens of world-class analysis while situated in the Global South. Abaza’s work in the last two decades represents an incredible social history of Cairo’s social transformation. She wrote about a wide range of themes, including fashion, enlightenment, urban spaces, Occidentalism, everyday life in Cairo, intellectuals, the state, secularism, the challenges that social scientists confront in the Middle East, cyberspace in Egypt, globalization, graffiti and mass culture, and neoliberal transformation in Cairo. Any observer would attest that Abaza’s work is, appropriately, widely
2001年,开罗美国大学的一位同事问我,我是否有兴趣接替她担任一位杰出社会学家的研究助理。当时,我还是社会人类学硕士项目的学生,对担任这个角色感到紧张,因为我对这个领域的知识还处于萌芽阶段。最终,我接受了她的提议。我几乎不知道我正在步入一段基础性的经历,这段经历将塑造我未来几十年的智力轨迹。这位学者是莫娜·阿巴扎教授,她在与癌症长期斗争后于2021年7月5日在柏林平静去世。她离开我们太早了,但同时通过尖端研究、持久的指导和认真的学术行动留下了丰富的遗产。当我与阿巴扎教授合作时,她正在完成她的书《马来西亚和埃及的伊斯兰与知识辩论:世界的变化》。我对她的工作产生了深深的欣赏和钦佩。事实上,几十年后,我开始意识到,我自己在埃及的工作和我的教学方法在多大程度上受到了她作为一名学者所树立的榜样的影响,她在全球南方通过世界级的分析视角研究了这个国家。阿巴扎在过去二十年的作品代表了开罗社会转型的一段令人难以置信的社会历史。她写了很多主题,包括时尚、启蒙、城市空间、西方主义、开罗的日常生活、知识分子、国家、世俗主义、社会科学家在中东面临的挑战、埃及的网络空间、全球化、涂鸦和大众文化,以及开罗的新自由主义转型。任何观察者都会证明,阿巴扎的工作是恰当的、广泛的
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引用次数: 0
Claiming an Individual: Party, Family and the Politics of Memorialization in the Lebanese Civil War 主张一个个体:黎巴嫩内战中的政党、家庭和纪念政治
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989550
Dylan Baun
Abstract Imad Nuwayhid (1944–1975) was a young Lebanese leftist intellectual, hotel employee, and fighter for the Lebanese Communist Party. Alongside thousands of others, he died during the first phase of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1976). This article explores Imad’s life, death, and legacy through the methodology of ‘Microhistory.’ Consulting Imad’s writings alongside party sources, and conducting interviews with those who knew him, it serves as a window into the politics of memorialization in the Lebanese Civil War with a focus on the Lebanese Left. It argues that multiple actors, ranging from party to family members, produced Imad’s ‘martyr narrative.’ Like others of the era, regardless of party, the narrative stressed ideology and sacrifice over individuality to mobilize the living to fight. These strategies did not, however, unfold without resistance. In the case of Imad, some family challenged the party, positing counter-narratives and claiming Imad as theirs: a Nuwayhid. Their actions seek to restore Imad as an individual, but not always as he lived. These findings contribute to the literature on the Lebanese Civil War and its memory, providing a personal touch through a new and novel level of analysis: the individual, their sources, and the battle over memory that surrounds them.
Imad Nuwayhid(1944-1975)是一名年轻的黎巴嫩左翼知识分子、酒店员工和黎巴嫩共产党战士。在黎巴嫩内战的第一阶段(1975-1976),他和其他成千上万的人一起死亡。本文通过“微观历史”的方法探讨了伊马德的生、死和遗产。这本书查阅了伊马德的著作和党内消息来源,并对认识他的人进行了采访,它是一扇了解黎巴嫩内战中纪念政治的窗口,重点关注黎巴嫩左翼。它认为,从政党到家庭成员,多种角色共同塑造了伊马德的“殉道者”叙事。就像那个时代的其他作品一样,不分党派,叙事强调意识形态和牺牲,而不是个性,以动员活着的人去战斗。然而,这些策略并非毫无阻力地展开。在伊马德的案例中,一些家庭挑战了党,提出了相反的叙述,并声称伊马德是他们的:一个努威希德。他们的行动试图恢复伊马德作为一个个体,但并不总是像他生活的那样。这些发现有助于黎巴嫩内战及其记忆的文献,通过一个新的和新颖的分析层面提供个人接触:个人,他们的来源,以及围绕他们的记忆之战。
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引用次数: 0
Remembering Nubia’s Past: Space, Generations and Memorial Practices 纪念努比亚的过去:空间,世代和纪念活动
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1989553
Mayada Madbouly
Abstract: This article investigates how Nubian actors establish different memorial practices to transmit their culture and heritage in contemporary Egypt. The aim is to shed light on the heterogeneity of the Nubian community, thereby avoiding the dichotomy of the state official narrative versus a homogenized Nubian narrative. By mobilizing the sociology of collective memory and the sociology of social movements, this article aims to advance more reflection on the complexity of the remembering process. In order to explore how the memorial and cultural practices evolved in the last decade, I first present a historical background to explain to what the Nubian collective memory refers. By presenting critical discussions, I suggest using the space of the Nubian past because it enables us to understand better the dynamics and the diversity of the engaged actors. I highlight the generational factor, in the second part of this article, by illustrating how Nubian Youth are renewing their logics of action.
