Pub Date : 2011-01-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110153
N. Ersoy, Y. Gungor, A. Akpınar
The backdrop to the epidemics of the nineteenth century was the Industrial Revolution with the rapid increase of the urban population, unsanitary settlements in the vicinity of factories, long working hours and deterioration of living conditions for workers, malnutrition and the failure of nation-states to meet these challenges. The acceleration of transport due to the invention of steamships (1810) and the railway (1830) and the extension of international trade and pilgrimage via the Suez Channel (1869), as well as huge waves of migration from Europe to America led to the outbreak of the contagious diseases. Plague followed by other contagious diseases like cholera, typhus and tuberculosis were also exposed to Ottoman Land from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. In the first part of this era initiating the quarantine measures in Ottoman World was highly grueling because of protestations by the ulema (religious clergy) to whom diseases were the scourge of God on his unruly subjects. However with the pressure of the European powers, both quarantines and the other necessities enforced by them had been adminis-
{"title":"International Sanitary Conferences from the Ottoman perspective (1851–1938)","authors":"N. Ersoy, Y. Gungor, A. Akpınar","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110153","url":null,"abstract":"The backdrop to the epidemics of the nineteenth century was the Industrial Revolution with the rapid increase of the urban population, unsanitary settlements in the vicinity of factories, long working hours and deterioration of living conditions for workers, malnutrition and the failure of nation-states to meet these challenges. The acceleration of transport due to the invention of steamships (1810) and the railway (1830) and the extension of international trade and pilgrimage via the Suez Channel (1869), as well as huge waves of migration from Europe to America led to the outbreak of the contagious diseases. Plague followed by other contagious diseases like cholera, typhus and tuberculosis were also exposed to Ottoman Land from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. In the first part of this era initiating the quarantine measures in Ottoman World was highly grueling because of protestations by the ulema (religious clergy) to whom diseases were the scourge of God on his unruly subjects. However with the pressure of the European powers, both quarantines and the other necessities enforced by them had been adminis-","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133832737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110133
Virginie de Luca Barrusse
n France during the first half of the 20 th century, the issue of sex education for young people of both sexes was the focus of debate among actors in various fields. Their aims converged, however, in the guiding principles they proposed for action to regulate sexual behaviour. In this essay, we would like to demonstrate that sex education, as it was proposed and introduced, was based on a set of proposals or choices reflecting an overall representation of the demographic stakes involved and a framework for their interpretation. Fuelled by fear of the “venereal peril” as well as degeneration and depopulation, sex education consisted of a set of prescriptions and recommendations to help young men gauge the consequences of sexual intercourse for themselves, their families and society. It sought to instil a sense of responsibility by preparing them for a family model that would ensure reproduction of the population in the desired quantity and quality. The representation of these demographic concerns and the framework for interpreting them determined the guidelines for sex education: they set limits on what was desirable and undesirable in the area of sex education as well as its objectives. Other concerns have already been brought out, not only in the case of France but more broadly in Europe and the United States or Canada : morality, in particular, imposed or ruled out some of the prescriptions 1 . By focusing our attention on these underlying concerns, we will
{"title":"The Concerns Underlying Sex Education for Young People in France During the First Half of the 20th Century: Morality, demography and public health","authors":"Virginie de Luca Barrusse","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110133","url":null,"abstract":"n France during the first half of the 20 th century, the issue of sex education for young people of both sexes was the focus of debate among actors in various fields. Their aims converged, however, in the guiding principles they proposed for action to regulate sexual behaviour. In this essay, we would like to demonstrate that sex education, as it was proposed and introduced, was based on a set of proposals or choices reflecting an overall representation of the demographic stakes involved and a framework for their interpretation. Fuelled by fear of the “venereal peril” as well as degeneration and depopulation, sex education consisted of a set of prescriptions and recommendations to help young men gauge the consequences of sexual intercourse for themselves, their families and society. It sought to instil a sense of responsibility by preparing them for a family model that would ensure reproduction of the population in the desired quantity and quality. The representation of these demographic concerns and the framework for interpreting them determined the guidelines for sex education: they set limits on what was desirable and undesirable in the area of sex education as well as its objectives. Other concerns have already been brought out, not only in the case of France but more broadly in Europe and the United States or Canada : morality, in particular, imposed or ruled out some of the prescriptions 1 . By focusing our attention on these underlying concerns, we will","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133529383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110181
