Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1613165
Jessica Pearson-Patel
{"title":"French Colonialism and the Battle against the WHO Regional Office for Africa","authors":"Jessica Pearson-Patel","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1613165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1613165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131056409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.16121103
P. G. Carvalho
The world trends in human life activity highlight that health is beyond a doctor, a hospital or an illness problem. Feeling healthy really impacts productivity and is also very important to fully understand human wellbeing, physical and mental personality, and consequently policies. In health policy the “diagnosis” is not always suitable and this will sometimes open incentives for wrong policy responses. According to Silva (2012), we should consider three important features relating to health policies in Portugal: sustainability and financial efficiency; equity in access and results and system quality. Taken as a whole, all the three features are connected with “cost” management. In fact, since the 1970’s in 20 Century Portugal, the National Health System was implemented as a democratic achievement guaranteeing free health access to every citizen, independent of race, socioeconomic or religious status. It was a democratic political decision after the revolutionary process within a context of economic expansion free of special financial constraints. Suddenly the health care system changed rapidly: higher salaries, a huge increase of new infrastructures and demand for health services and an exponential use of new and expensive technologies. If we link this to the new international and multinational sector of pharmacy and the changes in demographic trends, namely higher life expectancy rates and ageing society, we have the right environment where designing policies would include extremely delicate financial strategies. Furthermore, new physical and nutritional habits were induced through new technology based industries after World War II. The last 70 years brought
{"title":"Health Policies Require New Multidisciplinary Research","authors":"P. G. Carvalho","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.16121103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.16121103","url":null,"abstract":"The world trends in human life activity highlight that health is beyond a doctor, a hospital or an illness problem. Feeling healthy really impacts productivity and is also very important to fully understand human wellbeing, physical and mental personality, and consequently policies. In health policy the “diagnosis” is not always suitable and this will sometimes open incentives for wrong policy responses. According to Silva (2012), we should consider three important features relating to health policies in Portugal: sustainability and financial efficiency; equity in access and results and system quality. Taken as a whole, all the three features are connected with “cost” management. In fact, since the 1970’s in 20 Century Portugal, the National Health System was implemented as a democratic achievement guaranteeing free health access to every citizen, independent of race, socioeconomic or religious status. It was a democratic political decision after the revolutionary process within a context of economic expansion free of special financial constraints. Suddenly the health care system changed rapidly: higher salaries, a huge increase of new infrastructures and demand for health services and an exponential use of new and expensive technologies. If we link this to the new international and multinational sector of pharmacy and the changes in demographic trends, namely higher life expectancy rates and ageing society, we have the right environment where designing policies would include extremely delicate financial strategies. Furthermore, new physical and nutritional habits were induced through new technology based industries after World War II. The last 70 years brought","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129573210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-30DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511133
A. Carbonetti, L. Aizenberg, M. L. Rodríguez
Fil: Carbonetti, Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina
{"title":"Poliomyelitis in the City of Córdoba: Morbidity, Knowledge and the Research Performed by a Medical Elite in Argentinas Interior, 1943-1953","authors":"A. Carbonetti, L. Aizenberg, M. L. Rodríguez","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511133","url":null,"abstract":"Fil: Carbonetti, Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125417815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-30DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511147
A. M. Klohn, P. Chastonay
elipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s illustrated autograph manuscript of nearly 1200 pages: Nueva coronica y buen gobierno (New Chronicle and Good Government), probably written between 1600 and 1615, has particular importance as a rich, in-depth account of early colonialism, seen in an indigenous perspective. The book is attested at the Royal Library of Denmark for more than two centuries. It is available online as a searchable digital edition. Guaman Poma’s work, addressed to King Philip III of Spain, was also explicitly intended for the hierarchy of the state and the church and for a more general public, both Spanish and native. Some critical messages are reserved to Quechua language speakers. A full-blooded native, Guaman Poma descended from members of an ethnic community, the mitmaqkuna, sent with special privileges by the Inka to settle a newly conquered area. His family, including the priest Martin de Ayala, his halfbrother and instructor, appears to have had a special linkage with the hospital of Huamanga (today: Ayacucho). This situation, as well as the proximity of mercury
