Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231177
E. Fure
y the turn of the century 1700/1800 less than one in five Norwegian children died before their first birthday. The average hides variations among regions and over time. Infant mortality had, at least in some areas, started its secular decline from the end of the 18th century. Neither in Norway nor in other countries have the causes of decline been definitively identified. One hypothesis has been that the decline in mortality was associated with an increase in prosperity. One would, therefore, expect that infant mortality was higher in the poorer classes, at least during the initial stage of the decline in infant mortality. Researchers have published data on infant mortality according to social groups in some Norwegian family reconstitution studies from different parishes. Usually there are two groups: one consists of farmers, whereas the other is a mixed group of cotters, crofters, laborers, workers, fishermen and sailors. Family reconstitution is very time-consuming work. The results for individual parishes often do not consist of a large number of cases, and the differences found have not been subjected to statistical testing. This makes it difficult to interpret the results, and the researchers are usually reluctant to make substantial conclusions. One exception is a study not based on study of a single parish, but rather on linkage between records from church registers from 45 randomly chosen parishes for two to five years around
{"title":"Social Differences in Infant Mortality in the Norwegian Parish Asker and Bærum 1814–1878","authors":"E. Fure","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231177","url":null,"abstract":"y the turn of the century 1700/1800 less than one in five Norwegian children died before their first birthday. The average hides variations among regions and over time. Infant mortality had, at least in some areas, started its secular decline from the end of the 18th century. Neither in Norway nor in other countries have the causes of decline been definitively identified. One hypothesis has been that the decline in mortality was associated with an increase in prosperity. One would, therefore, expect that infant mortality was higher in the poorer classes, at least during the initial stage of the decline in infant mortality. Researchers have published data on infant mortality according to social groups in some Norwegian family reconstitution studies from different parishes. Usually there are two groups: one consists of farmers, whereas the other is a mixed group of cotters, crofters, laborers, workers, fishermen and sailors. Family reconstitution is very time-consuming work. The results for individual parishes often do not consist of a large number of cases, and the differences found have not been subjected to statistical testing. This makes it difficult to interpret the results, and the researchers are usually reluctant to make substantial conclusions. One exception is a study not based on study of a single parish, but rather on linkage between records from church registers from 45 randomly chosen parishes for two to five years around","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125455872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023153
M. Bengtsson
{"title":"The Interpretation of Cause of Death 53 Among Infants","authors":"M. Bengtsson","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125521599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-20DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.01217
L. M. Beier
rom earliest times, governments have been concerned about the threat posed by epidemics and have embraced policies and regulations intended to prevent or limit the impact of diseases identified as contagious. However, the public health initiatives of nineteenthand early twentieth-century England were more ambitious, inclusive, and sustained than any previous public attempts to control disease. The sanitation reforms and preventive health services implemented from the 1840s onward had an enormous impact on the quality and duration of life experienced by English people. Indeed, in his challenge to the McKeown thesis, Simon Szreter argues, ‘The public health movement working through local government, rather than nutritional improvements through rising living standards, should be seen as the true moving force behind the decline of mortality in this period.’
{"title":"Contagion, Policy, Class, Gender, and Mid-Twentieth-Century Lancashire Working-Class Health Culture","authors":"L. M. Beier","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.01217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.01217","url":null,"abstract":"rom earliest times, governments have been concerned about the threat posed by epidemics and have embraced policies and regulations intended to prevent or limit the impact of diseases identified as contagious. However, the public health initiatives of nineteenthand early twentieth-century England were more ambitious, inclusive, and sustained than any previous public attempts to control disease. The sanitation reforms and preventive health services implemented from the 1840s onward had an enormous impact on the quality and duration of life experienced by English people. Indeed, in his challenge to the McKeown thesis, Simon Szreter argues, ‘The public health movement working through local government, rather than nutritional improvements through rising living standards, should be seen as the true moving force behind the decline of mortality in this period.’","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133494145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-08DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012125
A. Ostry
askatchewan, sandwiched between Alberta and Manitoba, is one of three prairie provinces in Canada. The province consists mainly of dry prairie in the south (where it borders the states of Montana and North Dakota) and subArctic forest, giving away to tundra along its border with the North West Territories. It was opened for European settlement after the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway at the end of the nineteenth-century and grew slowly, stabilizing at a population of between 900,000 and one million after the 1940s. Until the 1950s, this sparsely settled province was sustained by a one-crop wheat economy. Saskatchewan's population distribution reflected this, as most people lived in rural areas. There were only two medium-sized cities (Regina and Saskatoon) and six smaller ones ‘which anchored a network of villages and towns that covered an expanse of agricultural land larger than France’. Although less than eight per cent of Canadians lived in Saskatchewan in the 1940s, this province has played a large role in the development of national social policy. Western Canada, particularly Saskatchewan and Manitoba, was the crucible of the nation's Social Democratic movement which was based largely on the strong tradition of co-operative prairie wheat farming and marketing. Canada's first Social Democratic party, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), the forerunner of the New Democratic Party, was born during the Great Depression in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The party came to power in the Saskatchewan pro-
