Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771121
I. Blom
uring the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, industrialisation and urbanisation created densely populated areas, surroundings that facilitated the spread of contagious diseases. Simultaneously the growth of democracy paved the way for legislation to assist the needy without hurting their dignity. As social hierarchies weakened, so did the use of demeaning poor law institutions. Demand for social and political equality resulted in a growing system of social legislation that later developed into the modern welfare state. All this heightened respect for the individual citizen. D
{"title":"Contagion and Cultural Perceptions of Accepted Behaviour : Tuberculosis and Venereal Diseases in Scandinavia c.1900–c.1950","authors":"I. Blom","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771121","url":null,"abstract":"uring the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, industrialisation and urbanisation created densely populated areas, surroundings that facilitated the spread of contagious diseases. Simultaneously the growth of democracy paved the way for legislation to assist the needy without hurting their dignity. As social hierarchies weakened, so did the use of demeaning poor law institutions. Demand for social and political equality resulted in a growing system of social legislation that later developed into the modern welfare state. All this heightened respect for the individual citizen. D","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"1 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123694731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077169
E. Perdiguero, R. Ballester, R. Castejón
rom the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century the fledgling Spanish public health services were keen to cope with collective health issues by means of educating the general public. Therefore, in addition to the more traditional methods such as conferences and educational talks, the services also began to use the mass media. The earliest medium was the poster and then in the 1920s, the decade which produced the consolidation of public health services, there also arose the possibility of using new media such as the radio and the cinema, which were considered as powerful tools for the F
{"title":"Films in Spanish Health Education: The Case of Child Health (1928–1936)","authors":"E. Perdiguero, R. Ballester, R. Castejón","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077169","url":null,"abstract":"rom the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century the fledgling Spanish public health services were keen to cope with collective health issues by means of educating the general public. Therefore, in addition to the more traditional methods such as conferences and educational talks, the services also began to use the mass media. The earliest medium was the poster and then in the 1920s, the decade which produced the consolidation of public health services, there also arose the possibility of using new media such as the radio and the cinema, which were considered as powerful tools for the F","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127777624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771151
M. Eklöf
Outdated fraudulent healing? Homeopathy on trial : The homeopathic "pill scandal" in the 1950s and modernization of health care in Sweden
过时的虚假治疗?顺势疗法试验:20世纪50年代的顺势疗法“药丸丑闻”和瑞典医疗保健的现代化
{"title":"Outdated fraudulent healing? Homeopathy on trial : The homeopathic \"pill scandal\" in the 1950s and modernization of health care in Sweden","authors":"M. Eklöf","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771151","url":null,"abstract":"Outdated fraudulent healing? Homeopathy on trial : The homeopathic \"pill scandal\" in the 1950s and modernization of health care in Sweden","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128228984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077137
E. Rodríguez-Ocaña
{"title":"Medicine as a Social Political Science: The Case of Spain c. 1920","authors":"E. Rodríguez-Ocaña","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127626713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077153
H. Mášová
n the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) the main focal points for social access to medicine were the external activities of medical and social workers, operating outside the framework of the traditional curative institutions. It was hoped that the interconnection between curative and preventative medical care consequent on the creation of such institutions would ensure unity, and enable society to cope efficiently with the demographic disaster caused by the First World War and later exacerbated by the economic depression in the 1920s/1930s. In the modern era – at the time of democratisation and collectivisation of the productive and social life – neither the conventional work of family doctors nor the activities of traditional hospitals could cope adequately with social illnesses. They could not keep up to date with discoveries of science and make efficient use of them. I
