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The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR), Entrepreneurship, and Financial Factors on the Financial Performance of the Banks in ASEAN Countries 企业社会责任、企业家精神和财务因素对东盟国家银行财务绩效的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.479
N. M. Dat, N. Q. Dai, P. B. Ngoc
All the organizations are striving for the high financial performance that could influence by many factors and attained the attention of regulators and recent studies. Thus, the present study examined the impact of corporate social responsibilities (CSR), entrepreneurship and financial factors such as leverage and liquidity along with firm size on the financial performance of the banks in ASEAN countries. This study has adopted the quantitative methods for the collecting data and gathered the published secondary data from the statements. The data has been extracted from the financial statements and published CSR reports of the banks in ASEAN countries from 2015 to 2020. The ongoing study has executed the robust standard error and fixed effect model (FEM) to examine the relationships among the variables. The results indicated that CSR, entrepreneurship, leverage, liquidity and firm size have significant and positive nexus with financial performance of the banks in ASEAN countries. These outcomes have provided the guidelines to the regulators of the banks that they should focus on CSR and entrepreneurship that could increase the financial performance of the banks.
所有组织都在努力追求高财务绩效,这可能受到许多因素的影响,并引起了监管机构和最近的研究的关注。因此,本研究考察了企业社会责任(CSR)、企业家精神和财务因素(如杠杆和流动性)以及公司规模对东盟国家银行财务绩效的影响。本研究采用定量方法收集数据,并从报表中收集已发表的二手数据。数据摘自东盟国家银行2015年至2020年的财务报表和已发布的企业社会责任报告。正在进行的研究采用了稳健标准误差和固定效应模型(FEM)来检验变量之间的关系。结果表明,企业社会责任、企业家精神、杠杆率、流动性和企业规模与东盟国家银行财务绩效之间存在显著正相关关系。这些结果为银行监管机构提供了指导方针,即他们应该关注可以提高银行财务绩效的企业社会责任和企业家精神。
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引用次数: 4
Pyramidal Ownership and Company Value: Evidence from Polish Listed Companies 金字塔所有制与公司价值:来自波兰上市公司的证据
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.462
M. Aluchna, T. Kuszewski
This paper examines the effects of pyramidal ownership. Using the sample of 162 non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange during the period 2010-2014, we verify the relation between the adoption of a pyramidal structure and company value. Specifically, we show that the link between pyramidal ownership and company value is more complex than previously thought addressing the aspect of ownership concentration and dual class shares. Our results indicate that the use of pyramids is associated with a higher value measured by Tobin’s Q, supporting the efficient monitoring hypothesis. Contrary to our expectations the combination of pyramidal ownership and dual class shares is correlated with lower Q. Finally, while the adoption of a pyramid by a majority shareholder does not impact firm value, the combination of a pyramid, ownership concentration and dual class shares is associated with higher Q. This finding suggests that the blockholder ownership outweighs the possible cost of excessive disproportionate ownership and that pyramids and dual class shares have different effects on company value.
本文考察了金字塔所有制的影响。本文以2010-2014年在华沙证券交易所上市的162家非金融公司为样本,验证了金字塔结构的采用与公司价值之间的关系。具体而言,我们表明金字塔式所有权与公司价值之间的联系比以前认为的解决所有权集中和双重股权方面的联系更为复杂。我们的研究结果表明,金字塔的使用与托宾Q测量的较高值相关,支持有效监测假设。与我们的预期相反,金字塔所有权和双层股权的组合与较低的q相关。最后,虽然大股东采用金字塔并不影响公司价值,但金字塔组合,股权集中度和双层股权与更高的q相关。这一发现表明,大股东的所有权超过了过度不成比例的所有权的可能成本,金字塔和双层股权对公司价值的影响不同。
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引用次数: 0
Tax Expenditures in Local Taxes - an Effective Instrument of Local Tax Policy? The Example of Poland 地方税中的税收支出——地方税政策的有效工具?波兰的例子
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.456
Paweł Felis, Grzegorz Gołębiowski
This study examines the size and diversity of tax expenditures (TEs) by gminas (municipalities) in Poland between 2007 and 2019. Consequences of gminas' taxing power and the reduction of revenues resulting from statutory tax preferences were taken into account. To analyze the data, we used: scatter graphs (showing the relationship between two selected variables) and plot graphs (showing the course of the values of the studied variables over time, to show the dynamics of the phenomena). The scatter graphs showed, sometimes strong, linear correlative relationships. No clear curvilinear relationships were found, therefore we applied Pearson correlation. Gminas used TEs to a small but also highly variable extent. The factors determining their use involved: the type and potential of the gmina; the type of local tax. The research hypothesis was partially positively verified. The increase in the incremental % of TEs' share in tax revenue has a positive impact on the incremental trend of revenue growth in the following year. The use of TEs in real estate and vehicle taxes may have strengthened the revenue potential of some gminas in the consecutive years.