P. Gil-Sotres
{"title":"Obituary: Juan Antonio Paniagua (1920-2010), Medical Historian","authors":"P. Gil-Sotres","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"75 suppl 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131540851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091311
A. Fabian
hen we try to discover the problems associated with juvenile delinquency should be very attentive towards the social, demographic, economical, and political situation of a certain society. Without these issues we would not be able to draw a real picture about the considered phenomenon, neither related to its qualitative, nor related to its quantitative evolution. In the same time represents an absolute necessity to consider the psychological factors of juvenile delinquency, as far as there are both social and psychological aspects involved into the phenomenon. Meanwhile is not less interesting how a society perceives the phenomenon and what thinks about the causes of juvenile delinquency. The paper follows these directions. W
{"title":"Juvenile Delinquency in Romania: The Indirect Result of the Transition Process","authors":"A. Fabian","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091311","url":null,"abstract":"hen we try to discover the problems associated with juvenile delinquency should be very attentive towards the social, demographic, economical, and political situation of a certain society. Without these issues we would not be able to draw a real picture about the considered phenomenon, neither related to its qualitative, nor related to its quantitative evolution. In the same time represents an absolute necessity to consider the psychological factors of juvenile delinquency, as far as there are both social and psychological aspects involved into the phenomenon. Meanwhile is not less interesting how a society perceives the phenomenon and what thinks about the causes of juvenile delinquency. The paper follows these directions. W","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127687664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091279
Clara M. Oberle
n past years, with state funding for public health and welfare undergoing much scrutiny, historians and public health policy makers alike have proposed to study the origins of what for years could be characterized as a European welfare consensus. Was there indeed any such conversion of approaches? And if so, what caused it? Among others, the Phoenix network, a coalition of scholars studying health care and medical policies over the course of Europe’s history and in its present, called for an investigation of moments in European history when thinking on public health and welfare policies converged. This paper proposes that indeed there was a period in European history which generated something of a postwar convergence of approaches. The postwar period witnessed a remarkable consensus about the importance of public planning, spending, and state involvement in the health and welfare sector. By examining the case of Berlin as one immediate postwar city and situating it in the larger European context of the time, one can point to common motivations and actors involved. The root of this consensus was not any optimistic humanitarian ideology, nor even primarily a concern for public health or the spread of epidemics. Rather, it grew out of a shared setting, marked by physical destruction and political instability. As a result, profound concerns about governability and the legitimacy of any state came to the forefront. In the case of Berlin, this was aggravated furthermore by a fear of the return of National Socialism. I
{"title":"From Warfare to Welfare: Postwar Homelessness, Dislocation, and the Birth of the Welfare State in Europe: The Case of Berlin 1945–1949","authors":"Clara M. Oberle","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091279","url":null,"abstract":"n past years, with state funding for public health and welfare undergoing much scrutiny, historians and public health policy makers alike have proposed to study the origins of what for years could be characterized as a European welfare consensus. Was there indeed any such conversion of approaches? And if so, what caused it? Among others, the Phoenix network, a coalition of scholars studying health care and medical policies over the course of Europe’s history and in its present, called for an investigation of moments in European history when thinking on public health and welfare policies converged. This paper proposes that indeed there was a period in European history which generated something of a postwar convergence of approaches. The postwar period witnessed a remarkable consensus about the importance of public planning, spending, and state involvement in the health and welfare sector. By examining the case of Berlin as one immediate postwar city and situating it in the larger European context of the time, one can point to common motivations and actors involved. The root of this consensus was not any optimistic humanitarian ideology, nor even primarily a concern for public health or the spread of epidemics. Rather, it grew out of a shared setting, marked by physical destruction and political instability. As a result, profound concerns about governability and the legitimacy of any state came to the forefront. In the case of Berlin, this was aggravated furthermore by a fear of the return of National Socialism. I","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133878772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109113