{"title":"The Roots of North America's First Comprehensive Public Health Insurance System","authors":"A. Ostry","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012125","url":null,"abstract":"askatchewan, sandwiched between Alberta and Manitoba, is one of three prairie provinces in Canada. The province consists mainly of dry prairie in the south (where it borders the states of Montana and North Dakota) and subArctic forest, giving away to tundra along its border with the North West Territories. It was opened for European settlement after the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway at the end of the nineteenth-century and grew slowly, stabilizing at a population of between 900,000 and one million after the 1940s. Until the 1950s, this sparsely settled province was sustained by a one-crop wheat economy. Saskatchewan's population distribution reflected this, as most people lived in rural areas. There were only two medium-sized cities (Regina and Saskatoon) and six smaller ones ‘which anchored a network of villages and towns that covered an expanse of agricultural land larger than France’. Although less than eight per cent of Canadians lived in Saskatchewan in the 1940s, this province has played a large role in the development of national social policy. Western Canada, particularly Saskatchewan and Manitoba, was the crucible of the nation's Social Democratic movement which was based largely on the strong tradition of co-operative prairie wheat farming and marketing. Canada's first Social Democratic party, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), the forerunner of the New Democratic Party, was born during the Great Depression in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The party came to power in the Saskatchewan pro-","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125148991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-08DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012145
S. Willner
weden has the lowest per capita consumption of alcohol in Western Europe together with the Nordic sister nations Norway and Iceland, according to recent official statistics. Alcohol-related deaths are consequently low in a European perspective. This level is ascribed to the Swedish policy based on farreaching administrative restrictions and on the high taxes imposed on alcohol sale. However, ideological influences that encourage conscientiousness and temperance have also been exercised historically by strong popular movements: the absolutist temperance societies, working class organisations and the non-conformist free churches (outside the Swedish Lutheran Church). Many of those who defend this system with a low consumption policy today foresee great risks regarding the social and health-related consequences if the European Union efforts to liberalise the restrictive Swedish policy in order to ‘harmonise’ trade in alcoholic beverages are carried through. The great interest in alcohol in the contemporary debate on public health issues in Sweden motivates a closer examination of the historical experiences with alcohol policies and traditions regarding consumption levels and health effects.
{"title":"The Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Excess Male Mortality in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Sweden","authors":"S. Willner","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.012145","url":null,"abstract":"weden has the lowest per capita consumption of alcohol in Western Europe together with the Nordic sister nations Norway and Iceland, according to recent official statistics. Alcohol-related deaths are consequently low in a European perspective. This level is ascribed to the Swedish policy based on farreaching administrative restrictions and on the high taxes imposed on alcohol sale. However, ideological influences that encourage conscientiousness and temperance have also been exercised historically by strong popular movements: the absolutist temperance societies, working class organisations and the non-conformist free churches (outside the Swedish Lutheran Church). Many of those who defend this system with a low consumption policy today foresee great risks regarding the social and health-related consequences if the European Union efforts to liberalise the restrictive Swedish policy in order to ‘harmonise’ trade in alcoholic beverages are carried through. The great interest in alcohol in the contemporary debate on public health issues in Sweden motivates a closer examination of the historical experiences with alcohol policies and traditions regarding consumption levels and health effects.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116501643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-02-29DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001137
A. Tanner
he peculiarities of the history of public health in London have been the subject of several studies in the last twenty years, most notably by Anne Hardy, Bill Luckin, Lara Marks, Graham Mooney, John Davies and David Owen. The purpose of this contribution is not to add to the canon, but rather to make a plea for a re-examination of some of the original sources for this field, in particular the surviving reports of the metropolitan Medical Officers of Health (MOHs), which provide a unique insight, not solely into the development of public health policy and practice in the capital, but into many aspects of London life. London tended to be excluded from the provisions of much of the reforming legislation of the nineteenth century. It alone was left out of the 1835 Corporations Act, and the 1848 Public Health Act. This second Act decreed that, where a registration district recorded a death rate of over 23 per 1,000, the undertaking of remedial measures and the appointment of a Medical Officer of Health (MOH) became compulsory. In certain parts of London, most notably the East End, a death rate of
