Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091411
Teresa Rodrigues
hrough its history Portugal always presented regional differences concerning population distribution, as well as fertility and mortality trends. Local specificities related to life and death levels reflect diverse socioeconomic conditions and also different health coverage. We will try to diagnose the main concerns and future challenges related to those regional differences, using quantitative and qualitative data on demographic trends, well-being average levels and health services offer. We want to demonstrate that this kind of academic researches can be useful to policy makers, helping them: (1) to implement regional directed policies; (2) to reduce internal diversity; and (3) to improve quality of life in the most excluded areas. T
{"title":"Regional Dynamics and Social Diversity - Portugal in the 21st Century","authors":"Teresa Rodrigues","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091411","url":null,"abstract":"hrough its history Portugal always presented regional differences concerning population distribution, as well as fertility and mortality trends. Local specificities related to life and death levels reflect diverse socioeconomic conditions and also different health coverage. We will try to diagnose the main concerns and future challenges related to those regional differences, using quantitative and qualitative data on demographic trends, well-being average levels and health services offer. We want to demonstrate that this kind of academic researches can be useful to policy makers, helping them: (1) to implement regional directed policies; (2) to reduce internal diversity; and (3) to improve quality of life in the most excluded areas. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132687238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091223
A. Prestjan
This case study focus upon Swedish provincial doctors as practitioners in a sparsely populated medical district in Sweden 1881-1920, and their positions as state’s medical experts in a period when the first steps towards a welfare state were taken. The question to be answered is how the doctors themselves looked upon their possibilities to promote public health in the Swedish countryside? The study shows that the provincial doctors for sure identified themselves as representatives of the Swedish state, medical science and modernisation, and that they agreed upon their own importance in the crusade of bringing modern welfare to the Swedish countryside. In practice, though, their possibilities to implementation and influence seem to have been limited – something that the doctors were well aware of. The explanation is probably lack of confidence, as a result of the doctors’ tendency to distance themselves from the simple, ignorant and reactionary locals.
{"title":"State’s Medical Experts in Local Practice: Provincial Doctors View of Themselves as Public Health Promoters: an Example from the Swedish Countryside, 1880–1920","authors":"A. Prestjan","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091223","url":null,"abstract":"This case study focus upon Swedish provincial doctors as practitioners in a sparsely populated medical district in Sweden 1881-1920, and their positions as state’s medical experts in a period when the first steps towards a welfare state were taken. The question to be answered is how the doctors themselves looked upon their possibilities to promote public health in the Swedish countryside? The study shows that the provincial doctors for sure identified themselves as representatives of the Swedish state, medical science and modernisation, and that they agreed upon their own importance in the crusade of bringing modern welfare to the Swedish countryside. In practice, though, their possibilities to implementation and influence seem to have been limited – something that the doctors were well aware of. The explanation is probably lack of confidence, as a result of the doctors’ tendency to distance themselves from the simple, ignorant and reactionary locals.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131450468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091199
Elżbieta Kaczyńska
{"title":"A Century of Social and Economic Change – Its Impact on Health and Welfare (Poland between 1815 and 1914)","authors":"Elżbieta Kaczyńska","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130715645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091129
J. G. Cárcamo
ost historians coincide when they emphasize that a Welfare State (WS) has only existed in Spain since 1978, after the end of Franco’s dictatorship. A modern WS was established very rapidly in Spain. A significant group of Spanish politicians hoped to imitate a WS model when the triumph of neo-conservatism and neo-liberalism in the western world made people question the convenience of the WS itself. In spite of the governments’ efforts to consolidate the WS between 1978 and 1993, the experts (and public opinion) in Spain were then assuring that a large part of Social Welfare (SW) came from families. This explained, for example, that Spain was able to support high unemployment rates (22% in 1993) with insufficient aid from the State. These views have been shared by authors who differed greatly when considering the need for the WS. In any case, they also agreed that when families are referred to, this means that this task was taken on by women. M
