Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091155
J. Chircop
his study starts by contextualising the arm-to-arm, sea-borne, transfer and diffusion of the cowpox vaccine in Sicily in the war conditions of the early 19 th century which led to a new geopolitical configuration of the central Mediterranean – this being reflected in the island’s troubled transition from French occupation to a British protectorate and its subsequent integration in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Against this backdrop, the Bourbon monarchy enthusiastically sanctioned Edward Jenner’s cowpox vaccination method and launched it as one of its principal public projects. What follows is an analysis of the intricate links which this mass vaccination campaign came to have with the prevailing state ideology and the power structures of the Regno – with specific reference to Sicily. T
{"title":"‘Giusta la benefica intenzione del Re’: the Bourbon Cowpox Vaccination Campaign in Sicily","authors":"J. Chircop","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091155","url":null,"abstract":"his study starts by contextualising the arm-to-arm, sea-borne, transfer and diffusion of the cowpox vaccine in Sicily in the war conditions of the early 19 th century which led to a new geopolitical configuration of the central Mediterranean – this being reflected in the island’s troubled transition from French occupation to a British protectorate and its subsequent integration in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Against this backdrop, the Bourbon monarchy enthusiastically sanctioned Edward Jenner’s cowpox vaccination method and launched it as one of its principal public projects. What follows is an analysis of the intricate links which this mass vaccination campaign came to have with the prevailing state ideology and the power structures of the Regno – with specific reference to Sicily. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125758602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109135
M. Araújo, A. Esteves
From early days, the Misericordias’ work in the health sector took the form of hospital assistance, helping to treat the ailments of the body. However, the work of these brotherhoods in the area of health was more extensive than this and included all those who did not wish to or could not be admitted to hospital. They helped them by tending to the sick at home, sending health professionals or by giving money, food and even clothing. In this study, we aim to analyse and discuss the charity services that the Portuguese Misericordias provided for patients throughout the Modern Age, both through the hospitals they administered and the home assistance they provided. We will also find out how the hospitals operated during that period. At the beginning of the Modern Age, faced with the welfare institutions’ incapacity to respond effectively to the needs of the poor, it was clear that a reform was needed that would involve joining hospitals, keeping a record of their assets, appointing new administrators and creating income and expenses records. In Portugal, this change took place during the 15 and 16 centuries, underwent various levels of reform and began with the hospitals. The process was autonomous and preceded the appearance of the Misericordias. The welfare establishments were in a very poor state and did not meet the needs of a poor and growing population. The hospitals were not only very small but also badly run. Their income was used for purposes for which it had not been intended and the institutions lacked supervision. Some of the brotherhoods that ran hospitals
{"title":"Healing the body and saving the soul in the portuguese hospitals in the Early Modern Age","authors":"M. Araújo, A. Esteves","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109135","url":null,"abstract":"From early days, the Misericordias’ work in the health sector took the form of hospital assistance, helping to treat the ailments of the body. However, the work of these brotherhoods in the area of health was more extensive than this and included all those who did not wish to or could not be admitted to hospital. They helped them by tending to the sick at home, sending health professionals or by giving money, food and even clothing. In this study, we aim to analyse and discuss the charity services that the Portuguese Misericordias provided for patients throughout the Modern Age, both through the hospitals they administered and the home assistance they provided. We will also find out how the hospitals operated during that period. At the beginning of the Modern Age, faced with the welfare institutions’ incapacity to respond effectively to the needs of the poor, it was clear that a reform was needed that would involve joining hospitals, keeping a record of their assets, appointing new administrators and creating income and expenses records. In Portugal, this change took place during the 15 and 16 centuries, underwent various levels of reform and began with the hospitals. The process was autonomous and preceded the appearance of the Misericordias. The welfare establishments were in a very poor state and did not meet the needs of a poor and growing population. The hospitals were not only very small but also badly run. Their income was used for purposes for which it had not been intended and the institutions lacked supervision. Some of the brotherhoods that ran hospitals","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128131607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091397
M. J. Moreira
ne of the main structural changes faced by human societies is demographic ageing, which has a strong impact on health systems and quality of life. Dependence and disability do not constitute an inevitable consequence of human ageing, but situations of fragility and vulnerability increase with age. In this scenario, the need for assistance emerges as one of the most urgent problems, on which the future of sanitarian and social policies in all developed countries will depend. O