elipe Guaman Poma de Ayala的插图签名手稿近1200页:Nueva coronica y buen gobierno(新编年史和良好政府)，可能写于1600年至1615年之间，特别重要的是，它从土著的角度对早期殖民主义进行了丰富而深入的描述。这本书在丹麦皇家图书馆保存了两个多世纪。它是一个可搜索的在线数字版本。瓜曼·波马的作品是写给西班牙国王菲利普三世的，也明确地针对国家和教会的等级制度，以及更普通的公众，包括西班牙人和当地人。一些重要的信息是留给说克丘亚语的人的。瓜曼波马:一个纯血统的土著，瓜曼波马人是一个民族社区米塔库纳成员的后裔，被印卡人带着特权派往新征服的地区定居他的家人，包括他同父异母的兄弟兼导师马丁·德·阿亚拉牧师，似乎与瓦曼加医院(今天的阿亚库乔)有着特殊的联系。这种情况，以及汞的邻近
{"title":"Guaman Poma de Ayala's “New Chronicle and Good Government” A testimony on the health of the Indigenous populations in XVIth century Peru","authors":"A. M. Klohn, P. Chastonay","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511147","url":null,"abstract":"elipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s illustrated autograph manuscript of nearly 1200 pages: Nueva coronica y buen gobierno (New Chronicle and Good Government), probably written between 1600 and 1615, has particular importance as a rich, in-depth account of early colonialism, seen in an indigenous perspective. The book is attested at the Royal Library of Denmark for more than two centuries. It is available online as a searchable digital edition. Guaman Poma’s work, addressed to King Philip III of Spain, was also explicitly intended for the hierarchy of the state and the church and for a more general public, both Spanish and native. Some critical messages are reserved to Quechua language speakers. A full-blooded native, Guaman Poma descended from members of an ethnic community, the mitmaqkuna, sent with special privileges by the Inka to settle a newly conquered area. His family, including the priest Martin de Ayala, his halfbrother and instructor, appears to have had a special linkage with the hospital of Huamanga (today: Ayacucho). This situation, as well as the proximity of mercury","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130113587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-30DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511131
D. R. Nascimento
This article intends to investigate the historical process with regard to control policy and polio eradication in Brazil. The vaccination campaigns will be analyzed from the advent of the Salk and Sabin vaccines, especially the strategy of the National Vaccination Days, which constituted a model that was replicated in other parts of Latin America, achieving polio eradication in the Americas. Another objective is to demonstrate that not only the technologies, but the negotiation and political will were needed to achieve the control and eradication of the disease in the country.
{"title":"Poliomyelitis Vaccination Campaigns in Brazil Resulting in the Eradication of the Disease (1961-1994)","authors":"D. R. Nascimento","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1511131","url":null,"abstract":"This article intends to investigate the historical process with regard to control policy and polio eradication in Brazil. The vaccination campaigns will be analyzed from the advent of the Salk and Sabin vaccines, especially the strategy of the National Vaccination Days, which constituted a model that was replicated in other parts of Latin America, achieving polio eradication in the Americas. Another objective is to demonstrate that not only the technologies, but the negotiation and political will were needed to achieve the control and eradication of the disease in the country.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132313159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-16DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091427
María-Isabel Porras-Gallo
he way in which the notion of vulnerability has been defined in different ways throughout history and how different vulnerable populations have been identified in each historical period, have been the main aim of the Phoenix Tn Workshop Vulnerable populations and welfare reforms (Paris, 2008, March 28–29). Although one of these previously acknowledged vulnerable populations consisted of those who suffered the impact of warfare, there is no doubt that the development of the First World War gave rise to a new vulnerable population: the disabled and invalid of that war. Faced with this problem, each country and its medical community tried to find a solution to encompass current international ideas favourable to the rehabilitation of the disabled and/or invalids, as well as to adapt to the individual circumstances of each of the countries concerned. As historiography has shown, the rehabilitation of civil and military
{"title":"Vulnerable populations and inequalities in sickness and in health: The rehabilitation of the disabled and/or invalids of the Spanish Civil War","authors":"María-Isabel Porras-Gallo","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091427","url":null,"abstract":"he way in which the notion of vulnerability has been defined in different ways throughout history and how different vulnerable populations have been identified in each historical period, have been the main aim of the Phoenix Tn Workshop Vulnerable populations and welfare reforms (Paris, 2008, March 28–29). Although one of these previously acknowledged vulnerable populations consisted of those who suffered the impact of warfare, there is no doubt that the development of the First World War gave rise to a new vulnerable population: the disabled and invalid of that war. Faced with this problem, each country and its medical community tried to find a solution to encompass current international ideas favourable to the rehabilitation of the disabled and/or invalids, as well as to adapt to the individual circumstances of each of the countries concerned. As historiography has shown, the rehabilitation of civil and military","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114321299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110253
R. Darby