本研究考察了2007年至2019年波兰各市(直辖市)税收支出的规模和多样性。考虑到政府征税权的后果和法定税收优惠导致的收入减少。为了分析数据,我们使用了:散点图(显示两个选定变量之间的关系)和plot图(显示所研究变量的值随时间的变化过程,以显示现象的动态)。散点图有时显示出很强的线性相关关系。没有发现明显的曲线关系,因此我们采用Pearson相关。Gminas使用TEs的程度虽小,但变化很大。决定其使用的因素包括:gmina的类型和潜力;地方税的种类。研究假设得到部分肯定验证。贸易商占税收的增量百分比的增加对下一年税收增长的增量趋势有积极影响。在房地产和车辆税中使用附加税可能会在连续几年加强一些州的收入潜力。
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引用次数: 3
Depreciation Capital as a Source of Financing of Mining Companies Activities 折旧资本作为矿业公司经营活动的融资来源
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.458
Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz, Maria Sierpińska
The issue discussed in the paper is highly relevant and topical in economic practice because of changes in the recognition of certain assets and their depreciation. The author’s research established that depreciation write-off in financial terms constitute capital comprising two components: depreciation and the tax shield effect. The non-tax shield is more important relative to other tax shields because the vast majority of entities in the raw materials industry own assets which are depreciated for the purposes of balance sheet accounting and tax accounting. As a cost depreciation, on the one hand, reduces the financial result and on the other, generates additional operating cash flows. Depreciable assets account for a large portion of coal companies’ assets. In addition, due to the implementation of IFRS 16 on leasing their share increased as did the amount of depreciation. Hence, its share in operating cash flows in Polish coal companies is slightly higher than in global companies. An overwhelming part of the additional depreciation arising from the inclusion in the assets reported in the balance sheet of assets used based on contracts of lease, lending or rental does not reduce the tax basis and does not constitute a tax shield. Consequently, it creates a disparity between the gross profit/loss and taxable income, thereby increasing the effective tax rate. An increase in the depreciation level in coal companies facilitates maintenance of liquidity and provides financing for investment projects and improves debt servicing, especially in times of declining financial result when coal prices are low.
由于某些资产的确认及其折旧的变化,本文所讨论的问题在经济实践中具有高度相关性和时效性。笔者的研究表明,折旧冲销在财务上是由折旧和税盾效应两部分构成的资本。相对于其他税盾而言,非税盾更为重要,因为原材料行业的绝大多数实体都拥有资产,这些资产在资产负债表会计和税务会计中都是折旧的。作为成本折旧,一方面降低了财务结果,另一方面产生了额外的经营性现金流量。可折旧资产占煤炭企业资产的很大一部分。此外,由于国际财务报告准则第16号对租赁的实施,其份额增加,折旧金额也增加。因此,它在波兰煤炭公司运营现金流中的份额略高于在全球公司中的份额。由于在资产负债表中报告的资产中包含基于租赁、贷款或租赁合同使用的资产而产生的绝大部分额外折旧,并不减少计税基础,也不构成税盾。因此,它造成了毛利润/亏损和应税收入之间的差距,从而增加了有效税率。煤炭公司折旧水平的提高有助于维持流动性,为投资项目提供资金,并改善偿债能力,特别是在煤炭价格低、财务业绩下降的时候。
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引用次数: 1
Do Credit Supply and Unemployment Risk Matter for Household Saving? Evidence from Poland 信贷供给和失业风险对家庭储蓄有影响吗?来自波兰的证据
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.455
A. M. Kłopocka, Ryszard Wilczyński
This paper contributes to the literature on the effects of uncertainty on household saving – a long-standing and extensively explored topic yet leaving a number of issues inconclusive. It concentrates on the labor income uncertainty by addressing saving against unemployment risk in terms of changes in credit supply and households’ financial wealth. Time series analysis uses dataset of quarterly observations from 2003 Q4 to 2019 Q3 for Poland. It provides empirical evidence of the negative relationship of changes in households’ financial wealth and credit availability with the household propensity to save, in line with the buffer saving model. Furthermore, it contributes to the discussion on the choice of uncertainty measures referring to the labor market with a recommendation to employ the subjective (perceived) unemployment expectation index rather than the objective unemployment rate. These results are meaningful for policy implications. They emphasize the role of credit availability for household consumption/saving decisions. In case of expansionary monetary policy and making credit easier to acquire for households, all other things equal, a negative effect on the household saving rate may be expected. This poses a question about the risk of households’ overreliance on credit and therefore about their financial stability in emergency situations.
