Pub Date : 2007-12-27DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077113
Iris Borowy
he League of Nations Health Organisation (LNHO) was the first worldwide health organisation with a comprehensive mandate which enabled it to address a wide, almost unlimited, range of topics. This freedom of action proved a blessing as well as a curse. During the first decade of its existence the LNHO became involved in a large number of diverse problems without an overriding issue that would have lent direction and profile to their overall work. In the 1930s, it seemed to have found such an issue in social medicine. T
{"title":"International Social Medicine between the Wars: Positioning a Volatile Concept","authors":"Iris Borowy","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.077113","url":null,"abstract":"he League of Nations Health Organisation (LNHO) was the first worldwide health organisation with a comprehensive mandate which enabled it to address a wide, almost unlimited, range of topics. This freedom of action proved a blessing as well as a curse. During the first decade of its existence the LNHO became involved in a large number of diverse problems without an overriding issue that would have lent direction and profile to their overall work. In the 1930s, it seemed to have found such an issue in social medicine. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114147915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076141
Laurinda Abreu
he social exclusion and the fragility that the present economic situation bears is not a new phenomena in Europe. Forced by uncontrolled circumstances or as a result of individual or group choices, the non integration into society carries elements of disorder, insecurity and fear that go through all times and spaces. The trauma brought on by the Black Death, associated with the process of transformation of the dominant political model in Europe and to changes in the economic structures, made it easier to implement actions to discipline society and to reduce the violence. In the Europe that witnessed the construction of the Early Modern States, those who did not have an occupation, refused to work or search for a “master”, were stigmatized, severely persecuted, marginalized and expelled from their communities. T
{"title":"Beggars, Vagrants and Romanies: Repression and Persecution in Portuguese Society (14th–18th Centuries)","authors":"Laurinda Abreu","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076141","url":null,"abstract":"he social exclusion and the fragility that the present economic situation bears is not a new phenomena in Europe. Forced by uncontrolled circumstances or as a result of individual or group choices, the non integration into society carries elements of disorder, insecurity and fear that go through all times and spaces. The trauma brought on by the Black Death, associated with the process of transformation of the dominant political model in Europe and to changes in the economic structures, made it easier to implement actions to discipline society and to reduce the violence. In the Europe that witnessed the construction of the Early Modern States, those who did not have an occupation, refused to work or search for a “master”, were stigmatized, severely persecuted, marginalized and expelled from their communities. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124275030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076193
R. Endevelt
Over the last two centuries, the transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial society has caused a shortage in many foods that had once been available in the villages, leading to deficiencies in essential nutrients. Nations worldwide have since faced the need to establish programs in order to feed those who no longer have ready access to the fruits of the land, in particular children. Part of this need has been met by lunch programs. Many countries throughout the industrialized West have created programs of various sorts. Some aim only at feeding the children, while others also seek to teach nutrition. Such efforts have also been undertaken in Israel, beginning in the era of the British Mandate, but were ended in the 1970s as rising prosperity led the Israeli government to conclude that a rich country had no need for a program to feed the poor. The decision was not without its costs, including a widening gap between the various levels of society and a shorter school day that forced many mothers to work just part time. However, in 2005, the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) approved a trial lunch program in response to a survey that revealed a significant need for enhanced nutrition among the poorer students in Israel’s schools. An understanding of earlier lunch programs should contribute to successful implementation of this trial.