{"title":"Environmental Changes and Social Vulnerability in an Ageing Society: Portugal in the Transition from the 20th to the 21st Centuries","authors":"M. J. Moreira","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091397","url":null,"abstract":"ne of the main structural changes faced by human societies is demographic ageing, which has a strong impact on health systems and quality of life. Dependence and disability do not constitute an inevitable consequence of human ageing, but situations of fragility and vulnerability increase with age. In this scenario, the need for assistance emerges as one of the most urgent problems, on which the future of sanitarian and social policies in all developed countries will depend. O","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124955962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098181
F. Henriques, T. Rodrigues, M. O. Martins
he first aim of this study is to present the Portuguese mortality model from a long chronological perspective and discuss the role of educational level as a predictor of health status. By the end of the 19th century, when social and economic changes took place, the short and unstable life cycle model was replaced with a long and stable one, with major changes from 1970’s onwards. Today Portugal is a country with low mortality and fertility rates. Having presented this changing process and its consequences to the population’s age structure, we will analyze the extent to which future changes in the composition of the population by sex, age and educational level will affect the average health status. It is an important issue, as we know that the ageing phenomena of the Portuguese population will continue and that health care needs will increase significantly in coming decades, although with regional differences.1 Simultaneously, Portugal will experience significant changes in the educational level of its population. Several studies have reported higher morbidity and mortality levels on people with lower educational level. Will the effects of ageing be counterbalanced by the anticipated rise in Portuguese educational levels? T
{"title":"Ageing, Education and Health in Portugal: prospective from the 19th to the 21st century","authors":"F. Henriques, T. Rodrigues, M. O. Martins","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098181","url":null,"abstract":"he first aim of this study is to present the Portuguese mortality model from a long chronological perspective and discuss the role of educational level as a predictor of health status. By the end of the 19th century, when social and economic changes took place, the short and unstable life cycle model was replaced with a long and stable one, with major changes from 1970’s onwards. Today Portugal is a country with low mortality and fertility rates. Having presented this changing process and its consequences to the population’s age structure, we will analyze the extent to which future changes in the composition of the population by sex, age and educational level will affect the average health status. It is an important issue, as we know that the ageing phenomena of the Portuguese population will continue and that health care needs will increase significantly in coming decades, although with regional differences.1 Simultaneously, Portugal will experience significant changes in the educational level of its population. Several studies have reported higher morbidity and mortality levels on people with lower educational level. Will the effects of ageing be counterbalanced by the anticipated rise in Portuguese educational levels? T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129963776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098151
R. F. Head, G. Ellison
{"title":"Conditions in the Channel Islands during the 1940–45 German Occupation and their impact on the health of islanders: A systematic review of published reports and first-hand accounts","authors":"R. F. Head, G. Ellison","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124449075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098131
Pilar León Sanz
th century there was a change from a social assistance appropriate to the old regime to a humanitarian model more in keeping with the Liberal State. Particularly from the 1880's, the reformist and hygienist movements, the statutory provisions and the socio-economic conditions brought about change in the assistance organization. These reforms were also due to the fact that the Liberal public care model left much of the population unprotected, as it only covered those families that were on the poor list. W The development of social prevision in Spain had always been connected with worker associationism and with those movements which arose from the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, as promoted by Pope Leon XIII. In fact, the impact of the papal encyclical Rerum novarum (1891) in Spain is well-known, both in the Krausist and Liberal-Conservative media. Both groups, while having different philosophical views, shared an organicist and harmonical perspective on society. Under their wing were begun the initiatives for popular education and the first projects for social protection legislation which led to the passing, in 1900, of the Law on Labour Accidents and the regulation of working conditions for women and children. In this context, the Mutual Benefit Societies were a collective means of voluntary prevision, developed separately from the State. Some of these societies had their roots in the old guilds, others in the Montepios, but the majority was new, and was