{"title":"Social Hygiene and Social Medicine in Interwar Czechoslovakia with the 13th District of the City of Prague as Its Laboratory","authors":"H. Mášová","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077153","url":null,"abstract":"n the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) the main focal points for social access to medicine were the external activities of medical and social workers, operating outside the framework of the traditional curative institutions. It was hoped that the interconnection between curative and preventative medical care consequent on the creation of such institutions would ensure unity, and enable society to cope efficiently with the demographic disaster caused by the First World War and later exacerbated by the economic depression in the 1920s/1930s. In the modern era – at the time of democratisation and collectivisation of the productive and social life – neither the conventional work of family doctors nor the activities of traditional hospitals could cope adequately with social illnesses. They could not keep up to date with discoveries of science and make efficient use of them. I","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116111560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077199
Axel C. Huentelmann
t the end of the nineteenth century, diphtheria was one of the principal causes of mortality in children. The search for a remedy for the disease represented an important challenge for bacteriologists and microbiologists, and was perceived as an urgent social task. In the late 1880s two groups of scientists simultaneously started searching for a cure for diphtheria: Emile Roux (1853–1933) at the newly founded Pasteur Institute in Paris, and Emil Behring (1854–1917) in Berlin. Following Behring’s successful animal experiments initiated in 1890, a serum against diphtheria was available in pharmacies starting in August 1894. Indeed, diphtheria serum represented a major therapeutic innovation in modern medicine, offering an effective curative approach first against diphtheria and subsequently against other diseases. A medicine of biological origin, the new serum therapy also attracted intense state attention in the hope of minimizing any associated public health risks. A
{"title":"Two Cultures of Regulation? The Production and State Control of Diphtheria Serum at the End of the Nineteenth Century in France and Germany","authors":"Axel C. Huentelmann","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077199","url":null,"abstract":"t the end of the nineteenth century, diphtheria was one of the principal causes of mortality in children. The search for a remedy for the disease represented an important challenge for bacteriologists and microbiologists, and was perceived as an urgent social task. In the late 1880s two groups of scientists simultaneously started searching for a cure for diphtheria: Emile Roux (1853–1933) at the newly founded Pasteur Institute in Paris, and Emil Behring (1854–1917) in Berlin. Following Behring’s successful animal experiments initiated in 1890, a serum against diphtheria was available in pharmacies starting in August 1894. Indeed, diphtheria serum represented a major therapeutic innovation in modern medicine, offering an effective curative approach first against diphtheria and subsequently against other diseases. A medicine of biological origin, the new serum therapy also attracted intense state attention in the hope of minimizing any associated public health risks. A","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126640875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771195
Sünje Prühlen
ho was the appropriate woman to care for a nursing infant: the wet nurse or the biological mother? This was a very important question for parents in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times. Parents found themselves amidst the conflict of theological and medical views and their own opinions concerning thoughtful baby care. These opinions might have been influenced by books about childcare especially addressed to parents in their language, marriage guides, or variously formulated statements in several other treatises. The following presents preliminary results of a larger research-project focussing wet nurses in the German-speaking Europe. W
{"title":"What was the Best for an Infant from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times in Europe?: The Discussion Concerning Wet Nurses","authors":"Sünje Prühlen","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771195","url":null,"abstract":"ho was the appropriate woman to care for a nursing infant: the wet nurse or the biological mother? This was a very important question for parents in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times. Parents found themselves amidst the conflict of theological and medical views and their own opinions concerning thoughtful baby care. These opinions might have been influenced by books about childcare especially addressed to parents in their language, marriage guides, or variously formulated statements in several other treatises. The following presents preliminary results of a larger research-project focussing wet nurses in the German-speaking Europe. W","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133279168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07717
P. Bourdelais
his issue is mainly focused on cultural and political changes in public health regulations since the end of the nineteenth century in several European countries. The most important task for historians, except of improving knowledge, is to analyse conditions in the past and to explain how and why they have changed, leading to the world we know today. One part consists of verifying the facts and events as precisely as possible. Another part is to analyse the situation and the factors responsible for evolution and changes. This is linked to general questions asked within social sciences, and to how historians use theoretical and methodological tools developed by other scientific disciplines. The set of articles presented here provide a wide range of examples of the historians’ practices today and of the current state of research. As far as medical and public health history is concerned, the medical profession, the states, public institutions, and the population are traditionally seen as the main actors. But since the end of the nineteenth century, biochemical and pharmaceutical companies, media and international institutions have been more and more present. T