ustralia is unusual among comparable developed nations in providing automatic coverage for non-therapeutic circumcision of male infants and boys through a nationally funded health insurance system. This is despite at least one attempt to drop circumcision from the schedule of benefits payable under the scheme (now known as Medicare), and it is surprising given that relevant health authorities have repeatedly stated (1971, 1983, 1996, 2002, 2004 and 2010) that ‘routine’ circumcision has no valid medical indication and should not generally be performed. Since public hospitals in most states do not provide the surgery, it has become the province of private hospitals, general practitioners and, in recent years, specialist clinics, whose activities are subsidised through Medicare. Australian practice is thus very different from that in comparable countries. In New Zealand the government health service has never funded circumcision; and in Canada it is funded only in the province of Manitoba. Even in the United States, where policy on Medicaid coverage is also the responsibility of the states, 17 out of the 50 have dropped circumcision from the list of free procedures, and more are likely to do so as fiscal constraints intensify. The British National Health Service has traditionally not covered non-therapeutic circumcision, though in recent times has come under pressure from Muslim and some African immigrant groups, who argue that publicly funded circumcision of their male children is essential to prevent parents from resorting to the services of incompetent operators. In some areas local authorities do perform the operation as a free service, but the question is unsettled and the focus of controversy. In predominantly Muslim countries, where circumcision is performed as a customary or religious ritual, the state does not fund
{"title":"Scientific Advice, Traditional Practices and the Politics of Health-Care : The Australian Debate over Public Funding of Non-Therapeutic Circumcision, 1985","authors":"R. Darby","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110253","url":null,"abstract":"ustralia is unusual among comparable developed nations in providing automatic coverage for non-therapeutic circumcision of male infants and boys through a nationally funded health insurance system. This is despite at least one attempt to drop circumcision from the schedule of benefits payable under the scheme (now known as Medicare), and it is surprising given that relevant health authorities have repeatedly stated (1971, 1983, 1996, 2002, 2004 and 2010) that ‘routine’ circumcision has no valid medical indication and should not generally be performed. Since public hospitals in most states do not provide the surgery, it has become the province of private hospitals, general practitioners and, in recent years, specialist clinics, whose activities are subsidised through Medicare. Australian practice is thus very different from that in comparable countries. In New Zealand the government health service has never funded circumcision; and in Canada it is funded only in the province of Manitoba. Even in the United States, where policy on Medicaid coverage is also the responsibility of the states, 17 out of the 50 have dropped circumcision from the list of free procedures, and more are likely to do so as fiscal constraints intensify. The British National Health Service has traditionally not covered non-therapeutic circumcision, though in recent times has come under pressure from Muslim and some African immigrant groups, who argue that publicly funded circumcision of their male children is essential to prevent parents from resorting to the services of incompetent operators. In some areas local authorities do perform the operation as a free service, but the question is unsettled and the focus of controversy. In predominantly Muslim countries, where circumcision is performed as a customary or religious ritual, the state does not fund","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116568768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110235
A. Issa
arly twentieth century environmental and sanitary engineering campaigns implicated three major areas in Zanzibar. As records from the Department of Medicine and Public Health and other administrative files from the Provincial Administration Department and Public Works Department show, they included the reclamation of the Creek and swampy ground. The filling of natural depressions caused by quarrying works started from 1930. These measures were a response to the growing medical understanding that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. From the early twentieth century, Zanzibar decided to embark on anti-malarial campaigns which focussed on controlling both Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus. These two malaria species bred in swamps, banks of rivers, potholes, shallow depressions, in hoof-prints of cattle, earthen jars, sailing boats, canoes, lighters, borrow-pit and flooded rice-fields. In 1913, the Colonial Office sent Professor W. J. Ritchie Simpson, a British physician and a pioneer in tropical medicine, to visit British colonies in East Africa. Simpson, who formerly worked as a health officer for Calcutta, India in the 1890s and was a founder of the Journal of Tropical Medicine in 1898, was from 1913 an advisor of the Secretary of State for the Colonies on health matters. He visited Zanzibar, Kenya and Uganda to investigate health conditions, and to propose measures to be taken to improve health of the “native” population, (Indians, Arabs and Africans). Simpson’s survey confirmed that mosquitoes bred during rainy seasons. He recommended to the Zanzibar authorities that they refill the Creek in order to stop epidemics. The anti-malarial works that focused on reclamation of land and swamps had just started in the United States of America. Since the early 1900s, the United States had been involved in the campaigns against yellow fever in the Panama Canal area.