{"title":"Networking and interaction between a Mutual Assistance Association and other agencies (Pamplona, 1902-1919)","authors":"Pilar León Sanz","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.098131","url":null,"abstract":"th century there was a change from a social assistance appropriate to the old regime to a humanitarian model more in keeping with the Liberal State. Particularly from the 1880's, the reformist and hygienist movements, the statutory provisions and the socio-economic conditions brought about change in the assistance organization. These reforms were also due to the fact that the Liberal public care model left much of the population unprotected, as it only covered those families that were on the poor list. W The development of social prevision in Spain had always been connected with worker associationism and with those movements which arose from the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, as promoted by Pope Leon XIII. In fact, the impact of the papal encyclical Rerum novarum (1891) in Spain is well-known, both in the Krausist and Liberal-Conservative media. Both groups, while having different philosophical views, shared an organicist and harmonical perspective on society. Under their wing were begun the initiatives for popular education and the first projects for social protection legislation which led to the passing, in 1900, of the Law on Labour Accidents and the regulation of working conditions for women and children. In this context, the Mutual Benefit Societies were a collective means of voluntary prevision, developed separately from the State. Some of these societies had their roots in the old guilds, others in the Montepios, but the majority was new, and was","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114386672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.09817
Aparna Nair
{"title":"“An Egyptian Infection”: War, Plague and the Quarantines of the English East India Company at Madras and Bombay, 1802","authors":"Aparna Nair","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.09817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.09817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131718283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-03DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.08717
S. Kunitz
{"title":"Abstracted Empiricism in Social Epidemiology","authors":"S. Kunitz","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.08717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.08717","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124842111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-03DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087127
Cimen Gunay-Erkol, A. Reisman
uring the 1920s, Turkey witnessed a maelstrom of radical reforms and with the abolition of the caliphate on 3 March 1924 the country took giant steps to become a secular state with all its ramifications. On the same day, another revolutionary law aiming at unification, standardization, and secularization of the educational institutions (Tevhid-i Tedrisat kanunu) was passed. This law closed the religious schools and attached all educational institutions to the Ministry of National Education. Several other reforms in education followed with speed. The Latin based alphabet was mandated by law on 1 November 1928, significantly increasing literacy within a short time frame. The most significant reform to the subject at hand came in 1933. Turkey’s system of higher education, including medical education, was thoroughly revised when the University Reform Law No. 2252 was passed on 31 May 1933. It abolished the Istanbul Darulfunun, an academy based on the Islamic tradition of higher education derived from the medieval medrese, and turned into a university during the first decade of the 20 century. D
{"title":"Émigré Albert Eckstein’s Legacy on Health Care Modernization in Turkey: Two Generations of Students Who Have Made Major Contributions","authors":"Cimen Gunay-Erkol, A. Reisman","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087127","url":null,"abstract":"uring the 1920s, Turkey witnessed a maelstrom of radical reforms and with the abolition of the caliphate on 3 March 1924 the country took giant steps to become a secular state with all its ramifications. On the same day, another revolutionary law aiming at unification, standardization, and secularization of the educational institutions (Tevhid-i Tedrisat kanunu) was passed. This law closed the religious schools and attached all educational institutions to the Ministry of National Education. Several other reforms in education followed with speed. The Latin based alphabet was mandated by law on 1 November 1928, significantly increasing literacy within a short time frame. The most significant reform to the subject at hand came in 1933. Turkey’s system of higher education, including medical education, was thoroughly revised when the University Reform Law No. 2252 was passed on 31 May 1933. It abolished the Istanbul Darulfunun, an academy based on the Islamic tradition of higher education derived from the medieval medrese, and turned into a university during the first decade of the 20 century. D","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124966254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-03DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087149
A. Sandén
This article deals with early seventeenth century local government, both the secular and religious, in order to present the concepts of ”the good society”, and the strategies that were used to achi ...
{"title":"Welfare and Social Capital in Linköping, 1600–1620","authors":"A. Sandén","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.087149","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with early seventeenth century local government, both the secular and religious, in order to present the concepts of ”the good society”, and the strategies that were used to achi ...","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123309338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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