{"title":"School Lunch Programs in Israel, Past and Present","authors":"R. Endevelt","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076193","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two centuries, the transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial society has caused a shortage in many foods that had once been available in the villages, leading to deficiencies in essential nutrients. Nations worldwide have since faced the need to establish programs in order to feed those who no longer have ready access to the fruits of the land, in particular children. Part of this need has been met by lunch programs. Many countries throughout the industrialized West have created programs of various sorts. Some aim only at feeding the children, while others also seek to teach nutrition. Such efforts have also been undertaken in Israel, beginning in the era of the British Mandate, but were ended in the 1970s as rising prosperity led the Israeli government to conclude that a rich country had no need for a program to feed the poor. The decision was not without its costs, including a widening gap between the various levels of society and a shorter school day that forced many mothers to work just part time. However, in 2005, the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) approved a trial lunch program in response to a survey that revealed a significant need for enhanced nutrition among the poorer students in Israel’s schools. An understanding of earlier lunch programs should contribute to successful implementation of this trial.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114965760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07617
A. Løkke
lthough health policy is only one part of welfare policy, it is a very distinguishing component of the Danish welfare system, with its massive state involvement: the state provides tax-financed, free medical care, free treatment in hospitals and sickness benefits for all permanent residents. Nearly all hospitals in Denmark are owned and run by the public, leaving only a minimal market for private hospitals and other forms of private medical care paid for by individual patients. In short, Danish health policy is characterised, as Esping-Andersen has described the Scandinavian welfare-state regime as a whole, by universalism and decommodification: the whole population receives services from the state, and the health services are not regulated by the market as commodities. A
{"title":"State and Insurance: The Long-Term Trends in Danish Health Policy from 1672 to 1973","authors":"A. Løkke","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.07617","url":null,"abstract":"lthough health policy is only one part of welfare policy, it is a very distinguishing component of the Danish welfare system, with its massive state involvement: the state provides tax-financed, free medical care, free treatment in hospitals and sickness benefits for all permanent residents. Nearly all hospitals in Denmark are owned and run by the public, leaving only a minimal market for private hospitals and other forms of private medical care paid for by individual patients. In short, Danish health policy is characterised, as Esping-Andersen has described the Scandinavian welfare-state regime as a whole, by universalism and decommodification: the whole population receives services from the state, and the health services are not regulated by the market as commodities. A","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121181288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076179
P. Svobodný
Particularly in the Romance lands of Europe (Italy, France and Spain), care of orphans and abandoned children was an important part of care of children from the Earlier Middle Ages. It is therefore not surprising that the first institution to take a major interest in the care of children in Prague (Bohemia – today in the Czech Republic) was founded by members of the Italian colony in what was then an imperial, but later only the provincial capital. At the beginning the Italian Congregation and its hospital provided lodging and aid for all, regardless of nationality, religion, age or sex. At the turn of the 17th/18th century, as a result of fruitful competition with other traditional hospitals and newly founded specialised hospitals, the Italian Hospital started to focus primarily on care of children – orphans and foundlings – and later also pregnant women and new mothers. The hospital was also distinctive for not having been set up by a religious order or other church organisation nor by the city authorities like other similar facilities, but by a special religious congregation of laymen, formed mainly (if not exclusively) for the purpose. In this context the Italian Congregation in Prague differed from all other religious congregations/brotherhoods in Bohemia. There is no other “hospital”
{"title":"Social and Health Care of Children in Central Europe: The Italian Hospital in Prague in the 17th–18th Century","authors":"P. Svobodný","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076179","url":null,"abstract":"Particularly in the Romance lands of Europe (Italy, France and Spain), care of orphans and abandoned children was an important part of care of children from the Earlier Middle Ages. It is therefore not surprising that the first institution to take a major interest in the care of children in Prague (Bohemia – today in the Czech Republic) was founded by members of the Italian colony in what was then an imperial, but later only the provincial capital. At the beginning the Italian Congregation and its hospital provided lodging and aid for all, regardless of nationality, religion, age or sex. At the turn of the 17th/18th century, as a result of fruitful competition with other traditional hospitals and newly founded specialised hospitals, the Italian Hospital started to focus primarily on care of children – orphans and foundlings – and later also pregnant women and new mothers. The hospital was also distinctive for not having been set up by a religious order or other church organisation nor by the city authorities like other similar facilities, but by a special religious congregation of laymen, formed mainly (if not exclusively) for the purpose. In this context the Italian Congregation in Prague differed from all other religious congregations/brotherhoods in Bohemia. There is no other “hospital”","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134503850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076167
Mariama Kaba
uring the 19th century, an unprecedented process of medicalisation and institutionalisation unfolded in Europe. At the beginning and at the end of the century, respectively, the medical upheavals of anatomoclinic and microbiology had a major influence on the organisation of hospitals and medical studies. Cantonal hospitals, rapidly linked to medical faculties, were created in Switzerland in the second half of the century, and by 1874, the first federal medical exams took place, implying a standardisation of requirements at a national level. The parallel development of urbanised and industrialised areas furthered the densification of a network of care institutions such as infirmaries and dispensaries, whilst medical tourism was developed among the upper classes stimulating the founding of new private clinics. D