二十世纪初的环境和卫生工程运动涉及桑给巴尔的三个主要地区。医学和公共卫生部的记录以及省行政部门和公共工程部门的其他行政文件显示，它们包括开垦小溪和沼泽地。由采石工程引起的自然洼地填筑始于1930年。这些措施是对越来越多的医学认识的回应，即疟疾是由蚊子传播的。从20世纪初开始，桑给巴尔决定开展抗疟疾运动，重点是控制冈比亚按蚊和funestus按蚊。这两种疟疾在沼泽、河岸、坑洼、浅洼地、牛蹄印、陶罐、帆船、独木舟、打火机、深坑和淹水稻田中繁殖。1913年，殖民地办公室派遣英国医生、热带医学先驱w·j·里奇·辛普森(W. J. Ritchie Simpson)教授访问东非的英国殖民地。辛普森曾在19世纪90年代担任印度加尔各答的卫生官员，并于1898年创办了《热带医学杂志》，从1913年起担任殖民地国务卿卫生事务顾问。他访问了桑给巴尔、肯尼亚和乌干达，调查卫生状况，并提出应采取的措施，以改善"土著"人口(印第安人、阿拉伯人和非洲人)的健康。辛普森的调查证实，蚊子在雨季繁殖。他建议桑给巴尔当局重新注满这条河，以阻止流行病。在美利坚合众国，以开垦土地和沼泽为重点的抗疟疾工作刚刚开始。自20世纪初以来，美国一直在巴拿马运河区参与抗击黄热病的运动。
{"title":"Malaria and Public Health Measures in Colonial Urban Zanzibar, 1900-1956","authors":"A. Issa","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1110235","url":null,"abstract":"arly twentieth century environmental and sanitary engineering campaigns implicated three major areas in Zanzibar. As records from the Department of Medicine and Public Health and other administrative files from the Provincial Administration Department and Public Works Department show, they included the reclamation of the Creek and swampy ground. The filling of natural depressions caused by quarrying works started from 1930. These measures were a response to the growing medical understanding that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. From the early twentieth century, Zanzibar decided to embark on anti-malarial campaigns which focussed on controlling both Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus. These two malaria species bred in swamps, banks of rivers, potholes, shallow depressions, in hoof-prints of cattle, earthen jars, sailing boats, canoes, lighters, borrow-pit and flooded rice-fields. In 1913, the Colonial Office sent Professor W. J. Ritchie Simpson, a British physician and a pioneer in tropical medicine, to visit British colonies in East Africa. Simpson, who formerly worked as a health officer for Calcutta, India in the 1890s and was a founder of the Journal of Tropical Medicine in 1898, was from 1913 an advisor of the Secretary of State for the Colonies on health matters. He visited Zanzibar, Kenya and Uganda to investigate health conditions, and to propose measures to be taken to improve health of the “native” population, (Indians, Arabs and Africans). Simpson’s survey confirmed that mosquitoes bred during rainy seasons. He recommended to the Zanzibar authorities that they refill the Creek in order to stop epidemics. The anti-malarial works that focused on reclamation of land and swamps had just started in the United States of America. Since the early 1900s, the United States had been involved in the campaigns against yellow fever in the Panama Canal area.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122665204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111027
S. Hewa
hirty years ago vigorous debates on primary health care articulated at least two main approaches to health promotion in developing countries. The Alma-Ata Declaration of the World Health Organization (WHO) kicked off the debate in 1978 by urging all nations to promote health through primary health care. Reaffirming the 1946 WHO charter that recognized health as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,” the Declaration recommended a comprehensive primary health care program, which included at least the following key sectors: “education to inform prevailing health problems and measures to control them, food security and improved nutrition, supply of clean water and sanitary services, maternal and child care services including family planning, immunization against communicable diseases, the control of locally endemic disease, and the supply of essential drugs for critical health problems.” In allocating resources to these key sectors of the primary health care, the Declaration recommended, countries must ensure “equality,” “affordability” and “community participation.” An alternative to this approach was promoted mainly by the representatives of the United States Agency for International Development, the Rockefeller Foundation and the World Bank who argued that comprehensive primary health care would be prohibitively costly to implement for most nations. One of the