本文对不确定性对家庭储蓄影响的文献做出了贡献——这是一个长期存在且被广泛探索的话题,但仍有许多问题尚无定论。它通过从信贷供给和家庭金融财富的变化方面解决储蓄与失业风险的关系,集中研究劳动收入的不确定性。时间序列分析使用波兰2003年第四季度至2019年第三季度的季度观测数据集。它提供了家庭金融财富和信贷可用性的变化与家庭储蓄倾向的负相关关系的经验证据,符合缓冲储蓄模型。此外,它有助于讨论关于劳动力市场的不确定性措施的选择,建议使用主观(感知)失业预期指数而不是客观失业率。这些结果对政策影响具有重要意义。他们强调信贷在家庭消费/储蓄决策中的作用。如果采取扩张性货币政策,使家庭更容易获得信贷,在其他条件相同的情况下,可能会对家庭储蓄率产生负面影响。这就提出了一个问题,即家庭过度依赖信贷的风险,以及在紧急情况下的财务稳定性。
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引用次数: 2
The Importance of Social Media in Managing the Image of the Educational Institutions 社会媒体在管理教育机构形象中的重要性
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.460
Waldemar Jędrzejczyk, S. Brzeziński
The subject of the article relates to the use of social media in organizational activities aimed at creating a positive image of an organization. The image is an important element of the organization’s strategy—it shapes its distinctiveness, distinguishes it from competitors, and determines how the organization is perceived in the environment. Image is created at the interconnection between the organization and its stakeholders. A significant role in the process of shaping the image is played by marketing communication, which is subjected to increased virtualization due to the progressing digital transformation. The attributes of social media predestine them to be used in the process of image creation. The main purpose of this article is to assess the importance of social media in the process of managing the image of educational institutions. The rules of the market economy apply not only to business organizations but also increasingly to other types of organizations, including educational institutions. Following the example of enterprises, educational institutions must also build a positive image of the organization. In the presented empirical research results, the research subject was narrowed down to one type of educational institution, namely secondary schools. The research has shown that all analyzed schools use social media and the school’s website as tools to promote and build their image in the local community. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of using these tools is low.