{"title":"Introduction : Cultural History of Medical Regulations","authors":"P. Bourdelais","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07717","url":null,"abstract":"his issue is mainly focused on cultural and political changes in public health regulations since the end of the nineteenth century in several European countries. The most important task for historians, except of improving knowledge, is to analyse conditions in the past and to explain how and why they have changed, leading to the world we know today. One part consists of verifying the facts and events as precisely as possible. Another part is to analyse the situation and the factors responsible for evolution and changes. This is linked to general questions asked within social sciences, and to how historians use theoretical and methodological tools developed by other scientific disciplines. The set of articles presented here provide a wide range of examples of the historians’ practices today and of the current state of research. As far as medical and public health history is concerned, the medical profession, the states, public institutions, and the population are traditionally seen as the main actors. But since the end of the nineteenth century, biochemical and pharmaceutical companies, media and international institutions have been more and more present. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125069807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0771177
Walter Bruchhausen
he relationship between medicine and religion belongs to the classical topics of medical history, in the studies of the so called early civilizations, mainly Egypt and Babylonia, of Greek and Roman antiquity, of the occidental and oriental Middle Ages and of the European early modern period. Yet about a century ago, preformed by enlightenment ideas on linear progress of humankind and often explicitly following Auguste Comte’s cultural evolution theory of human development from magic via religion to science, many historians and sociologists dismissed any important role of religion in and for modern society. This was especially true for the view of health, illness and healing and has influenced the writing of medical history until today. Hence the period since the eighteenth century has been almost exclusively treated as an era with obvious characteristics: by that time science seemed to have excluded religion from medicine. T
{"title":"Health Care between Medicine and Religion: The Case of Catholic Western Germany around 1800","authors":"Walter Bruchhausen","doi":"10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0771177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0771177","url":null,"abstract":"he relationship between medicine and religion belongs to the classical topics of medical history, in the studies of the so called early civilizations, mainly Egypt and Babylonia, of Greek and Roman antiquity, of the occidental and oriental Middle Ages and of the European early modern period. Yet about a century ago, preformed by enlightenment ideas on linear progress of humankind and often explicitly following Auguste Comte’s cultural evolution theory of human development from magic via religion to science, many historians and sociologists dismissed any important role of religion in and for modern society. This was especially true for the view of health, illness and healing and has influenced the writing of medical history until today. Hence the period since the eighteenth century has been almost exclusively treated as an era with obvious characteristics: by that time science seemed to have excluded religion from medicine. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122410992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771135
María-Isabel Porras-Gallo
t is a well known fact that the collectivisation of medical aid began in Germany with the creation by Chancellor Bismarck of the so-called Krankenkassen system in 1883. This model was to be adopted by several European countries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the setting-up of social security and collectivised medical assistance receiving a considerable boost in the inter-war period and at the end of the Second World War. However, each of the industrialized nations, confronted by similar problems, adopted remarkably different solutions. In each case a solution was sought to suit the existing institutions, administrative traditions, popular customs or financial situation of the country. I
{"title":"Between the German Model and Liberal Medicine: The Negotiating Process of the State Health Care System in France and Spain (1919–1944)","authors":"María-Isabel Porras-Gallo","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0771135","url":null,"abstract":"t is a well known fact that the collectivisation of medical aid began in Germany with the creation by Chancellor Bismarck of the so-called Krankenkassen system in 1883. This model was to be adopted by several European countries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the setting-up of social security and collectivised medical assistance receiving a considerable boost in the inter-war period and at the end of the Second World War. However, each of the industrialized nations, confronted by similar problems, adopted remarkably different solutions. In each case a solution was sought to suit the existing institutions, administrative traditions, popular customs or financial situation of the country. I","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123801911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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