{"title":"Women, Families and Social Welfare in Spain from the 18th Century to the Present","authors":"J. G. Cárcamo","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091129","url":null,"abstract":"ost historians coincide when they emphasize that a Welfare State (WS) has only existed in Spain since 1978, after the end of Franco’s dictatorship. A modern WS was established very rapidly in Spain. A significant group of Spanish politicians hoped to imitate a WS model when the triumph of neo-conservatism and neo-liberalism in the western world made people question the convenience of the WS itself. In spite of the governments’ efforts to consolidate the WS between 1978 and 1993, the experts (and public opinion) in Spain were then assuring that a large part of Social Welfare (SW) came from families. This explained, for example, that Spain was able to support high unemployment rates (22% in 1993) with insufficient aid from the State. These views have been shared by authors who differed greatly when considering the need for the WS. In any case, they also agreed that when families are referred to, this means that this task was taken on by women. M","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128693088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.10915
Laurinda Abreu
{"title":"Introduction. Health and Welfare: Diversity and Convergence in Policy and Practice","authors":"Laurinda Abreu","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.10915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.10915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116896507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091103
A. García
n the sixteenth century the first steps began to be taken in Europe to bring into practice the theoretical models for protecting children that had started to evolve in the later Middle Ages. In the Spain of that time certain thinkers, such as Luis Vives or Miguel de Giginta, began to put forward solutions, especially with regard to abandoned children. In general, it was not a case of specific works on the question, but rather of discussion of the topic of childhood in a tangential way, integrated into their analyses of the overall phenomenon of poverty. Vives, in his famous Socorro de los pobres [Aiding the Poor], advocated the establishment in the chief cities of the realm of centres to aid abandoned children, where they would receive attention of all sorts. The idea of all these writers was closely linked to the need to keep children from begging, because of all the terrible drawbacks that this would bring, starting with the exploitation of minors and going on to their highly likely slide into delinquency. In brief, these policies brought together the traditional spirit of Christian charity from the Middle Ages and a growing fear of the poor as subversive. Alongside these points of view a major part was also played by more financial criteria; these sought to make individuals useful through intellectual, I
16世纪，欧洲开始采取第一步措施，将中世纪后期开始发展起来的保护儿童的理论模式付诸实践。在当时的西班牙，一些思想家，如Luis Vives或Miguel de Giginta，开始提出解决方案，特别是关于被遗弃儿童的问题。总的来说，这不是关于这个问题的具体著作，而是以一种间接的方式讨论童年问题，并将其纳入对整个贫穷现象的分析。Vives在他著名的《帮助穷人》一书中，主张在主要城市建立帮助被遗弃儿童的中心，在那里他们将得到各种各样的关注。所有这些作家的想法都与防止儿童乞讨的必要性密切相关，因为这将带来所有可怕的弊端，首先是对未成年人的剥削，然后是他们极有可能陷入犯罪。简而言之，这些政策将中世纪以来基督教慈善的传统精神和对穷人的颠覆性日益增长的恐惧结合在一起。除了这些观点之外，更多的财务标准也发挥了重要作用;这些都是为了使个人通过智力，我
{"title":"Childhood and Poverty in Leon in the Modern Period: Institutional Responses","authors":"A. García","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091103","url":null,"abstract":"n the sixteenth century the first steps began to be taken in Europe to bring into practice the theoretical models for protecting children that had started to evolve in the later Middle Ages. In the Spain of that time certain thinkers, such as Luis Vives or Miguel de Giginta, began to put forward solutions, especially with regard to abandoned children. In general, it was not a case of specific works on the question, but rather of discussion of the topic of childhood in a tangential way, integrated into their analyses of the overall phenomenon of poverty. Vives, in his famous Socorro de los pobres [Aiding the Poor], advocated the establishment in the chief cities of the realm of centres to aid abandoned children, where they would receive attention of all sorts. The idea of all these writers was closely linked to the need to keep children from begging, because of all the terrible drawbacks that this would bring, starting with the exploitation of minors and going on to their highly likely slide into delinquency. In brief, these policies brought together the traditional spirit of Christian charity from the Middle Ages and a growing fear of the poor as subversive. Alongside these points of view a major part was also played by more financial criteria; these sought to make individuals useful through intellectual, I","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129604993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091247
Panagiotis G. Eliopoulos
atras, the fourth largest Greek city and a major port, underwent a great deal of change during the first half of the 20 century, especially after the currant crisis (1890’s) the trade of which Patras controlled and depended on to a large extent. The 20 century, a period that perhaps has preoccupied Western Europe urban historians less, since the urban process there has been completed, constitutes nevertheless the great urbanization period for Greece. P
{"title":"“Matters of Life and Death” in a Mediterranean Port City: Infrastructure, Housing and Infectious Disease in Patras, 1901–1940","authors":"Panagiotis G. Eliopoulos","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091247","url":null,"abstract":"atras, the fourth largest Greek city and a major port, underwent a great deal of change during the first half of the 20 century, especially after the currant crisis (1890’s) the trade of which Patras controlled and depended on to a large extent. The 20 century, a period that perhaps has preoccupied Western Europe urban historians less, since the urban process there has been completed, constitutes nevertheless the great urbanization period for Greece. P","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125948206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091385