这篇文章的主题涉及在组织活动中使用社交媒体,旨在创造一个组织的积极形象。形象是组织战略的重要组成部分,它塑造了组织的独特性,使其区别于竞争对手,并决定了组织在环境中的形象。形象是在组织与其利益相关者之间的相互联系中产生的。在塑造形象的过程中,营销传播发挥着重要作用,由于数字化转型的进展,营销传播受到越来越多的虚拟化影响。社交媒体的属性决定了它在形象创作过程中被使用。本文的主要目的是评估社交媒体在管理教育机构形象过程中的重要性。市场经济的规则不仅适用于商业组织,而且越来越多地适用于其他类型的组织,包括教育机构。教育机构也要以企业为榜样,树立积极的组织形象。在目前的实证研究结果中,研究对象被缩小到一种教育机构,即中学。研究表明,所有被分析的学校都使用社交媒体和学校网站作为工具,在当地社区宣传和建立自己的形象。不幸的是,使用这些工具的有效性很低。
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引用次数: 2
Privacy of European Citizens in the Face of the Development of New Data- Driven Business Models 面对新数据驱动商业模式的发展,欧洲公民的隐私
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.459
R. Wiśniewski, Inga Oleksiuk, B. Iwanowska
The main objective of the paper is to identify the imbalance between the right to privacy and the business objectives of entities creating new Data-Driven Business Models (DDBMs) of consumers (EU citizens). Information about the consumer and their characteristics has nowadays become a service or market commodity thanks to which new economic processes, based on the use of advanced data processing technologies, are created. In digital space, new types of DDBM are established, which provide entrepreneurs with added value, based on the mass use of the consumer’s data collected often without their knowledge, on the margins of legality. This paper analyzes the impact of the development of DDBMs on selected privacy areas: personal data, the right to be forgotten, confidentiality of communications, one’s image and identity. In each of these areas, situations are identified that indicate a progressive re-evaluation of citizens’ privacy rights. The authors suggest that disruption of the balance between the right to privacy and business objectives may lead to unambiguous consequences, not only for the consumer (EU citizen), but also for the business entities.
本文的主要目的是确定隐私权与实体为消费者(欧盟公民)创建新的数据驱动商业模型(DDBMs)的商业目标之间的不平衡。关于消费者及其特征的信息如今已成为一种服务或市场商品,因此,基于使用先进的数据处理技术,创造了新的经济过程。在数字空间中,建立了新型的DDBM,这些DDBM为企业家提供了附加价值,其基础是大量使用消费者的数据,这些数据通常是在他们不知情的情况下收集的,处于合法性的边缘。本文分析了数据库管理系统的发展对某些隐私领域的影响:个人数据、被遗忘权、通信保密、个人形象和身份。在每一个领域,都发现了表明公民隐私权正在逐步重新评估的情况。作者认为,破坏隐私权和商业目标之间的平衡可能会导致明确的后果,不仅对消费者(欧盟公民),而且对商业实体。
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引用次数: 3
Global or Adapted Advertising? Consumer Evaluation of Advertising Activity of Foreign Enterprises on the Polish Market 全球广告还是改编广告?外国企业在波兰市场广告活动的消费者评价
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.457
R. Nowacki
Intensification of globalization processes in the contemporary world entails consequences for all areas of socio-economic life. The latter concerns also advertising, which is particularly sensitive to the developments occurring in the global environment. Expansion into foreign markets presents enterprises with the dilemma of how to advertise their products and services. The specific question which appears in this context is whether to use standardized or adapted advertising. The attitude of the audience on the target market is of key importance. The present article also focuses on the impact of globalization on the recipients’ perception of the advertising activity of foreign companies operating in the Polish market. Assessment of the degree of acceptance of foreign enterprises’ standardized advertising activities on the Polish market, their attractiveness and impact on competitiveness, from the perspective of Polish consumers. The basis for the study are the findings of a survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 on a sample of Polish consumers aged 15+ selected using the quota method. The subject of the research were opinions on advertising activities used on the Polish market by foreign companies, taking into account the differentiation into global and adapted advertising. The respondents assessed the level of attractiveness and acceptance of activities related to advertising standardization procedures. The results of the research indicate that Polish consumers perceive the globalization of advertising and have mixed feelings about it. On the one hand, they appreciate the attractiveness of standardized advertisements, on the other, they assess their effectiveness as worse. However, the respondents also point out that they have a positive impact on the competitiveness of foreign companies. The perception of standardized advertising is generally not dependent on demographic characteristics. There is only a slight direct effect of age on the perception of attractiveness and effectiveness of standardized and adapted advertising.