摘要:本文探讨了努比亚演员如何在当代埃及建立不同的纪念习俗,以传播他们的文化和遗产。目的是揭示努比亚社区的异质性,从而避免国家官方叙事与同质化的努比亚叙事的二分法。通过运用集体记忆社会学和社会运动社会学,本文旨在促进对记忆过程复杂性的更多思考。为了探讨在过去的十年中,纪念和文化实践是如何演变的,我首先提出了一个历史背景来解释努比亚集体记忆指的是什么。通过提出批判性的讨论,我建议利用努比亚过去的空间,因为它使我们能够更好地了解参与行动者的动态和多样性。在这篇文章的第二部分,我强调世代因素,说明努比亚青年如何更新他们的行动逻辑。
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引用次数: 1
Taifa: A Journey of Integration beyond the Subaltern Narrative 太发:超越另类叙事的整合之旅
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1957559
Mohamed Chamekh
Abstract: This article explores a unique type of songs performed by a Black minority musical group in southeastern Tunisia. Taifa, a group of Black singers, mainly from the rural working class appeared as a response to the economic marginalization of Blacks after the abolition of slavery in Tunisia in 1846. It explores the way this musical group developed and how it came to be associated with the norms of respectability among the local society. It also delves into the themes of Taifa songs that, I contend, show an incremental journey of integration into the predominant Arab/Berber majority and an adjustment to Tunisia’s social and political changes, which were reflected in the changes in the themes of Taifa songs after the Tunisian Revolution.
摘要:本文探讨了突尼斯东南部一个黑人少数民族音乐团体表演的一种独特的歌曲类型。泰法是一群黑人歌手,主要来自农村工人阶级,1846年突尼斯废除奴隶制后,作为对黑人经济边缘化的回应而出现。它探讨了这个音乐团体的发展方式,以及它是如何与当地社会的尊重规范联系在一起的。它还深入探讨了泰法歌曲的主题,我认为,这些主题展示了融入占主导地位的阿拉伯人/柏柏尔人的渐进之旅,以及对突尼斯社会和政治变化的调整,这反映在突尼斯革命后泰法歌曲主题的变化中。
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引用次数: 0
To Drink from the Source: Tobie Nathan’s A Land like You and Jewish-Egyptian Identity 从源头喝水:托比·内森的《像你一样的土地》和犹太-埃及身份
IF 1.6 3区 社会学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2021.1957568
Joyce Zonana
Abstract: A Land Like You, Tobie Nathan’s scrupulously researched yet wildly imaginative historical novel of early twentieth-century Cairo offers an extended exploration of what it means to be both Jewish and Egyptian, even as it chronicles the rise of the competing nationalisms that led to the dispersal of Egypt’s Jews. Unlike most Egyptian Jewish novelists and memoirists, Nathan claims Cairo’s Haret al-Yahud, where the city’s poorest, indigenous Jews lived from time immemorial, as his ‘source,’ and indeed the source for all of Egypt’s Jews—the ‘spring one drinks at every day.’ This source arises from the Egyptian land and the ancient spirits that govern it, to which the exiled writer remains inextricably bound, symbolized in the novel through the irresistible love that links the Jewish narrator to his Muslim ‘milk-sister.’ For Nathan’s French-to-English translator, herself an Egyptian Jew, the novel offers a return to her own Arab-Jewish source, which, like Nathan, she seeks to cultivate so that it may nurture others.
摘要:托比·内森(Tobie Nathan)对20世纪初开罗的历史小说《像你一样的土地》(A Land Like You)进行了仔细研究,但却充满想象力,这部小说对身为犹太人和埃及人意味着什么进行了深入探索,尽管它记录了导致埃及犹太人分散的相互竞争的民族主义的兴起。与大多数埃及犹太小说家和回忆录作家不同,Nathan声称开罗的Haret al-Yahud是他的“源泉”,实际上是所有埃及犹太人的源泉——“每天都喝的泉水”这个来源源于埃及的土地和统治它的古老精神,这位流亡作家与埃及的土地有着千丝万缕的联系,在小说中,通过将犹太叙述者与他的穆斯林“奶妹妹”联系在一起的不可抗拒的爱来象征对于身为埃及犹太人的Nathan的法语到英语翻译来说,这部小说回归了她自己的阿拉伯犹太来源,就像Nathan一样,她寻求培养这种来源,以便培养其他人。
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引用次数: 0
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Middle East Critique
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