P. Sourtzi, Vasiliki Roka, Venetia-Sofia Velonaki, A. Kalokerinou
he ageing of the population and the increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, combined with limited resources for health care, led researchers and policy makers to search for health promotion alternatives. Defining Health Promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health in order to improve it and considering Healthy Ageing as an approach which recognizes that growing older is a part of living fostering a positive attitude through life to growing older, “Health pro Elderly” project was designed and realised in order to develop evidence-based guidelines and recommendations about action in European, National and Local level. T
{"title":"Health Promotion Programs for the Elderly in Greece,the “Health Pro Elderly” Project","authors":"P. Sourtzi, Vasiliki Roka, Venetia-Sofia Velonaki, A. Kalokerinou","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091385","url":null,"abstract":"he ageing of the population and the increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, combined with limited resources for health care, led researchers and policy makers to search for health promotion alternatives. Defining Health Promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health in order to improve it and considering Healthy Ageing as an approach which recognizes that growing older is a part of living fostering a positive attitude through life to growing older, “Health pro Elderly” project was designed and realised in order to develop evidence-based guidelines and recommendations about action in European, National and Local level. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091327
A. Lyberaki, P. Tinios
ocial solidarity and cohesion are often extolled and frequently theorized. Especially in times of hardship the mechanisms of social solidarity by providing help where that is needed comprise the social safety net. Much of the literature comparing and contrasting the European and US experiences of growth models lay stress on the key importance of European Social safety nets as a factor differentiating Europe and explaining some of the salient differences. Similarly, within Europe, important streams of literature concern themselves with providing typologies of Welfare states and systems. 2 S
社会团结和凝聚力经常被颂扬，并经常被理论化。特别是在困难时期，通过在需要时提供帮助而实现社会团结的机制构成了社会安全网。许多比较和对比欧洲和美国增长模式经验的文献都强调了欧洲社会安全网络作为区分欧洲和解释一些显著差异的一个因素的关键重要性。同样，在欧洲，重要的文学流派关注于提供福利国家和制度的类型学。2 S
{"title":"The Social and Economic Effects of Deterioration in Health: ’Naked-eye’ Evidence from a European Panel Survey","authors":"A. Lyberaki, P. Tinios","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091327","url":null,"abstract":"ocial solidarity and cohesion are often extolled and frequently theorized. Especially in times of hardship the mechanisms of social solidarity by providing help where that is needed comprise the social safety net. Much of the literature comparing and contrasting the European and US experiences of growth models lay stress on the key importance of European Social safety nets as a factor differentiating Europe and explaining some of the salient differences. Similarly, within Europe, important streams of literature concern themselves with providing typologies of Welfare states and systems. 2 S","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"5 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127006890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-24DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091353
Óscar Fernández
he European Union considers employment to be the best protection against social exclusion. All the policies and actions that are on offer from the various bodies and organizations in this area are directed towards achieving this objective and concentrate on the people involved obtaining employment. Nonetheless, the great heterogeneity noticeable in these processes shows the necessity of providing responses, actions and programmes that are differentiated and specific. With this requirement, interventions must address in an integrated and open way the needs arising in given contexts. The work being described here was carried out in the urban district of Ponferrada in the Province of Leon in Spain through a case study on the employability of certain groups at risk of exclusion. This is the first stage towards a comparative study we are carrying out in southern European countries including Portugal and Italy. T
{"title":"Wellbeing and Work: Social Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups in Northern Spain","authors":"Óscar Fernández","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.1091353","url":null,"abstract":"he European Union considers employment to be the best protection against social exclusion. All the policies and actions that are on offer from the various bodies and organizations in this area are directed towards achieving this objective and concentrate on the people involved obtaining employment. Nonetheless, the great heterogeneity noticeable in these processes shows the necessity of providing responses, actions and programmes that are differentiated and specific. With this requirement, interventions must address in an integrated and open way the needs arising in given contexts. The work being described here was carried out in the urban district of Ponferrada in the Province of Leon in Spain through a case study on the employability of certain groups at risk of exclusion. This is the first stage towards a comparative study we are carrying out in southern European countries including Portugal and Italy. T","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121715287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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