Fritz Dross
eginning in the late 14 and accelerating in the mid-15 century, health care relief underwent far-reaching changes in German imperial cities. 1 With regard to the organisational framework of relief they have been analysed and described as processes of institutionalisation, hospitalisation, specialisation, and communalisation. With respect to the healing personnel in charge of applying health care relief schemes initiated by the city councils and hospital administrations, this development has been characterised as professionalisation. Altogether, these transformations could be looked at as a premodern stage of “medicalisation”. But of course, one risks anachronism when applying this term to earlier developments. 3 B
从14世纪末开始，到15世纪中叶加速，德国帝国城市的医疗救济经历了深远的变化。1 .关于救济的组织框架，它们被分析并描述为机构化、住院化、专业化和社群化的过程。对于负责实施由市议会和医院管理部门发起的保健救济计划的治疗人员来说，这种发展的特点是专业化。总的来说，这些转变可以被视为“医学化”的前现代阶段。但是，当然，当把这个术语应用于早期的发展时，人们可能会犯时代错误。3 B
{"title":"Patterns of Hospitality: Aspects of Institutionalisation in 15th & 16th Centuries Nuremberg Healthcare","authors":"Fritz Dross","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109113","url":null,"abstract":"eginning in the late 14 and accelerating in the mid-15 century, health care relief underwent far-reaching changes in German imperial cities. 1 With regard to the organisational framework of relief they have been analysed and described as processes of institutionalisation, hospitalisation, specialisation, and communalisation. With respect to the healing personnel in charge of applying health care relief schemes initiated by the city councils and hospital administrations, this development has been characterised as professionalisation. Altogether, these transformations could be looked at as a premodern stage of “medicalisation”. But of course, one risks anachronism when applying this term to earlier developments. 3 B","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133920916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091183
M. Araújo, A. Esteves
n the 19th century in result of the inherent advances of the industrializing process, the distances were shortened, distant regions became nearer and the circulation of people and goods through several parts of the globe was easier. The diseases also spread more quickly, assuming sometimes uncontrollable proportions, not only by land, but also by sea, through boats that, in addition of transporting people and goods, also served as means of transmission of epidemics into different countries and continents. I
{"title":"Cholera in the Portuguese Region of Alto Minho in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: Epidemic Outbreaks, Treatment and Behaviours","authors":"M. Araújo, A. Esteves","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091183","url":null,"abstract":"n the 19th century in result of the inherent advances of the industrializing process, the distances were shortened, distant regions became nearer and the circulation of people and goods through several parts of the globe was easier. The diseases also spread more quickly, assuming sometimes uncontrollable proportions, not only by land, but also by sea, through boats that, in addition of transporting people and goods, also served as means of transmission of epidemics into different countries and continents. I","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114131514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109179
Laureano M. Rubio Pérez
ublic health systems, in the strict sense, from a present-day perspective and within the framework of European industrial societies, are a matter that relates to recent history or times not long since. This is when progress and the welfare state affecting the whole of society seem to triumph, in terms both of their progressive implantation and development, and of the structures upon which these are founded. However, they have a historical backcloth and supporting bases that in some sense may shape their present and future development. Hence, an awareness of their background and in particular of their underlying structures may aid both historical knowledge and planning for the future in times of major changes in demographic patterns, with a type of technological and scientific development which is far from that enjoyed by current European societies. P
{"title":"Barbers, Doctors and Healers: Community Welfare and the Health System in the North-West of Spain – The Province of Leon – During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries","authors":"Laureano M. Rubio Pérez","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109179","url":null,"abstract":"ublic health systems, in the strict sense, from a present-day perspective and within the framework of European industrial societies, are a matter that relates to recent history or times not long since. This is when progress and the welfare state affecting the whole of society seem to triumph, in terms both of their progressive implantation and development, and of the structures upon which these are founded. However, they have a historical backcloth and supporting bases that in some sense may shape their present and future development. Hence, an awareness of their background and in particular of their underlying structures may aid both historical knowledge and planning for the future in times of major changes in demographic patterns, with a type of technological and scientific development which is far from that enjoyed by current European societies. P","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129138907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109153
M. Álvarez