{"title":"Sri Lanka’s Health Unit Program: A Model of “Selective” Primary Health Care","authors":"S. Hewa","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111027","url":null,"abstract":"hirty years ago vigorous debates on primary health care articulated at least two main approaches to health promotion in developing countries. The Alma-Ata Declaration of the World Health Organization (WHO) kicked off the debate in 1978 by urging all nations to promote health through primary health care. Reaffirming the 1946 WHO charter that recognized health as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,” the Declaration recommended a comprehensive primary health care program, which included at least the following key sectors: “education to inform prevailing health problems and measures to control them, food security and improved nutrition, supply of clean water and sanitary services, maternal and child care services including family planning, immunization against communicable diseases, the control of locally endemic disease, and the supply of essential drugs for critical health problems.” In allocating resources to these key sectors of the primary health care, the Declaration recommended, countries must ensure “equality,” “affordability” and “community participation.” An alternative to this approach was promoted mainly by the representatives of the United States Agency for International Development, the Rockefeller Foundation and the World Bank who argued that comprehensive primary health care would be prohibitively costly to implement for most nations. One of the","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"1241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122882155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111017
S. Curtis
his study examines the numerous logistical, cultural and psychological obstacles that midwives had to overcome before women in the Sundsvall region of Sweden would entrust them to deliver their infants. By extension, this analysis reveals the tenuous position academic medicine had in many remote villages. These well-trained women benefitted from numerous pieces of legislation designed to enable them to replace the help-women who remained their greatest rivals. None the less, trained doctors and midwives often encountered resistance among local populations. Historians have tended to focus attention on the work of individual physicians and the consequences of government intervention without paying much attention to the patients themselves and the reasons they either accepted or rejected the people sent to provide medical care. This paper represents an attempt to address this imbalance by suggesting how theories of diffusion, concepts of trust, and perceptions of risk can help us understand the decisions made by people confronted with new medical practitioners. Diffusion theory provides an opportunity to illuminate the process by which the acceptance of academic medicine, here represented by an increased willingness to have midwives attend births, diffused through the Sundsvall region of Sweden during the second half of the nineteenth century. Certainly the role of formal legislation, medical associations, and the practices of individual medical practitioners were critical to the introduction of new innovations. No one should dismiss the integral role these agents played in making academic medicine available to the public. Unfortunately, historians have tended to place less atten-
{"title":"The Arrival and Diffusion of Academic Medicine in Rural Sweden: The Case of the Sundsvall Region in the late Nineteenth Century","authors":"S. Curtis","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.111017","url":null,"abstract":"his study examines the numerous logistical, cultural and psychological obstacles that midwives had to overcome before women in the Sundsvall region of Sweden would entrust them to deliver their infants. By extension, this analysis reveals the tenuous position academic medicine had in many remote villages. These well-trained women benefitted from numerous pieces of legislation designed to enable them to replace the help-women who remained their greatest rivals. None the less, trained doctors and midwives often encountered resistance among local populations. Historians have tended to focus attention on the work of individual physicians and the consequences of government intervention without paying much attention to the patients themselves and the reasons they either accepted or rejected the people sent to provide medical care. This paper represents an attempt to address this imbalance by suggesting how theories of diffusion, concepts of trust, and perceptions of risk can help us understand the decisions made by people confronted with new medical practitioners. Diffusion theory provides an opportunity to illuminate the process by which the acceptance of academic medicine, here represented by an increased willingness to have midwives attend births, diffused through the Sundsvall region of Sweden during the second half of the nineteenth century. Certainly the role of formal legislation, medical associations, and the practices of individual medical practitioners were critical to the introduction of new innovations. No one should dismiss the integral role these agents played in making academic medicine available to the public. Unfortunately, historians have tended to place less atten-","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125479023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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