{"title":"Social and Health Care Access for the Physically Disabled in 19th Century French-Speaking Switzerland : A Double Process of Exclusion and Integration","authors":"Mariama Kaba","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076167","url":null,"abstract":"uring the 19th century, an unprecedented process of medicalisation and institutionalisation unfolded in Europe. At the beginning and at the end of the century, respectively, the medical upheavals of anatomoclinic and microbiology had a major influence on the organisation of hospitals and medical studies. Cantonal hospitals, rapidly linked to medical faculties, were created in Switzerland in the second half of the century, and by 1874, the first federal medical exams took place, implying a standardisation of requirements at a national level. The parallel development of urbanised and industrialised areas furthered the densification of a network of care institutions such as infirmaries and dispensaries, whilst medical tourism was developed among the upper classes stimulating the founding of new private clinics. D","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133855228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076125
Fritz Dross
till the German model of a “welfare state” based on compulsory health insurance is seen as a main achievement in a wider European framework of health and welfare policies in the late 19th century. In fact, health insurance made medical help affordable for a steadily growing part of population as well as compulsory social insurance became the general model of welfare policy in 20th century Germany. Without doubt, the implementation of the three parts of social insurance as 1) health insurance in 1883; 2) accident insurance in 1884; and 3) invalidity and retirement insurance in 1889 could stand for a turning point not only in German but also in European history of health and welfare policies after the thesis of a German “Sonderweg” has been more and more abandoned. On the other hand, recent discussion seems to indicate that this model of welfare policy has overexerted its capacity. Economically it is based on insurance companies with compulsory membership. With the beginning of 2004 the unemployment insurance in Germany has drastically shortened its benefits and was substituted by social S
{"title":"The Price of Unification: The Emergence of Health & Welfare Policy in Pre-Bismarckian Prussia","authors":"Fritz Dross","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.076125","url":null,"abstract":"till the German model of a “welfare state” based on compulsory health insurance is seen as a main achievement in a wider European framework of health and welfare policies in the late 19th century. In fact, health insurance made medical help affordable for a steadily growing part of population as well as compulsory social insurance became the general model of welfare policy in 20th century Germany. Without doubt, the implementation of the three parts of social insurance as 1) health insurance in 1883; 2) accident insurance in 1884; and 3) invalidity and retirement insurance in 1889 could stand for a turning point not only in German but also in European history of health and welfare policies after the thesis of a German “Sonderweg” has been more and more abandoned. On the other hand, recent discussion seems to indicate that this model of welfare policy has overexerted its capacity. Economically it is based on insurance companies with compulsory membership. With the beginning of 2004 the unemployment insurance in Germany has drastically shortened its benefits and was substituted by social S","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123027199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761107
Victor Nygren
he purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the first results from an ongoing study, which aims to explore and understand, in a hermeneutic sense, under what life conditions, including their health, internal migrants lived, in a small pre-industrial Swedish town during a time of considerable social change, and also how these migrants coped with their everyday lives as new residents in town. In other words, under what circumstances could these migrants better their lives in town and under what circumstances was their strive for improvement hindered? After an introduction to previous research, followed by a presentation of the method used in this study and a characterization of the context of the town, Linkoping, examples of migrant life courses will be presented and discussed. T
{"title":"Migrant men in misery : Result from a qualitative life history analysis on individuals and families concerning internal migration, health and life circumstances in early 19th century, Linköping, Sweden","authors":"Victor Nygren","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761107","url":null,"abstract":"he purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the first results from an ongoing study, which aims to explore and understand, in a hermeneutic sense, under what life conditions, including their health, internal migrants lived, in a small pre-industrial Swedish town during a time of considerable social change, and also how these migrants coped with their everyday lives as new residents in town. In other words, under what circumstances could these migrants better their lives in town and under what circumstances was their strive for improvement hindered? After an introduction to previous research, followed by a presentation of the method used in this study and a characterization of the context of the town, Linkoping, examples of migrant life courses will be presented and discussed. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129043284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761145
S. Willner
{"title":"Marriage of Convenience: Rockefeller International Health and Revolutionary Mexico, by Anne-Emanuelle Birn ; The Value of Health: A History of the Pan American Health Organization by Marcos Cueto","authors":"S. Willner","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0761145","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133237215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065175
Pilar León Sanz
his presentation forms part of a wider study on attitudes of physicians prior to the establishment of a social welfare system in Spain. The research is based on professional sources from the decade immediately prior to, and that immediately following, 1900. More specifically, the sources consist mainly of medical publications of the recently founded Medical Professional Associations, written by ‘experts’ who considered themselves spokespersons for the medical class.
{"title":"Professional Responsibility and the Welfare System in Spain at the Turn of the 19th Century","authors":"Pilar León Sanz","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065175","url":null,"abstract":"his presentation forms part of a wider study on attitudes of physicians prior to the establishment of a social welfare system in Spain. The research is based on professional sources from the decade immediately prior to, and that immediately following, 1900. More specifically, the sources consist mainly of medical publications of the recently founded Medical Professional Associations, written by ‘experts’ who considered themselves spokespersons for the medical class.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129473520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：