he Bierzo is one of the natural districts of the Spanish Province of Leon. Situated in the western part of this province, it borders the Galician Provinces of Lugo and Orense to the west; to the south lies another natural region of Leon, the Cabrera; to the east stand the Mounts of Leon; while to the northwest there is the former administrative district of Ribas del Sil de Arriba. This is a territory with considerable geographic diversity, in which it is possible to distinguish mountainous zones, occupying somewhat more than half of the district, the so-called Upper Bierzo; plains or depressions, forming the Lower Bierzo; and transitional areas, linking these two. T
比耶索是西班牙莱昂省的自然区之一。它位于这个省的西部，西面与加利西亚的卢戈省和奥伦斯省接壤;南部是莱昂的另一个自然区域，卡布雷拉;东面矗立着莱昂山;而在西北部，则是前行政区Ribas del Sil de Arriba。这是一个具有相当地理多样性的领土，其中可以区分山区，占据了该地区的一半以上，即所谓的上比耶索;平原或洼地，形成下比耶索;还有过渡区，连接这两者。T
{"title":"Disease and Health Care in the North-West of Spain in the Early Modern Period. The Bierzo region","authors":"M. Álvarez","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.109153","url":null,"abstract":"he Bierzo is one of the natural districts of the Spanish Province of Leon. Situated in the western part of this province, it borders the Galician Provinces of Lugo and Orense to the west; to the south lies another natural region of Leon, the Cabrera; to the east stand the Mounts of Leon; while to the northwest there is the former administrative district of Ribas del Sil de Arriba. This is a territory with considerable geographic diversity, in which it is possible to distinguish mountainous zones, occupying somewhat more than half of the district, the so-called Upper Bierzo; plains or depressions, forming the Lower Bierzo; and transitional areas, linking these two. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128072840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091375
J. Rambousková, E. Krizova, P. Dlouhý, J. Potočková, M. Andel
he population of the Czech Republic (CR) is approximately 10 million inhabitants. It presents 2.3% of the extended EU population. In the Czech Republic the older population percentage is rapidly increasing due to the increase in life expectancy (M 73 yrs, F 79 yrs) and an extremely low birth rate, which has existed since the 1990 s (fertility rate increased slightly from minimum 1.13 in 1999 to 1.44 in 2006). In 2007, 15% of inhabitants were aged 65+ (more than 1.5 mil.), by 2030 the 65+ population is expected to reach 22.8%, and by 2050, it is expected to be 31.3%. The proportion of persons in the highest age group (85+) is growing the most rapidly and increases in life expectancy, in both sexes, is expected to continue, with estimated life expectancies of 84 years in males and 88 years in females by 2065. The relative share of seniors will unevenly increase in coming decades due to natural ageing of the early 1970 s “population boom,” which was a direct consequence of pro-birth measures linked to social policies of political “normalization”. The age structure in the CR, measured by the age preference index, is currently on par with the EU average, however, if present trends persist, the population of the CR will gradually become one of the oldest in Europe. Health insurance of pensioners, in the CR, is financed from the state budget. Traditionally, provision for health and social care was concentrated in modern institutions (hospitals, elderly homes, residential nursing homes, etc.). It is only recently that small steps, involving new trends of extramural care (e.g. home care) have been taken and political support for independent living and family care has only recently, been declared. Nonetheless, rising financial stress on the health care budget and persistent mental and organizational stereotypes and traditions T
{"title":"Nutritional Status in Elderly People Living in Retirement Homes in the Czech Republic","authors":"J. Rambousková, E. Krizova, P. Dlouhý, J. Potočková, M. Andel","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091375","url":null,"abstract":"he population of the Czech Republic (CR) is approximately 10 million inhabitants. It presents 2.3% of the extended EU population. In the Czech Republic the older population percentage is rapidly increasing due to the increase in life expectancy (M 73 yrs, F 79 yrs) and an extremely low birth rate, which has existed since the 1990 s (fertility rate increased slightly from minimum 1.13 in 1999 to 1.44 in 2006). In 2007, 15% of inhabitants were aged 65+ (more than 1.5 mil.), by 2030 the 65+ population is expected to reach 22.8%, and by 2050, it is expected to be 31.3%. The proportion of persons in the highest age group (85+) is growing the most rapidly and increases in life expectancy, in both sexes, is expected to continue, with estimated life expectancies of 84 years in males and 88 years in females by 2065. The relative share of seniors will unevenly increase in coming decades due to natural ageing of the early 1970 s “population boom,” which was a direct consequence of pro-birth measures linked to social policies of political “normalization”. The age structure in the CR, measured by the age preference index, is currently on par with the EU average, however, if present trends persist, the population of the CR will gradually become one of the oldest in Europe. Health insurance of pensioners, in the CR, is financed from the state budget. Traditionally, provision for health and social care was concentrated in modern institutions (hospitals, elderly homes, residential nursing homes, etc.). It is only recently that small steps, involving new trends of extramural care (e.g. home care) have been taken and political support for independent living and family care has only recently, been declared. Nonetheless, rising financial stress on the health care budget and persistent mental and organizational stereotypes and traditions T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116212531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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