当代世界全球化进程的加剧对社会经济生活的所有领域都产生了影响。后者也涉及广告,因为广告对全球环境中发生的事态发展特别敏感。开拓国外市场给企业带来了如何宣传其产品和服务的困境。在这种情况下出现的具体问题是,是使用标准化广告还是改编广告。受众对目标市场的态度至关重要。本文还着重讨论全球化对接受者对在波兰市场经营的外国公司的广告活动的看法的影响。从波兰消费者的角度评估外国企业在波兰市场上的标准化广告活动的接受程度,其吸引力和对竞争力的影响。这项研究的基础是2019年和2020年对使用配额法选择的15岁以上波兰消费者样本进行的一项调查的结果。研究的主题是关于外国公司在波兰市场上使用的广告活动的意见,同时考虑到全球广告和改编广告的区别。受访者评估了与广告标准化程序相关的活动的吸引力和接受程度。研究结果表明,波兰消费者对广告全球化的看法是复杂的。一方面,他们欣赏标准化广告的吸引力,另一方面,他们评估其有效性较差。然而,受访者也指出,他们对外国公司的竞争力产生了积极的影响。标准化广告的感知通常不依赖于人口特征。年龄对标准化和改编广告的吸引力和有效性的感知只有轻微的直接影响。
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引用次数: 2
Impact of Consumer Awareness on Switching Behavior in Banking 消费者意识对银行转换行为的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.461
T. Szopiński
In the era of open banking, the phenomenon of bank switching will intensify. The aim of the current study is to answer the following question: is switching, or not switching banks, a result of conscious and independent decision-making? The results from primary data demonstrate that the switching group clients are more conscious than non-switching group clients. They are more likely to compare offers from different banks, visit blogs about finances, demonstrate independence in making financial decisions, and use more service providers which improves their knowledge concerning the offers. The analysis of perceptual maps shows that the switching group is differentiated by various switching costs.
在开放银行时代,银行切换现象将愈演愈烈。当前研究的目的是回答以下问题:换银行,或者不换银行,是有意识和独立决策的结果吗?原始数据的结果表明,切换组客户端比非切换组客户端更有意识。他们更有可能比较不同银行的报价,访问有关财务的博客,在做出财务决策时表现出独立性,并使用更多的服务提供商,从而提高他们对报价的了解。对感知图的分析表明,切换群体是由不同的切换成本来区分的。
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引用次数: 1
Income Security and the Perception of Disability Risk 收入保障与残疾风险感知
IF 2.1 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.463
Marcin Kawiński, T. Szumlicz
The concept of income security is almost 80 years old but its implementation, nevertheless, poses a serious social security problem. How is this problem seen today by those most concerned, family households? What is the perception of contingencies listed in the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) recommendation? Human responses to risk (behaviour under risk) depend primarily on a perception of risk and disability risk is not different in this respect. It is a major social risk, a part of the list of social risks, and tends to be critical due to financialization and liabilities. This paper aims to find determinants for differences in the perception of disability risk in Poland. The research covers particular determinants and employs qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse such determinants. The qualitative study suggests that the risk of disability is not a primary consideration. The perception of that risk seems to be diverse. Pending liabilities are perceived as arising primarily due to unemployment rather than the lack of fitness for work. An analysis of quantitative data shows statistical importance of chosen determinants (gender, experience regarding disability within family, age, the level of education, and self-estimation of financial situation). However, their significance is limited. Age and education level seem to be most prospective. Young and highly educated people tend to perceive disability risk as relatively low. These are also the people who face the most significant financial consequences of disability.
收入保障的概念已有近80年的历史,但其实施却造成了严重的社会保障问题。那些最关心这个问题的家庭是如何看待这个问题的?对国际劳工组织(ILO)建议中列出的突发事件的看法是什么?人类对风险的反应(风险下的行为)主要取决于对风险的感知,而残疾风险在这方面没有什么不同。它是一种主要的社会风险,是社会风险清单的一部分,由于金融化和负债,它往往是关键的。本文旨在寻找波兰残疾风险感知差异的决定因素。该研究涵盖了特定的决定因素,并采用定性和定量方法来分析这些决定因素。定性研究表明,残疾的风险并不是主要考虑因素。对这种风险的看法似乎各不相同。待定负债被认为主要是由于失业而不是由于不适合工作而产生的。对定量数据的分析显示了所选决定因素(性别、家庭中有关残疾的经历、年龄、教育水平和对财务状况的自我估计)在统计上的重要性。然而,它们的意义是有限的。年龄和教育水平似乎是最有前景的因素。年轻人和受过高等教育的人往往认为残疾的风险相对较低。这些人也面临着残疾带来的最严重的经济后果。
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary Economics
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