{"title":"Scarlatina and Sewer Smells: Metropolitan Public Health Records 1855-1920","authors":"A. Tanner","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001137","url":null,"abstract":"he peculiarities of the history of public health in London have been the subject of several studies in the last twenty years, most notably by Anne Hardy, Bill Luckin, Lara Marks, Graham Mooney, John Davies and David Owen. The purpose of this contribution is not to add to the canon, but rather to make a plea for a re-examination of some of the original sources for this field, in particular the surviving reports of the metropolitan Medical Officers of Health (MOHs), which provide a unique insight, not solely into the development of public health policy and practice in the capital, but into many aspects of London life. London tended to be excluded from the provisions of much of the reforming legislation of the nineteenth century. It alone was left out of the 1835 Corporations Act, and the 1848 Public Health Act. This second Act decreed that, where a registration district recorded a death rate of over 23 per 1,000, the undertaking of remedial measures and the appointment of a Medical Officer of Health (MOH) became compulsory. In certain parts of London, most notably the East End, a death rate of","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133250445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-02-29DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001123
V. Berridge
Historians, by and large, operate among their own kind. Most professional historians work in departments which are discipline based, although often with contacts and networks among a wider range of interests relevant to their research speciality. Medical and other health-related schools, where they draw on history, as in teaching, tend to look within their own ranks. The history of public health might well be the responsibility of a non-historical staff member with an interest in the subject. It is rare for historians, in the UK at least, to cross the boundary and to be located in a medical or public health setting. This is the position of the history group at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Operating across the boundaries in this way requires a complex balancing act of interests. This paper reflects on the history of public health and possibilities for future development both from the perspective of that unusual location, but personally from that of a research career which has partially been spent in other non-historical contexts elsewhere as well. I aim to consider three related but different areas of interest public health history (by which I mean the current state of play of historical research in this and allied subjects) and history in public health (by which I mean the interest in and use of that history by non
{"title":"History in Public Health: a New Development for History?","authors":"V. Berridge","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.001123","url":null,"abstract":"Historians, by and large, operate among their own kind. Most professional historians work in departments which are discipline based, although often with contacts and networks among a wider range of interests relevant to their research speciality. Medical and other health-related schools, where they draw on history, as in teaching, tend to look within their own ranks. The history of public health might well be the responsibility of a non-historical staff member with an interest in the subject. It is rare for historians, in the UK at least, to cross the boundary and to be located in a medical or public health setting. This is the position of the history group at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Operating across the boundaries in this way requires a complex balancing act of interests. This paper reflects on the history of public health and possibilities for future development both from the perspective of that unusual location, but personally from that of a research career which has partially been spent in other non-historical contexts elsewhere as well. I aim to consider three related but different areas of interest public health history (by which I mean the current state of play of historical research in this and allied subjects) and history in public health (by which I mean the interest in and use of that history by non","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130907475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-02-29DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00115
J. Sundin
s there a need for a special journal for the history of public health? And, if so, why in electronic form? There are at least two answers to the last question. First of all, new journals in traditional form are expensive to produce and to distribute. Much more substantial support would have been needed from our sponsors to establish the journal on the market and to test its economic potential. We all know the difficulties in convincing our university libraries to subscribe to new journals, a condition necessary for their survival. Secondly, the electronic medium offers a number of possibilities not easily available for traditional journals. One is the easy access at no other cost for the consumer than time. A second advantage is the possibility to cut the time – just a few months – between the submission of the manuscript and its publication, which shortens the interval between the first expression of new ideas and findings and the moment they reach the rest of the scholarly world. We have met colleagues who are doubtful about the value of an electronic medium for the spread of high-quality research in the humanities and social sciences. Besides the arguments already mentioned, we would also like to point out that:
{"title":"Why Hygiea Internationalis","authors":"J. Sundin","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00115","url":null,"abstract":"s there a need for a special journal for the history of public health? And, if so, why in electronic form? There are at least two answers to the last question. First of all, new journals in traditional form are expensive to produce and to distribute. Much more substantial support would have been needed from our sponsors to establish the journal on the market and to test its economic potential. We all know the difficulties in convincing our university libraries to subscribe to new journals, a condition necessary for their survival. Secondly, the electronic medium offers a number of possibilities not easily available for traditional journals. One is the easy access at no other cost for the consumer than time. A second advantage is the possibility to cut the time – just a few months – between the submission of the manuscript and its publication, which shortens the interval between the first expression of new ideas and findings and the moment they reach the rest of the scholarly world. We have met colleagues who are doubtful about the value of an electronic medium for the spread of high-quality research in the humanities and social sciences. Besides the arguments already mentioned, we would also like to point out that:","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126907477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-02-01DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00119
D. Porter
{"title":"Changing Definitions of the History of Public Health","authors":"D. Porter","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.00119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127184133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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